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The Evolution of Population Distribution on the Iberian Peninsula: a Transnational Approach (1877–2001)

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The Evolution of Population Distribution on the Iberian Peninsula: a Transnational Approach (1877–2001) VHIM #804787, VOL 46, ISS 3 The Evolution of Population Distribution on the Iberian Peninsula: A Transnational Approach (1877–2001) LUIS´ ESPINHA DA SILVEIRA, DANIEL ALVES, MARCO PAINHO, ANA CRISTINA COSTA AND ANA ALCANTARAˆ QUERY SHEET This page lists questions we have about your paper. The numbers displayed at left can be found in the text of the paper for reference. In addition, please review your paper as a whole for correctness. Q1. Au: Please spell out EEC. Q2. Au: Ok to add “(c)” before the last part of this sentence? Q3. Au: Please spell out DTM. Q4. Au: Ok to add “See Figure 1” here? Q5. Au: In Perez´ Moreda 2004 reference, please provide editor(s). TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTING The table of contents for the journal will list your paper exactly as it appears below: The Evolution of Population Distribution on the Iberian Peninsula: A Transnational Approach (1877–2001) Lu´ıs Espinha Da Silveira, Daniel Alves, Marco Painho, Ana Cristina Costa and Ana Alcantaraˆ HISTORICAL METHODS, July–September 2013, Volume 46, Number 3 Copyright C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The Evolution of Population Distribution on the Iberian Peninsula: A Transnational Approach (1877–2001) LUIS´ ESPINHA DA SILVEIRA DANIEL ALVES Instituto de Historia´ Contemporanea,ˆ Universidade Nova de Lisboa MARCO PAINHO ANA CRISTINA COSTA Instituto Superior de Estat´ıstica e Gestao˜ da Informac¸ao,˜ Universidade Nova de Lisboa ANA ALCANTARAˆ Instituto de Historia´ Contemporanea,ˆ Universidade Nova de Lisboa Abstract. Surpassing the national perspective usually adopted, the of geographic factors in their explanation. At the same time, this authors confirmed the existence of a pattern of population distri- verification opens up new issues related to the effect of national bution common to the whole Iberian Peninsula in the long run. political and economic policies. This pattern is clearly associated with geographical factors. These 5 variables seem to have more weight in explaining changes between 1877/78 and 1940 than in the period from 1940 to 2001. The obser- Keywords: border studies, geographic information systems, 15 vation of the cross-border region has shown that proximity to the Iberian Peninsula, spatial population distribution, transnational frontier has not generated any distinct pattern of population density history on either side of the boundary line. The spatial coherence of the 10 observed phenomena throughout the Peninsula and of its evolution, independent of the border between states, reinforces the importance opulation distribution patterns in Portugal and in Spain have always been an important research topic. Ad- 20 This work begun within the research project, “The Development of ditionally, given the current dramatic imbalance be- European Waterways, Road and Rail Infrastructures: A Geograph- P ical Information System for the History of European Integration tween a small group of densely populated and wealthy re- (1825–2005),” developed under European Science Foundation EU- gions and the rest of the territories in both countries, this ROCORES programme. In Portugal, it was funded by Fundac¸ao˜ subject has also become a matter of concern for society as para a Cienciaˆ e a Tecnologia. The good relationships established a whole. In fact, the differences in wealth, economic, and 25 with the Spanish team allowed the integration of Josep Puig-Farre´ demographic dynamism and the regional disparities in ac- in our group from 2009 to 2011, a period in which we began devel- oping the historical geographical information system on the Iberian cess to education, health, and other public services seriously Peninsula. The problems that we faced and the methodology to solve endanger territorial cohesion and the principle of equal op- them were presented in several conferences in 2010, and the Iberian portunities among citizens. Therefore, revisiting the issue of Peninsula was then integrated in our geographical information sys- population distribution from a transnational perspective and 30 tem website (http://atlas.fcsh.unl.pt/). We benefited from the discus- in the long run is not only to address an important subject for sions with Jordi Marti-Henneberg and Xavier Franch in July 2011 and with the colleagues attending the workshop “L’ Us´ dels SIG en research in humanities and social sciences, but to contribute l’ Estudi de la Integracio´ Europea (1870–2010)” held in Barcelona to the understanding of the roots of a current social problem in March 2012, also organized by Jordi Marti-Henneberg, and of great relevance. funded by European Union (Jean Monnet 200215 LLP-1-ES- In this article, surpassing the national