DOCSLIB.ORG

(Tuber Magnatum Pico) to Different Natural Environments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Tuber Magnatum Pico) to Different Natural Environments Vita et al. BMC Genomics (2020) 21:90 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6522-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Tuberomics: a molecular profiling for the adaption of edible fungi (Tuber magnatum Pico) to different natural environments Federico Vita1,2* , Beatrice Giuntoli3,4, Edoardo Bertolini4,5, Cosimo Taiti1, Elettra Marone6, Chiara D’Ambrosio7, Emanuela Trovato8, Danilo Sciarrone9, Mariosimone Zoccali9, Raffaella Balestrini10, Andrea Scaloni7, Luigi Mondello8, Stefano Mancuso1, Massimo Alessio11 and Amedeo Alpi2 Abstract Background: Truffles are symbiotic fungi that develop underground in association with plant roots, forming ectomycorrhizae. They are primarily known for the organoleptic qualities of their hypogeous fruiting bodies. Primarily, Tuber magnatum Pico is a greatly appreciated truffle species mainly distributed in Italy and Balkans. Its price and features are mostly depending on its geographical origin. However, the genetic variation within T. magnatum has been only partially investigated as well as its adaptation to several environments. Results: Here, we applied an integrated omic strategy to T. magnatum fruiting bodies collected during several seasons from three different areas located in the North, Center and South of Italy, with the aim to distinguish them according to molecular and biochemical traits and to verify the impact of several environments on these properties. With the proteomic approach based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry, we were able to identify proteins specifically linked to the sample origin. We further associated the proteomic results to an RNA-seq profiling, which confirmed the possibility to differentiate samples according to their source and provided a basis for the detailed analysis of genes involved in sulfur metabolism. Finally, geographical specificities were associated with the set of volatile compounds produced by the fruiting bodies, as quantitatively and qualitatively determined through proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and gas-chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In particular, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model built from the latter data was able to return high confidence predictions of sample source. Conclusions: Results provide a characterization of white fruiting bodies by a wide range of different molecules, suggesting the role for specific compounds in the responses and adaptation to distinct environments. Keywords: Tuber magnatum Pico, Sulfur compounds, Environment, Volatile organic compounds, Integrated approach Background produced by other Tuber species within the Puberulum The ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber magnatum Pico is group sensu lato [2]. Despite some valuable truffle spe- one of the best-known species belonging to the genus cies being amenable to cultivation, such as Tuber mela- Tuber, which includes between 180 and 220 species [1]. nosporum, Tuber borchii, Tuber aestivum [3, 4] and T. magnatum is characterized as “whitish truffles”, fruit- Tuber formosanum [5], many attempts performed since ing bodies with white-colored gleba that are also 1984 to cultivate T. magnatum [6] have been unsuccess- ful. Due to the scarcity of samples harvested in the nat- * Correspondence: [email protected] ural environment, the annual production does not cover 1 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e the high demand for T. magnatum truffles, whose prices Forestali (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee 30, 50019 Florence, € − 1 Italy are ranging from 300 to 400 hg [6, 7]. Different re- 2A.R.E.A. Foundation, via Tavoleria 28, 56125 Pisa, Italy tail prices are applied to fruiting bodies depending on Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Vita et al. BMC Genomics (2020) 21:90 Page 2 of 25 their harvesting place, considering that the geographical the T. magnatum, T. aestivum [23] and T. borchii [24] distribution of the species extends from Italy to East genomes have been very recently completed by inter- Europe (Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary), including national consortiums. Greece [8], South of France [9] and Switzerland [10]. Recently, the profile of volatile compounds emitted by One distinct feature of the white truffle, as well as of the fruiting bodies has been taken into consideration as an fruiting bodies of different Tuber species, is in fact the additional biomarker for truffle intraspecific classification. highly different degree of appreciation by the consumers, Biotic and abiotic factors have been shown to influence which is related to the different aroma and flavor speci- truffle aroma, including the nutritional content and the ficities due to truffle growth environment. Development identity of the host tree [25]. In addition, many authors of truffle fruiting bodies is, indeed, known to be influ- [26–29] have suggested that the aroma might vary accord- enced by a range of environmental variables, spanning ing to the geographical origin of truffles of the same spe- from the host plant and the complexity of forest vegeta- cies. For instance, key volatiles were analyzed in the tion [11] to soil characteristics [12], climatic conditions widely distributed species T. aestivum var. uncinatum, [13] and the composition of soil bacterial communities finding that the production of eight-carbon-containing [14]. This observation urged scientists to find reliable compounds, which account for most of the aroma vari- methods to discriminate among truffle accessions be- ability in this species, is likely to be under genetic control longing to the same species. [30]. Experimental evidence on aroma-related proteins in The genetic variation within T. magnatum truffles was truffle is currently