DOCSLIB.ORG

Spain and Catalonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spain and Catalonia Bachelor thesis Europe’s colonial past backfiring into the regions: Spain and Catalonia Wouter Hunnekens S4626508 Bachelor Thesis Human Geography Radboud University Nijmegen Bachelor Thesis Europe’s colonial past backfiring into regions: Spain and Catalonia The changing relationship between European countries and their regions in a postcolonial Europe Author: Course: Mentor: Wouter Hunnekens Bachelor thesis Human Dr. O.T. Kramsch S4626508 Geography [email protected] Nijmegen School of Management Radboud University Nijmegen 12th August, 2016 2 Preface Finally, this is my bachelor thesis. It was difficult to figure out want I wanted to investigate. I wanted to combine history and geography with something modern and present. Something that everybody hears about on the news, something that is a real problem in present Europe. Then two components came together: Europe’s colonial past and the constantly news reports on the Scottish referendum and Catalonia’s independence strive and the way. These two components came together to formulate my hypothesis that Europe’s colonial past is in some way ‘backfiring’ into its own nation states. I have always thought that the current map of Europe would not change because I haven’t seen the border change like my parents or grandparents have. I haven’t seen and live through the collapse of the Soviet Union, the unification of East and West Germany and the breakup of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Europe’s borders are not and have never been steady or a fact. That’s why I wanted to investigate a new threat to Europe’s borders, the threat from the regions inside Europe’s nation states to seek greater autonomy or independence, just like Indonesia, India, Congo, Algeria and other colonies once did. Spain is the country that I am using in this thesis to extract my hypotheses on and gain inside if Catalonia is a colony of Spain and if Europe’s past is repeating itself. As one of the most diverse countries in Europe, within Spain there is a powerful region who wants to separate themselves and create an independent Catalonia. This research will especially focus on Spain, because Catalonia’s independence struggle is currently on a boiling point. Furthermore, the aim of this research came together with the help of Olivier Kramsch, who supported my idea, hypotheses and philosophy on this matter. I want to thank my supervisor Olivier T. Kramsch for his professional and academic guidance and for directing me right direction. I wish you a pleasant reading. Nijmegen, August 11 2016, Wouter Hunnekens 3 4 Inhoud 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Historical framework ............................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1 The Spanish case............................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Research goal ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Research question ................................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Relevance .............................................................................................................................. 14 2 Theoretical framework .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Michael Hechter’s theories ................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 The diffusion model of national development .............................................................. 15 2.1.2 The internal colonialism model ..................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Internal colonialism on the Spanish case ...................................................................... 16 2.2 A Europe in crisis ................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 The “backfiring” Europe’s colonial past ................................................................................ 19 2.4 Conceptual model ................................................................................................................. 21 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 23 3.1 Literature study ..................................................................................................................... 23 4 The history of Spain ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Al Andalus and the Reconquista ............................................................................................ 25 4.2 The beginning and fall of Spain’s empire .............................................................................. 27 4.3 The loss of the colonies ......................................................................................................... 29 4.4 Civil Wars ............................................................................................................................... 30 4.5 From Franco to Juan Carlos I ................................................................................................. 31 5 The development of Spain’s national identity .............................................................................. 33 5.1 The core and the region ........................................................................................................ 