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Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia

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Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia Rice Science, 2013, 20(3): − Copyright © 2013, China National Rice Research Institute Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60125-0 Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia 1 1 2 Volker KLEINHENZ , Sophon CHEA , Ngin HUN (1 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, #17, Street 306, P.O. Box 81, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 2 Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) Kampong Chhnang, Sangkat Ksam, Kampong Chhnang City, Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia) ABSTRACT: Although Cambodia might have achieved self-sufficiency and an exported surplus in rice production, its rice-based farming systems are widely associated with low productivity, low farmer income and rural poverty. The paper is based on a questionnaire village survey in 14 communes containing 97 villages of Kampong Chhnang Province from March to June, 2011. It analyzes the prevailing rice-based cropping systems and evaluates options for their improvement. Differences in cropping systems depend on the distance from the Tonle Sap water bodies. At distances greater than 10 km, transplanted wet-season rice cropping system with low productivity of about 1.6 t/hm2 prevails. This deficiency can be primarily attributed to soils with high coarse sand fractions and low pH (< 4.0), use of ‘late’ varieties, and exclusive use of self-propagated seeds. For improving this cropping system, commercial ‘medium’ cultivars help preventing crop failure by shortening the cultivation period by one month and complementation of wet-season rice with non-rice crops should be expanded. Areas adjacent (≤ 1 km) to the water bodies become inundated for up to seven months between July until January of each year. In this area, soils contain more fine sand, silt and clay, and their pH is higher (> 4.0). Farmers predominantly cultivate dry-season recession rice between January and April. 79% of the area is sown directly and harvested by combine. Adoption of commercial rice seeds is 59% and yields average 3.2 t/hm2. Introduction of a second dry-season rice crop between April and July may double annual yields in this rice cropping system. Besides upgrading other cultivation technologies, using seeds from commercial sources will improve yield and rice quality. Besides rice, farmers grow non-rice crops at different intensity ranging from single annual crops to intensive sequences at low yields. Keywords: rice cropping system; wet-season rice; dry-season rice; rice-based cropping system; Cambodia; Kampong Chhnang While annual growth of the world’s population Although its land endowment predestines Cambodia between 2009 and 2015 is estimated 1.1% (World to exporting rice (Dawe, 2004), Cambodia’s predo- Bank, 2011), annual growth of the world’s rice minant rice cropping system is the wet-season crop, production is about 4.5% (FAO, 2011). The latter which accounts for over 86% of the total rice area. growth is due to expansion in rice-cultivation area and Ninety percent of this area is rainfed (USDA, 2010). increases in productivity. There are, however, large Although some authors have highlighted innovations differences in productivity between rice-growing in Cambodia’s rainfed rice cultivation (Mak, 2001), nations and particularly in mainland Southeast Asia others have pointed to the relationship between human which is home to Thailand and Vietnam as the world’s poverty and such rainfed cropping systems (Fujisaka, two prominent rice-exporting nations. While the 1991). In addition to the wet-season crops, Cambodia world’s paddy rice yield in 2009 averaged 4.3 t/hm2 produces dry-season rice which includes irrigated dry- and that of Vietnam 5.2 t/hm2, Cambodia’s average season and ‘recession rice’ crops (USDA, 2010). yield reached only 2.8 t/hm2 (FAO, 2011), which is Recession rice is crops planted into receding one of the reason why Cambodia’s export of milled floodwaters from Cambodia’s major water bodies that rice (4 299 t in 2008) is only a fraction (0.05% and comprise the Tonle Sap Lake, and the Tonle Sap River 0.09%) of that of Thailand and Vietnam. and the Mekong River which merge in Phnom Penh to become the Tonle Bassac River. Received: 30 June 2012; Accepted: 20 October 2012 Low productivity is symptomatic for Cambodia’s Corresponding author: Volker KLEINHENZ ([email protected]) Rice Science, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2013 production of non-rice crops as well. For example, into 185 districts, 1 621 communes and 14 073 villages Cambodia’s total production of vegetables in 2009 (NIS, 2008). Our study area encompasses 14 communes was only 21% of that of Thailand and 11% of that of within three districts of Kampong Chhnang Province Vietnam. Yields for these crops averaged 37% below (Fig. 1). Their total population of 87 400 represents yields in Thailand and 48% below those in Vietnam 19% of the province’s total and 0.6% of Cambodia’s (FAO, 2011). The primary objective of the study is to populace. Communes were selected on rural- provide an