limited to nine polypeptides from a T. already investigated, evaluating intraspecific polymor- melanosporum proteome (reconstructed through a com- phisms by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers [15, bined polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D PAGE) and 16]; eight loci showing polymorphic amplification were high-accuracy liquid chromatography tandem-mass spec- considered useful to assess population dynamics. Not- trometry approach coupled with bioinformatics analysis), ably, an SSR-based analysis of T. magnatum truffles has which were found enrolled in the synthesis of volatiles in revealed, for the first time, the presence of genetic and prior biochemical studies [31]. phylogeographic structures in natural populations of this Neither individual method deployed so far could be Tuber species [16]. In fact, genetic studies have shown considered as a definitive diagnostic method, for the that both the Italian North-westernmost and the South- sake of the attribution of truffle origin. A proteomic ernmost populations are genetically different from all comparison of T. magnatum samples was equally insuffi- the other communities collected all over the species cient to identify their collection locations [20]. It is distributional range. Moreover, Mello and coworkers worth note that truffle fruiting bodies harbor a diverse were able to demonstrate the existence of genetic diver- but poorly understood microbial community of bacteria, sity within Italian populations of T. magnatum using yeasts, and filamentous fungi [32], which might have an SCAR markers as a tool to identify single-nucleotide influence on the metabolism of the ascomata, rendering polymorphisms (SNPs) [17], thereby defining three more difficult the comprehension of the factors influen- different truffle haplotypes. These results were enlarged cing the fruiting bodies formation and functioning. to T. melanosporum [18], where polymorphic SSRs Here we provide an in-depth characterization of the T. suggested that this truffle is a species with relevant intra- magnatum fruiting bodies, collected in regions subjected specific diversity. An extensive SNPs analysis was also to different environmental conditions, through parallel conducted on seven populations of T. melanosporum high-throughput approaches. An expanded proteomic from Italy, France, and Spain, which led to the identifica- assessment, as compared to previous experiments [20], tion of more than 400.000 SNPs able to differentiate the was coupled to the examination of both transcriptome analyzed samples [19]. and volatome profiles (data from RNA-seq and VOC On the other hand, Vita et al. [20] reported the exist- emission measurements, respectively) of samples har- ence of reproducible quantitative differences in the pro- vested in three different Italian areas (Piedmont, Tus- tein patterns of white truffle (T. magnatum) fruiting cany, Molise). The sampling strategy was planned to bodies coming from different Italian areas, suggesting collect them in different years homogenously (e.g. dis- that proteomic characterization might be a promising tance from the plants), to avoid as much as possible the diagnostic method for origin
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Soil Environment for Tuber Magnatum Growth in Motovun Forest, Istria
    NAT. CROAT. VOL. 13 No 2 171¿185 ZAGREB June 30, 2004 original scientific paper / izvorni znanstveni rad THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT FOR TUBER MAGNATUM GROWTH IN MOTOVUN FOREST, ISTRIA GILBERTO BRAGATO1,BARBARA SLADONJA2 &ÐORDANO PER[URI]2 1Istituto Sperimentale per la Nutrizione delle Piante, Via Trieste 23, 34170 Gorizia, Italy 2Institut za poljoprivredu i turizam, Carla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore~, Croatia Bragato, G., Sladonja, B. & Per{uri}, \.: The soil environment for Tuber magnatum growth in Motovun Forest, Istria. Nat. Croat., Vol. 13, No. 2, 171–185, 2004, Zagreb. The mixed oak forest located near the town of Motovun is a well-known white truffle (Tuber magnatum Pico) producing area of the Istria region. Motovun Forest covers a 900-ha area in the flu- vial plain of the Mirna River, which flows into the Adriatic Sea through a hilly landscape originat- ing in a sedimentary sequence of a Triassic-Eocene carbonatic platform and Eocene-Oligocene Flysch turbidites. T. magnatum production has been decreasing in the last 10 years and a study was specifically performed in an attempt to explain this. Productive soils of the valley bottom were compared with unproductive soils on the slopes, the latter being drier, thinner and more developed than the former. T. magnatum carpophores are not found all over the fluvial plain and Motovun Forest was further subdivided into productive, unproductive and occasionally productive areas. All soils of the valley bottom were thick and continuously rejuvenated by the frequent arrival of fine sediments from slopes, but only unproductive ones were characterized by water saturation in some periods of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area
    Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area • Giuseppe Venturella Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Edited by Giuseppe Venturella Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Diversity www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Editor Giuseppe Venturella MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Giuseppe Venturella University of Palermo Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity/special issues/ fungal diversity). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-978-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-979-9 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Giuseppe Venturella Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Reprinted from: Diversity 2020, 12, 253, doi:10.3390/d12060253 .................... 1 Elias Polemis, Vassiliki Fryssouli, Vassileios Daskalopoulos and Georgios I.