perspective usually 35 AJMIC). adopted, we tried to verify the existence of a spatial pattern of Address correspondence to Lu´ıs Espinha da Silveira, Instituto de Historia´ Contemporanea,ˆ Faculdade de Cienciasˆ Sociais e Hu- population distribution on the Peninsula as a whole and study manas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. de Berna 26-C, 1069-061 its evolution. We also sought to evaluate the relevance of ge- Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] ographical factors to explain this pattern, and we wanted to 1 2 HISTORICAL METHODS 40 analyze the importance of the Spanish-Portuguese border in Accordingly, with the exception of Perez´ Moreda (who did 95 spatial population distribution. In the conclusion, we call the not express his view on this issue), these authors underlined attention to some of the implications of our findings concern- the importance of geographical factors (altitude, distance to ing the effect of political and economic policies on patterns coast, and rainfall) to explain the location of population. of concentration/dispersion of population. The transnational The influence of geographical factors on economic devel- 45 approach and the in-depth spatial analysis supported by the opment and the distribution of the world population, two dis- 100 geographical information system (GIS) are the main contri- tinct but inter-related phenomena, has been advocated by his- butions of this article to the research on this subject. torians such as Paul Bairoch (1971, 118–20) and economists The literature published in Spain about territorial pop- such as Andrew Mellinger, Jeffrey Sachs, and John Gallup ulation distribution and its evolution over the nineteenth (2000). The former drew attention to the effects of climate on 50 and twentieth centuries is abundant. A list of the works agricultural productivity and human health. He also pointed 105 produced up until a few years ago can be found in Olga out that climatic differences hampered the spread of agri- Cos Guerra and Pedro Reques Velasco (2005). Since then, cultural innovations developed in temperate regions, which research has continued, presenting remarkable results. We were decisive in triggering the industrialization process. To will focus our attention on these more recent articles. It these aspects Mellinger and colleagues (2000) added the im- 55 has been recently argued that Europe’s regional inequali- portance of access to navigable rivers and the sea, by the 110 ties worsened between 1870 and 2000. Patterns of popu- effect that this access has on transport. lation distribution over the same period show “stability in However, if the geographical determinism of the past has both underpopulated and very densely populated areas,” and been abandoned, it has not been possible to achieve a con- this happened “despite enormous changes in the factors that sensual view on the importance of the natural conditions in 60 have determined the location of population and economic the spatial distribution of wealth and population. The Eco- 115 activities since 1870” (Mart´ı-Henneberg 2005, 277, 279). nomic Geography, in general, has not given great empha- Analyzing population densities within a group of European sis to this issue (Wood and Roberts 2011). The New Eco- countries of different sizes and geographical positions from nomic Geography itself, initiated by Paul Krugman (1998), 1850 to 2000, Maria Isabel Ayuda, Fernando Collantes, and although it has reintroduced space in economic analysis does 65 Vicente Pinilla (2010a) came to similar conclusions. The not grant importance to physical geography as well. For in- 120 explanation put forth by these authors lay in the regional stance, Pierre-Philippe Combes, Thierry Mayer, and Jacques- differences in the spread of industrialization and modern Franc¸ois Thisse (2006) argued that physical factors should economic growth, which increased population disparities be taken into account in explaining geographic distribution thereafter (although without profoundly affecting the spatial of development on a global scale, but not in the analysis of 70 pattern existing in the pre-industrial era). In 2000, Portugal regional inequalities in developed countries. In this case, the 125 and Spain would be amongst the countries where such dispar- relevant factors to understand the concentration of economic ities were most pronounced (Dobado Gonzalez´ 2006; Ayuda activity and population are the combined effects of mar- et al. 2010a). ket size, economies of scale, and transport costs (Krugman Concerning Spain, regardless of the time period or the 1993). 75 scale of the geographical framework, researchers agree upon The perspectives of New Economic Geography and those 130 the existence of a considerably stable territorial pattern of of Mellinger and colleagues can however be complementary, population distribution. The latter is characterized by the as the latter authors
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