34 5.2 Industrial Revolution in Spain ................................................................................................ 35 5.2.1 Success factors of the Industrial Revolution in Britain .................................................. 35 5.2.2 The industrialisation of Spain ........................................................................................ 36 5.2.3 Spain’s industrialisation delay, unequal industrialisation and national development . 40 5.3 The formation of a national identity ..................................................................................... 43 5.3.1 Early Spanish state and decentralisation ...................................................................... 43 5.3.2 Centralising the Spanish state ....................................................................................... 44 5.3.3 Franco state ................................................................................................................... 45 5.3.4 Towards democracy ...................................................................................................... 46 5 5.4 National development and regionalism ................................................................................ 47 5.5 Conclusion chapter 5 ............................................................................................................. 50 6 Europe’s past backfiring: decolonisation within Spain.................................................................. 53 6.1 A Europe in crisis: growing regionalism ................................................................................ 55 6.1.1 A Europe in crisis: a chance? ......................................................................................... 58 6.2 Europe in the past: identity crisis’s ....................................................................................... 59 6.3 Present Europe: Colonialism shaping Europe ....................................................................... 61 6.3.1 Colonialism and imperialism as the foundation of modern Europe ............................. 61 6.3.2 Western imperialism in Europe ..................................................................................... 63 6.4 Internal colonialism in Spain ................................................................................................. 65 6.4.1 Michael Hechter internal colonialism theory ................................................................ 65 6.4.2 Catalonia as an internal colony of Spain ....................................................................... 68 6.4.3 Not an internal colony? ................................................................................................. 69 6.4.4 Conclusion chapter 6 ..................................................................................................... 74 7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 75 8 Reflection....................................................................................................................................... 79 9 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 81 6 Summary Several historical elements heavily hampered the Spanish national development process to establish a solid, unitary nation state and the creation of one identity towards the people from the peninsula could relate to. With the end of the Reconquista and the marriage of the two Catholic Monarchs, Spain became one of the first ‘modern’ day nation states in Europe. It was still during this time, that the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Boletín Oficial Del Estado
    BOLETÍN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO Núm. 281 Martes 24 de noviembre de 2015 Sec. III. Pág. 110643 JUNTA ELECTORAL DE BARCELONA La Junta Electoral Provincial de Barcelona, en su reunión del día de la fecha, ha acordado proclamar las candidaturas concurrentes a las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 977/2015, de 26 de octubre, presentadas en el ámbito territorial de esta Junta, y ordena su publicación en el «Boletín Oficial del Estado», de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 47.5 en relación con el 169.4, de la Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General. Barcelona, 23 de noviembre de 2015.–El Presidente, Joan Cremades Morant. CONGRESO DE LOS DIPUTADOS 1. UNIÓ DEMOCRÀTICA DE CATALUNYA (unio.cat) 1. Josep A. Duran i Lleida. 2. Josep Sanchez i Llibre. 3. Rosaura Ferriz i Pacheco. 4. Antoni Picó i Azanza. 5. M. Carme Castellano i Fernández. 6. Queralt Puig i Gual. 7. Pol de Lamo i Pla. 8. Joan Contijoch i Costa. 9. Noemi Cano i Berbegal. 10. Salvador Ferran i Pérez-Portabella. 11. Víctor Gonzalo i Pérez. 12. Jesús Serrano i Martínez. 13. Albert Peris i Miras. 14. M. Mercè Blanco i Ribas. 15. Sílvia Garcia i Pacheco. 16. Anaïs Sánchez i Figueras. 17. Maria del Carme Ballesta i Galiana. 18. Oriol Lázaro i Llovera. 19. Joan March i Naspleda. 20. Elena Medina i Rodríguez. 21. Enric-Ernest Munt i Gutierrez. 22. M. Jesús Cucurull i Farré. 23. Jordi Lluís Bailach i Aspa. 24. Eva Cordobés i Millán.
    [Show full text]
  • Colony and Empire, Colonialism and Imperialism: a Meaningful Distinction?