    [Show full text]
  • Picco Vs Pico
    G. Pacioni, R. Rittersma, M. Iotti Italian Journal of Mycology vol. 47 (2018) ISSN 2531-7342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2531-7342/7748 On the Tuber magnatum, Tuber albidum and Tuber rufum author name: Picco vs Pico _______________________________________________________________________________________ Giovanni Pacioni1, Rengenier Rittersma2, Mirco Iotti1 1Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy 2Dorfstraβe 11, D 56290 Heyweiler, Germany Correspondig Author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the results of a research that has been conducted on the surname of the author of the three truffle species Tuber magnatum, T. albidum and T. rufum who in the nomenclatural databases of fungi is listed as “Picco” rather than “Pico” (how he is usually indicated). Drawing upon official documents from the Turin State and University Archives the claim is made that the surname Picco is the correct version. This name can also be found in a contemporary review of the book Melethemata Inauguralia (Picco 1788), as well as in a biographic dictionary of Piedmontese physicians dated back to 1825. Therefore, the officially used indication since Stafleu and Cowan (1983) can be considered to be correct. Keywords: systematic botany; mushrooms; truffles; history; nomenclature; Vittorio Picco; Savoy dynasty. Riassunto In questo lavoro è stata condotta un’indagine sul cognome dell’autore delle tre specie di tartufi Tuber magnatum, T. albidum e T. rufum, che nelle banche dati di riferimento nomenclaturali dei funghi viene riportato come “Picco” e non “Pico”, come usualmente viene indicato. Sulla base dei documenti ufficiali degli Archivi di Stato e dell’Università di Torino è stato possibile accertare che, in effetti, il vero cognome è Picco.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Status of Truffle Cultivation: Recent Results and Future Perspectives ______Alessandra Zambonelli1, Mirco Iotti1, Ian Hall2
    A. Zambonelli, M. Iotti, I. Hall Micologia Italiana vol. 44 (2015) ISSN 2465-311X DOI: 10.6092/issn.2465-311X/5593 Current status of truffle cultivation: recent results and future perspectives ________________________________________________________________________________ Alessandra Zambonelli1, Mirco Iotti1, Ian Hall2 1Department of Agricultural Science, Bologna University, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna Italy 2 Truffles & Mushrooms (Consulting) Ltd, P.O. Box 268, Dunedin, New Zealand Correspondig Author M. Iotti e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In this review the current status of truffle cultivation in Europe and outside Europe is reported. While the cultivation of Tuber melanosporum (Périgord black truffle), Tuber aestivum (summer or Burgundy truffle) and Tuber borchii (bianchetto truffle) gave good results, only the Italian white truffle (Tuber magnatum), which is the most expensive, has yet to be successfully cultivated. In future a revolutionary approach to truffle cultivation would be the application of mycelial inoculation techniques for producing Tuber infected plants which will allow to select the fungal strains adapted to specific climatic, edaphic conditions and hosts. The new insights which will be gained by the extensive Tuber genome sequencing programme will also help to improve truffle cultivation techniques. Keywords: Tuber melanosporum; Tuber magnatum; Tuber borchii; Tuber aestivum; cultivation; mycelial inoculation Riassunto I tartufi sono funghi ascomiceti appartenenti all’ordine delle Pezizales anche se molti ricercatori considerano “veri tartufi” solo le specie apparteneti al genere Tuber, che comprende le specie di maggiore interesse gastronomico e commerciale quali Tuber melanosporum (tartufo nero pregiato), Tuber magnatum (tartufo bianco pregiato), Tuber aestivum (tartufo estivo o uncinato) e Tuber borchii (tartufo bianchetto). L’elevato valore economico di questi tartufi ha suscitato grande interesse riguardo la loro coltivazione fin dal lontano rinascimento.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe
    Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe Ecologyand management of mushrooms, tree products,understory plants andanimal products Outcomes of theCOST Action FP1203 on EuropeanNWFPs Edited by HARALD VACIK, MIKE HALE,HEINRICHSPIECKER, DAVIDE PETTENELLA &MARGARIDA TOMÉ Bibliographicalinformation of Deutsche Nationalbibliothek [the German National Library] Deutsche Nationalbibliothek [the German National Library] hasregisteredthispublication in theGermanNationalBibliography. Detailed bibliographicaldatamay be foundonlineathttp: //dnb.dnb.de ©2020Harald Vacik Please cite this referenceas: Vacik, H.;Hale, M.;Spiecker,H.; Pettenella, D.;Tomé, M. (Eds)2020: Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe.Ecology andmanagementofmushrooms, tree products,understoryplantsand animal products.Outcomesofthe COST Action FP1203 on EuropeanNWFPs, BoD, Norderstedt,416p. Coverdesign, layout,produced andpublished by:BoD –Books on Demand GmbH, In de Tarpen 42,22848 Norderstedt ISBN:978-3-7526-7529-0 Content 5 1. Introduction.......................................................11 1.1Non-wood forest products.....................................11 1.2Providingevidencefor NWFP collection andusage within Europe ......................................14 1.3Outline of thebook...........................................15 1.4References ...................................................17 2. Identificationand ecologyofNWFPspecies........................19 2.1Introduction.................................................19 2.2 Theidentification of NWFP in Europe. ........................
    [Show full text]
  • Truffle Farming in North America
    Examples of Truffle Cultivation Working with Riparian Habitat Restoration and Preservation Charles K. Lefevre, Ph.D. New World Truffieres, Inc. Oregon Truffle Festival, LLC What Are Truffles? • Mushrooms that “fruit” underground and depend on animals to disperse their spores • Celebrated delicacies for millennia • They are among the world’s most expensive foods • Most originate in the wild, but three valuable European species are domesticated and are grown on farms throughout the world What Is Their Appeal? • The likelihood of their reproductive success is a function of their ability to entice animals to locate and consume them • Produce strong, attractive aromas to capture attention of passing animals • Androstenol and other musky compounds French Truffle Production Trend 1900-2000 Driving Forces: • Phylloxera • Urbanization Current Annual U.S. Import volume: 15-20 tons Price Trend:1960-2000 The Human-Truffle Connection • Truffles are among those organisms that thrive in human- created environments • Urban migration and industrialization have caused the decline of truffles not by destroying truffle habitat directly, but by eliminating forms of traditional agriculture that created new truffle habitat • Truffles are the kind of disturbance-loving organisms that we can grow Ectomycorrhizae: Beneficial Symbiosis Between the Truffle Fungus and Host Tree Roots Inoculated Seedlings • Produced by five companies in the U.S. and Canada planting ~200 acres annually • ~3000 acres planted per year globally • Cultivated black truffle production now
    [Show full text]
  • Tuber Magnatum Pico Produced Following the INRAE/ROBIN Process Under License and Quality Control of INRAE
    ROBIN pépinières ROBIN® TRUFFLE PLANT Mycorrhiza with Tuber magnatum Pico Produced following the INRAE/ROBIN process under license and quality control of INRAE Controlled Production of White Truffle A world first ! Robin pépinières Presentation Robin Pépinières, Saint Laurent du Cros site (05500) he ROBIN pépinières nurseries were founded by Max Robin in 1948 in Saint Laurent du Cros in the Hautes-Alpes department. Given the geographical location and local demand, Max TROBIN specialised first of all in the production of forest plants for mountain reforestation. Very quickly he developed innovative solutions such as the first ROBIN ANTI-CHIGNON® pots to improve the performance of his plants. Joined by his son Bruno in 1980, then by his two daughters Christine and Cécile, in 1988 the ROBIN family created a controlled mycorrhization laboratory in Saint Laurent du Cros, with the help of ANVAR (French national agency Max ROBIN in 1950. for the development of research). In this state-of-the-art laboratory and thanks to qualified and competent personnel, ROBIN pépinières very quickly mastered all the stages of controlled mycorrhization. Additionally, they are equipped with production greenhouses and acclimatisation devices for the proper development of young mycorrhizal plants at Pépinières ROBIN’s 2nd production site located in Valernes in the Alpes de Haute Provence department. ® One of our ROBIN truffle oak production greenhouses on our Valernes farm (04200) 2 Bruno, Cécile and Christine Robin with part of the ROBIN pépinières team. For more than thirty years, ROBIN pépinières have thus been producing mycorrhizal plants under controlled conditions with many fungi, and in particular: - HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONTROLLED MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS®: the association of selected strains of fungi on the roots of young forest plants makes it possible to very significantly improve the recovery and growth performance at forest plantation sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Fontanafredda Winery Indian Single Malts