overview of existing rice cropping system development indicators including population density, in selected communes of Cambodia’s Kampong poverty and human-development index (ADB, 2007). Chhnang Province. The study also classifies these In comparison to Cambodia’s national average, the cropping systems by identifying the main factors region is characterized by high population density and which determine their prevalence and evaluates above-average percentage of households living below solutions for improving these rice cropping systems the poverty line (NCDD, 2009). within and beyond Cambodia’s Kampong Chhnang Kampong Chhnang Province is located in the basin Province. of the Tonle Sap Lake and the Tonle Sap River. The Tonle Sap Lake is the largest freshwater lake in MATERIALS AND METHODS Southeast Asia, covering an area of about 3 000 km2 in the dry season (November-April) and about 16 000 Study area km2 in the wet season (May-October). The difference Cambodia comprises 24 provinces which are divided in the area between seasons is primarily due to the Fig. 1. Survey locations (source: adapted from MIC, 2010 and NordNordWest, 2009). Volker KLEINHENZ, et al. Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia Tonle Sap River which drains the lake during the dry Council Assistant, other Commune Council members, season and replenishes it when the waters of the and a varying number of Village Chiefs and farmers Mekong River cause the reverse flow into the lake between March to June 2011. during the wet season. The seasonally inundated area While the survey questionnaire was divided into a of up to 13 000 km2 is usually referred to as total of five sections, two of these sections focused on ‘floodplain’. rice cropping. Section one covered socio-economic Table 1 presents an overview of our study area and indicators including household size and farm area and the extent of seasonal flooding within the communes section two focused on on-farm activities associated covered in this study. The average distance of each with rice production. commune from the Tonle Sap River or Tonle Sap The commune-based interviews of key informants Lake was calculated as the mean of the geographical were conducted following the Delphi method (Linstone distance of each commune’s village to the closest water and Turoff, 1975) and divided into a maximum of body. For this, GPS data was recorded using a mobile three rounds. During the first round of interviews, the phone and ‘My BB GPS’ software version1.6.0. representatives of communes were asked to answer Fine and coarse sands are the prominent soil the questionnaire. These answers were reviewed and fraction across the study area (data not shown). In summarized by the interviewers for encouraging the communes at distances greater than 10 km from the informants to revise their earlier answers considering Tonle Sap soils with high coarse sand fractions and the answers of the other commune representatives. low pH (particle size: 1.6% clay, 2.6% silt, 28.7% fine After such discussion, consent was usually reached in sand, 67.1% coarse sand; EC: 0.01 dS/m; pH (1:5 the second round. CaCl ): 3.8; exchangeable Al: 0.14 cmol/kg) prevail 2 Statistical analysis while soils in areas adjacent (≤ 1 km) to the water bodies are higher in fine sand, silt and clay fractions Basic statistics including sums, means and standard with higher pH (2.7% clay, 5.8% silt, 37.1% fine sand, deviations (SD), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) 54.3% coarse sand; EC: 0.02 dS/m; pH: 4.3; and multivariate analysis (cluster analysis) were exchangeable Al: 0.07 cmol/kg). calculated with SAS software version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary). Differences between districts, Surveys clusters and between groups of geographical distance The study was designed as a village survey in a total were analyzed with one-factorial ANOVA and means of 97 villages (2–14 villages per commune, data not separated with the Duncan test (α = 0.05). shown). It encompassed interviewing key informants such as the Commune Councilor, the Commune Table 1. Selected characteristics of surveyed communes. Population Ratio of Distance from Ratio of Area Farm size Flooding b Commune District Population density agricutual. area Tonle Sap a flooding area b (hm2) (hm2) (months) (km-2) (%) (km) (%) Anhchanh Rung Baribour 5 269 6 954 76 67 4.0 11.5 0 0 Khon Rang Baribour 7 288 4 207 173 43 1.3 2.5 6 24 Kampong Preah Kokir Baribour 1 983 3 000 66 41 2.9 0.0 5 100 Melum Baribour 3 916 5 300 74 38 2.0 3.5 3 2 Dar Kampong Laeng 6 759 8 500 80 36 2.2 1.0 5 13 Kampong Hau Kampong Laeng 8 078 4 803 168 23 0.6 0.5 6 100 Pou Kampong Laeng 5 249 9 350 56 25 1.5 2.5 0 0 Samraong Saen Kampong Laeng 1 555 4 454 35 7 0.8 0.0 7 100 Trangel Kampong Laeng 6 226 10 910 57 24 2.1 2.5 0 0 Ampil Tuek Kampong Tralach 12 530 4 518 277 68 1.3 0.0 5 100 Chouk Sa Kampong Tralach 9 083 3 753 242 62 1.1 10.5 0 0 Kampong Tralach Kampong Tralach 6 519 1 599 408 63 0.8 0.0 3 63 Peani Kampong Tralach 7 723 1 798 430 39 0.4 11.5 5 2 Thma Edth Kampong Tralach 5 222 3 648 143 34 1.1 11.5 0 0 Mean 6 243 5 200 163 41 1.6 Total 87 400 72 794 a Average distance from Tonle Sap River or Tonle Sap Lake.
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