    Comparative Studies in Society and History 2021;63(2):280–309. 0010-4175/21 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History doi:10.1017/S0010417521000050 Colony and Empire, Colonialism and Imperialism: A Meaningful Distinction? KRISHAN KUMAR University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA It is a mistaken notion that planting of colonies and extending of Empire are necessarily one and the same thing. ———Major John Cartwright, Ten Letters to the Public Advertiser, 20 March–14 April 1774 (in Koebner 1961: 200). There are two ways to conquer a country; the first is to subordinate the inhabitants and govern them directly or indirectly.… The second is to replace the former inhabitants with the conquering race. ———Alexis de Tocqueville (2001[1841]: 61). One can instinctively think of neo-colonialism but there is no such thing as neo-settler colonialism. ———Lorenzo Veracini (2010: 100). WHAT’ S IN A NAME? It is rare in popular usage to distinguish between imperialism and colonialism. They are treated for most intents and purposes as synonyms. The same is true of many scholarly accounts, which move freely between imperialism and colonialism without apparently feeling any discomfort or need to explain themselves. So, for instance, Dane Kennedy defines colonialism as “the imposition by foreign power of direct rule over another people” (2016: 1), which for most people would do very well as a definition of empire, or imperialism. Moreover, he comments that “decolonization did not necessarily Acknowledgments: This paper is a much-revised version of a presentation given many years ago at a seminar on empires organized by Patricia Crone, at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Missionary Activities in Africa Revisite
    Obiora Ike Current debates about Colonialism, Slavery and Black Lives Matter: Christian Missionary Activities in Africa revisited "The refusal to take sides on great moral issues is itself a decision; it is a silent acquiescence to evil.” ( Ven Fulton J. Sheen (1895 -1979, American Bishop of The Catholic Church) 1. The recent trigger for the debates on recalling past history – On May 25 2020, the brutal and outrageous murder of a black American citizen under the hands of the United States of America white police officer Derek Chauvin who pinned the life out of him spread virally on video recording. Seemingly protected by State power, under socially tolerated traditions and legal institutions over centuries, these historically atrocious and racially based injustices have continued unabated in that country, and as is widely known, in many other parts of the world. The #BlackLivesMatter 2020 protests forced governments and other entities across the world to reckon with oppressive histories including slavery, colonialism and racism. It emboldened activists globally and boosted a new sense of humanity, solidarity and empathy and thus galvanized a new awakening of people to stand up everywhere with moral courage and demand that they “want to breathe”. The last words of George Floyd “I can’t breath” implies a re-visit of the many dark shades of human history, especially the chapters covering slavery, colonialism and racism which calls for the purification of memories in the present through recalling the horrible injustices of the past. To understand the political, cultural, economic and social tempers we see on streets happening in every continent, drawing crowds of inter-generational, inter- racial, inter-religious and multicultural activists globally it is necessary to have some knowledge of the preceding period in order to correct them.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing a Basic Income System in Spain. Feasibility and Cost
    Introducing a Basic Income system in Spain. Feasibility and cost. Paper prepared for the Basic Income European Network 10th Congress Barcelona, 19-20 September 2004 Rafael Pinilla-Pallejà* and Luis Sanzo-González** Correspondence: Rafael Pinilla-Pallejà. Área de Sanidad de la Delegación del Gobierno en Valencia. Sanidad Exterior. Muelle de la Aduana, s/n. Puerto de Valencia. 46024 Valencia (Spain). [email protected] Acknowledgements: We are grateful for financial support from “Fundación Alternativas”. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Ministry of Public Affairs, or the Basque Government. This document includes results from Espasim Difusión V.!. Un modelo de micro-simulación para evaluar reformas del sistema de impuestos y subsidios en España" © Levy, Mercader y Planas, 2002. A description of EspaSim can be found at http://selene.uab.es/espasim. The authors of the software do not accept any responsibility derived from the analysis presented in this document. * Ministry of Public Affairs, Valencia. ** Justice, Labour and Social Security Department. Basque Government, Vitoria. Abstract: We present the major lines of a basic income proposal for Spain has published by ‘Fundación Alternativas’ early in 2004. The main aim of our work is to promote economical and political debate about basic income in our country showing several options supported by data and arguments. The proposal includes a deep reform of fiscal and social protection systems. The reform would be implemented by an income flat-tax reform and includes a simple refundable tax credit for all. We have used the micro-simulator EspaSim to analyse the feasibility and potential cost of such reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgenic Crops in Spain
    TRANSGENIC CROPS IN SPAIN FRANCISCO GARCÍA-OLMEDO Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid, Spain 9.1 Introduction The rate of introduction of transgenic crops in Spanish agriculture has been limited by a number of adverse factors, some of which are linked to specific local circumstances, while others are common to most European Union (EU) member countries. Because of its dry climate, Spain is the main European importer of feed grains, mainly soybeans and corn. The public was introduced to transgenic crops through the appearance of press headlines reporting dem- onstrations by nongovernmental organizations protesting transgenic grains at ports of entry. The main purpose of this chapter is to examine the present status and fiíture prospects of some key transgenic crops, such as corn and cortón. How- ever, in order to understand the current impact and fiíture potential of such crops in Spanish agriculture, some background facts and a brief description of the general scenario are pertinent. We will begin by briefly considering some relevant characteristics of Spanish agriculture, the R&D potential of the coun- try, and the legal backdrop. 9.2 Some Facts About Spanish Agriculture Spain has over 19 million ha under cultivation. Approximately 3.6 million ha are irrigated, which represents a sizable fraction of the 11.6 million irrígated ha in the 15 EU countries. Average rainfall over the last 15 years has been about 630 mm, but there is considerable variation, both from year to year (553 mm to 893 mm) and among the different river basins (from 1250 mm in the North to less than 300 mm in the South East).
    [Show full text]
  • Ageing in Spain Ageing in Spain
    SECOND WORLD ASSEMBLY ON AGEING • APRIL 2002 Ageing in Spain SECOND WORLD ASSEMBLY ON AGEING • APRIL 2002 SECOND WORLD ASSEMBLY Ageing in Spain ISBN 84-8446-046-0 SECRETARÍA GENERAL SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE ASUNTOS SOCIALES DE ASUNTOS SOCIALES INSTITUTO DE INSTITUTO DE MIGRACIONES Y MIGRACIONES Y Observatorio SERVICIOS SOCIALES SERVICIOS SOCIALES 9 788484 460466 8 de personas Mayores PRICE: 10 € AGEING IN SPAIN SECOND WORLD ASSEMBLY ON AGEING APRIL 2002 AGEING IN SPAIN SECOND WORLD ASSEMBLY ON AGEING APRIL 2002 DEPUTY ADMINISTRATION FOR THE GERONTOLOGY PLAN AND PROGRAMS FOR THE ELDERLY COORDINATED BY: MAYTE SANCHO CASTIELLO HEAD OF THE OBSERVATORY OF ELDERLY PERSONS MAIN CONTRIBUTORS: ANTONIO ABELLÁN SPANISH COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (CSIC) LOURDES PÉREZ ORTIZ AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF MADRID JOSE ANTONIO MIGUEL POLO WOMEN’S INSTITUTE TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Mª del Carmen Martín Loras IMSERSO Guillermo Spottorno Giner Spanish Council for Scientific Research Translated by Michel Angstadt (COMPUEDICION, S.L.) 1st Edition, 2002 © Institute of Migrations and Social Services (IMSERSO) 2002 Published by: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs General Secretary of Social Affairs Institute of Migrations and Social Services (IMSERSO) Avda. de la Ilustración, s/n. C/v. A Ginzo de Limia,58 Tel: +34 91 363 89 35 NIPO: 209-02-024-0 ISBN: 84-8446-046-0 Depósito Legal: M-15.718-2002 Imprime: ARTEGRAF, S.A. Sebastián Gómez, 5 - 28026 Madrid Tel. 91 475 42 12 Contents Presentation ................................................. 13 4.2.2. The Evolution of the Calendar for Leaving the Labour Force ................. 54 Highlights ...................................................... 15 4.2.3. Population Ageing and the Size of La- bour Force: Projections ....................