    For wine lovers around the world who enjoy wine and the good life Volume 15 Issue 2 April May June 2019 INDIA SommelierTHE WINE MAGAZINE SOMMELIER INDIA WINE MAGAZINE VOLUME 15 ISSUE 2 APRIL MAY JUNE 2019 JUNE MAY APRIL 2 ISSUE 15 VOLUME MAGAZINE WINE INDIA SOMMELIER Bordeaux ON TOP OF ITS GAME page 20 Fontanafredda Winery HOW IT MADE BAROLO FAMOUS page 32 Indian Single Malts CAPTURE THE INDIAN MARKET page 54 INDIA’S PREMIER WINE MAGAZINE. CONTROLLED CIRCULATION here is something about the set out to cultivate them, an effort that proved nature of truffles that has to be unsuccessful because truffles cannot be captivated people for over a cultivated.By the mid-1800s, the truffle reached A taste of thousand years. Its pungent, its largest production to date. Over 2,000 tons irresistible aroma is what of truffles appeared throughout Europe. At the Tintrigues haute cuisine chefs and challenges royal court of Savoy in Turin, Italy, hunting for them to dedicate menus and dishes entirely truffles became court entertainment. Royal crafted around truffles and matched perfectly guests and foreign ambassadors were invited heaven dug out to fine wines. to participate, using hounds instead of pigs, The truffle is a hypogeum fungus, which as were common in France. The royal house grows underground closely linked to certain kinds of Savoy, with its roots in Piedmont, was of plants such as chestnut, oak, hazel and beech assiduous in truffle hunting. of the earth trees from which it absorbs nutrition by means of This age of abundance and wealth did its extensive root system.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuber Mesentericum and Tuber Aestivum Truffles
    Article Tuber mesentericum and Tuber aestivum Truffles: New Insights Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Giorgio Marozzi 1,* , Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci 2 , Edoardo Suriano 3, Nicola Sitta 4, Lorenzo Raggi 1 , Hovirag Lancioni 5, Leonardo Baciarelli Falini 1, Emidio Albertini 1 and Domizia Donnini 1 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (L.B.F.); [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (D.D.) 2 Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] 3 Via F.lli Mazzocchi 23, 00133 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Loc. Farné 32, Lizzano in Belvedere, 40042 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-075-5856417 Received: 10 August 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 10 September 2020 Abstract: Tuber aestivum, one of the most sought out and marketed truffle species in the world, is morphologically similar to Tuber mesentericum, which is only locally appreciated in south Italy and north-east France. Because T. aestivum and T. mesentericum have very similar ascocarp features, and collection may occur in similar environments and periods, these two species are frequently mistaken for one another. In this study, 43 T. aestivum and T. mesentericum ascocarps were collected in Italy for morphological and molecular characterization. The morphological and aromatic characteristics of the fresh ascocarps were compared with their spore morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Mushrooms for Food and Health Presentation
    OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Growing Mushrooms for Food and Health July 28, 2020 Kathi Kemper, MD, MPH, Master Gardener Volunteer OSU Extension – Franklin County Objectives Contrast mushrooms and plants Describe the life cycle of a mushroom Identify the most expensive mushrooms, the most commonly sold in grocery stores, most commonly used medicinally, and the most easily grown at home Decide whether and how you want to grow mushrooms By Harmonywriter, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid= 29716354 History of mushrooms 5000 BC depicted in cave art 3200 BC “Iceman” found in Italian alps carried a bag with 3 different types of mushrooms Greek Eleusian mysteries - dreams Indian Vedic literature - entheogens Traditional Chinese Medicine Western Europe – history of murdering Popes using Amanita sp. Mayan Siberian shamans Mycophobia – fear of mushrooms Mushroomstone.com What ARE mushrooms? Animal Plant (vegetable) Mineral None of the above What ARE mushrooms? Animal Plant Mineral None of the above Mushrooms are neither plant nor animal. They are in their own special kingdom: fungi, along with yeasts and molds. They actually share more DNA with animals than with plants. 