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Street Violence Amongst Young Men in London: Everyday Experiences of Masculinity and Fear in Public Space

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Street Violence Amongst Young Men in London: Everyday Experiences of Masculinity and Fear in Public Space Street Violence amongst Young Men in London: everyday experiences of masculinity and fear in public space A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Michael Whelan School of Sport and Education Brunel University 30th April 2013 Abstract Arising out of widespread concerns that incidents of street violence amongst young people in the UK were spiralling out of control, this research draws on feminist deconstructions of the public -private space divide to emphasise the importance of a social constructionist perspective on street violence; street violence as it is experienced, understood and constructed by young people. Methodologically this research combines ethnography with Critical Discourse Analysis in what has been referred to as critical ethnography (Fairclough, 2001). Adopting a practitioner research approach within a primarily street based youth work setting, accounts were drawn from a range of sources, including interviews and participant observation with youth workers, young people and local public figures. This study draws out the implications for young men’s subjective experiences of the inner city streets near where they live, focusing on the construction of masculinities in the context of political pressures and institutiona lised discourses of young people. The young men in this research experienced uncertain and often fearful public spaces in which the ability to construct a credible propensity for violence was an essential part of a successful masculine identity. It is suggested that a significantly greater focus is required on critical gender identity work with young men, specifically in relation to their identity constructions in public space. 2 Contents Street Violence amongst Young Men in London: everyday experiences of masculinity and fear in public space .................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 2 Contents ................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 8 1.0 Theoretical Framing of the Problem ................................................................ 9 1.1 Background to research ........................................................................................... 9 1.2 Framing the problem ............................................................................................. 12 1.3 Towards a research question ................................................................................. 17 1.4 Researcher background ......................................................................................... 20 1.5 Research Design ..................................................................................................... 21 1.6 Overview chapter by chapter................................................................................. 23 2.0 Locating the Research- geographically, demographically and professionally .................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 The research setting ............................................................................................... 26 2.2 The youth work team ............................................................................................. 34 2.3 Day to day work ..................................................................................................... 37 2.4 The ‘hangout’ locations .......................................................................................... 42 2.5 Challenges of street based observations ............................................................... 47 2.6 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 49 3.0 Exploring Key Concepts- violence, fear and public space ...................... 51 3.1 Defining and measuring levels of violence .............................................. 52 3.2 Categories of Youth Violence ....................................................................... 71 3.2.1 Gang related violence ............................................................................. 72 3.2.2 Gun related violence ...................................................................................... 74 3.2.3 Knife related violence .................................................................................... 75 3.3 Risk, Vulnerability and Violence ............................................................................. 78 3.3.1 Social and family context ............................................................................... 79 3.3.2 Fear ................................................................................................................ 82 3.3.3 Being ‘a victim’ ............................................................................................... 84 3 3.3.4 Media representations ................................................................................... 85 3.4 Summary ................................................................................................................ 86 3.5 A Tale of Fear and Violence ................................................................................... 87 3.6 The Geography of Youth Violence ......................................................................... 96 3.6.1 Young People: ‘matter out of place’? ............................................................ 98 3.6.2 The changing nature of public space and excluded minorities...................... 99 3.6.3 The process of exclusion .............................................................................. 103 3.6.4 Gendered public spaces ............................................................................... 104 3.7 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 108 4.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 109 4.1 The Ethnographic Approach ................................................................................ 111 4.2 The data collection process ................................................................................. 119 4.2.1 Observational perspectives .......................................................................... 122 4.2.2 Participants .................................................................................................. 134 4.3 Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................... 143 4.3.1 The ‘Gatekeeper’ relationship ..................................................................... 144 4.3.2 Managing risks to the researcher ................................................................ 145 4.3.3 Recruiting and approaching participants ..................................................... 146 4.3.4 Engaging with vulnerable participants ......................................................... 149 4.4 Research Feedback .............................................................................................. 150 4.5 Handling and Analysis of Data ............................................................................. 151 4.6 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 160 5.0 Analysis I: The Positioning of Young People in Public Space ................................... 161 5.1 Constructions of youth presence in public space ................................................ 161 5.1.1 The physical text of Dock Town’s public spaces .......................................... 161 5.1.2 Constructions of young people in the local media ...................................... 171 5.1.3 The construction of young people in Council Officers’ accounts ................ 173 5.2 The construction of a ‘youth friendly’ approach to tackling ASB ........................ 177 5.2.1 An introduction to the Young Advisors ........................................................ 177 5.2.2 Early encounters with the street based team .............................................. 179 5.2.3 The discourse of ‘youth proofing’ ................................................................ 183 5.2.4 The Young Advisors as Power Brokers ......................................................... 183 5.3 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 186 6.0 Analysis II: Young Men’s Constructions of and Experience in Urban Public Space . 187 4 6.1 Constructions of otherness .................................................................................. 188 6.2 Young men’s constructions of adult presence in public space ............................ 194 6.3 Constructions of friendship .................................................................................. 202 6.4 Negotiating urban public
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