    [Show full text]
  • Stear Dissertation COGA Submission 26 May 2015
    BEYOND THE FIFTH SUN: NAHUA TELEOLOGIES IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES By ©Copyright 2015 Ezekiel G. Stear Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson, Santa Arias ________________________________ Verónica Garibotto ________________________________ Patricia Manning ________________________________ Rocío Cortés ________________________________ Robert C. Schwaller Date Defended: May 6, 2015! ii The Dissertation Committee for Ezekiel G. Stear certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: BEYOND THE FIFTH SUN: NAHUA TELEOLOGIES IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES ________________________________ Chairperson, Santa Arias Date approved: May 6, 2015 iii Abstract After the surrender of Mexico-Tenochtitlan to Hernán Cortés and his native allies in 1521, the lived experiences of the Mexicas and other Nahuatl-speaking peoples in the valley of Mexico shifted radically. Indigenous elites during this new colonial period faced the disappearance of their ancestral knowledge, along with the imposition of Christianity and Spanish rule. Through appropriations of linear writing and collaborative intellectual projects, the native population, in particular the noble elite sought to understand their past, interpret their present, and shape their future. Nahua traditions emphasized balanced living. Yet how one could live out that balance in unknown times ahead became a topic of ongoing discussion in Nahua intellectual communities, and a question that resounds in the texts they produced. Writing at the intersections of Nahua studies, literary and cultural history, and critical theory, in this dissertation I investigate how indigenous intellectuals in Mexico-Tenochtitlan envisioned their future as part of their re-evaluations of the past.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation
    Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-14-2011 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation Kalyna Macko Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Macko, Kalyna, "The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation" (2011). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 68. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Macko 1 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation By: Kalyna Macko Pell Senior Thesis Primary Advisor: Dr. Jane Bethune Secondary Advisor: Dr. Clark Merrill Macko 2 Macko 3 Thesis Statement: The combined nationalist sentiments and opposition of these particular Basques to the Fascist regime of General Franco explained the violence of the terrorist group ETA both throughout his rule and into the twenty-first century. I. Introduction II. Basque Differences A. Basque Language B. Basque Race C. Conservative Political Philosophy III. The Formation of the PNV A. Sabino Arana y Goiri B. Re-Introduction of the Basque Culture C. The PNV as a Representation of the Basques IV. The Oppression of the Basques A. Targeting the Basques B. Primo de Rivera C. General Francisco Franco D. Bombing of Guernica E.
    [Show full text]
  • Annalityc Summary Historia-Vasconia 26
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Hedatuz 26- Vasconia CUADERNOS DE HISTORIA-GEOGRAFIA 26, 1-324, 1998 Civil wars and violence in Vasconia ISSN: 1136-6834 (XIX-XX Centuries) Copying of the summary pages is authorised Torre, Joseba de la (Univ. Pública de Navarra. Dpto. Economía. Campus de Arrosadía. 31006 Pamplona): Guerra, economía y violencia, 1808-1823 (War, economy and violence, 1808-1823) (Orig. es) In: Vasconia. 26, 15-22 Abstract: Due to Napoleonic war, Basque provinces' agricultures were in deep economic crisis. The financing of the guerrilla and the occupying armies impoverished peasant classes and uncovered the contradictions and iniquities of Ancien Regime -Foral-. Post- war violent attitudes reflect the more exploited classes' move against a social and economic model they reject. Between 1808 and 1823 were established the bases for the transition to agrarian capitalism. Key Words: Economy. Crisis of the ancien regime. Basque Country. Ortiz de Orruño, José Mª (Univ. País Vasco. Fac. Filología y Geografía e Historia. Dpto. Historia Contemporánea. Avda. de las Universidades, 5. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz): La militarización de la sociedad vasca en tiempos de paz: los naturales armados (1823- 1833) (The militarization of the Basque society during peace times: the armed natives (1823-1833)) (Orig. es) In: Vasconia. 26, 23-40 Abstract: This article is an attempt to explain why the mayority of Basques chose the carlist party in the 1883 civil war. Among others reasons, it was because of the provincitial militia created in 1823 by the absolutist basque landowners thanks to the administrative and financial autonomy of the foral system.