120,000 known species What makes mushrooms different from plants? Chitin in cell walls (also found in exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects as well as fish scales and butterfly wing scales); structure like cellulose https://oregondis covery.com/paci No photosynthesis (Unlike plants) fic-golden- chanterelle They acquire food
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Based Variations in White Truffle Tuber Magnatum Truffle Aroma Is Explained by Quantitative Differences in Key Volatile Compounds
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.321133; this version posted October 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Geographical based variations in white truffle Tuber magnatum truffle aroma is explained by quantitative differences in key volatile compounds Jun Niimi1*, Aurélie Deveau2, Richard Splivallo1,3 1Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 2Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France. 3Nectariss Sàrl, Avenue de Senalèche 9, 1009 Pully, Switzerland. *Author for correspondence: Jun Niimi Email: [email protected] The authors contributed equally to this work. Total word count (excluding 7003 No. figures: 7 (all in colour) summary, references and legends): Summary: 199 No. of Tables: 2 Introduction: 952 No. of supporting 2 information files: Materials and methods: 1349 Results: 1849 Discussion: 2740 Acknowledgements: 114 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.321133; this version posted October 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Summary (200 words max) The factors that vary the aroma of Tuber magnatum fruiting bodies are poorly understood. The study determined the headspace aroma composition, sensory aroma profiles, maturity, and microbiome composition from T. magnatum originating from Italy, Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia, and tested if truffle aroma is dependent on provenance and if fruiting body volatiles are explained by maturity and/or microbiome composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Tuber Oligospermum Mycorrhizas
    Vol. 8(29), pp. 4081-4087, 1 August, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2013.7354 African Journal of Agricultural ISSN 1991-637X ©2013 Academic Journals Research http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Full Length Research Paper Morphological and molecular characterization of Tuber oligospermum mycorrhizas Siham Boutahir, Mirco Iotti, Federica Piattoni and Alessandra Zambonelli* Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy. Accepted 22 July, 2013 Tuber oligospermum (Ascomycota) is an edible truffle growing in some Mediterranean countries. In Morocco, this truffle is regularly harvested and it is exported to Italy. Although T. oligospermum produces fruiting bodies of good quality, in Italy, it is fraudulently passed off as the most precious Italian white truffle (Tuber magnatum) and “bianchetto” truffle (Tuber borchii). In this work, a specific primer able to discriminate T. oligospermum from T. borchii and T. magnatum by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed and tested for selective amplifications. Moreover, T. oligospermum ectomycorrhizas were obtained under greenhouse conditions by spore inoculation of Quercus robur seedlings and their morpho-anatomical characters were described and compared with those of T. borchii and T. magnatum. The degree of T. oligospermum root colonization was higher than that obtained for the other 2 truffle species but differences in mycorrhizal morphology were only found in terms of cystidia type and dimensions. Our results suggest that, T. oligospermum cultivation might represent an interesting agricultural activity for North African countries. Key words: Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), mycorrhizal morphotyping, molecular identification, Tuber oligospermum, Tuber borchii, Tuber magnatum, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). INTRODUCTION Hypogeous fungi belong to ascomycetes (the true truffle) Tuber asa Tul.
    [Show full text]