    [Show full text]
  • Europa L’Entrevista Ja Som a L’Estiu I Moltes De De La Nostra Voluntat
    La Veu Butlletí de Reagrupament Independentista Europa L’entrevista Ja som a l’estiu i moltes de de la nostra voluntat. Europa les esperances de la primavera ens espera com un estat més i Dr. Moisès Broggi: ja no les tenim... només depèn de nosaltres de Una esperança: que el voler-ne ser protagonistes. “Cada vegada hi ha Parlament Europeu fos El company Jordi Gomis ho menys arguments competent per regular el tenia molt clar, i com ell va dret de ciutadania de la UE; deixar escrit: «És una obvietat per continuar sent una altra: que la situació que si Catalunya fos un Estat, part d’un estat que econòmica no ens endinsés no tindríem espoli fiscal, i en un pou de la mà de la per tant, els recursos dels que ens ofega” incompetència espanyola. disposem es multiplicarien PÀGINA 4 La Comissió Europea ens automàticament. Més enllà de ha dit que el Parlament no desempallegar-nos d’un Estat és competent per regular que xucla els nostres recursos Recordem Jordi Gomis sobre la ciutadania europea, i ens ofega econòmicament, Un altre Franco però ens ha indicat dos fets les dades també demostren molt importants: admet la que els estats petits de la UE Dèficits i balances possibilitat de secessió d’una han crescut molt per sobre fiscals part d’un Estat membre i que els grans, prenent les considera la solució en la dades que van des del 1979 /&(- negociació dins l’ordenament fins els nostres dies... En jurídic internacional. definitiva, tenim dues opcions: D’aquesta forma la Comissió esperar que després de 23 Resultats de 30 anys Europea desmenteix les anys
    [Show full text]
  • Carlism Seen Through Foreign Eyes. IN
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hedatuz Between repulsion and attraction: Carlism seen through foreign eyes Caspistegui, Francisco Javier Univ. de Navarra. Dpto. de Historia. Edificio Biblioteca de Humani - dades. Campus Universitario, s/n. 31080 Pamplona-Iruña BIBLID [ISBN: 978-84-8419-152-0 (2008); 119-143] Bi mendean zehar kanpoko begiratuek karlismoari buruz agertu dituzten ezaugarri batzuk erakutsi nahi dira testu honetan. Aldi hori kontuan harturik, fenomeno aldakorra izan bada ere, bida- iari eta behatzaileek arrazoi desberdinak izan zituzten abiaburu eta ezaugarri komunak dituzten uler- men jarraibideak emateko joera izan zuten; horien arabera, bi alditan multzoka daitezke: 1936 urtearen aurrekoa eta ondokoa. Giltza-Hitzak: Karlismoa. Arrotzak. Euskal Herria. Nafarroa. Nekazaritza giroa. Nazionalismoa. Historia. En este texto se pretenden mostrar algunos de los rasgos que miradas ajenas han proporciona- do sobre el carlismo a lo largo de dos siglos. Aunque sea un fenómeno cambiante en ese período, viajeros y observadores partieron de motivos distintos y tendieron a dar pautas de comprensión con rasgos comunes que permite agruparlos en dos períodos: antes y después de 1936. Palabras Clave: Carlismo. Extranjeros. País Vasco. Navarra. Ruralismo. Nacionalismo. Historia. Dans ce texte, on tente de montrer quelques-uns des traits que des regards étrangers ont porté sur le carlisme tout au long de deux siècles. Bien que cela soit un phénomène changeant à cette période, des voyageurs et des observateurs partirent de motifs différents et tendirent à fournir des règles de compréhension avec des traits communs qui permette de les regrouper en deux périodes: avant et après 1936.
    [Show full text]
  • Facultad De Derecho Grado En Derecho
    Facultad de Derecho Grado en Derecho Impugnación ante el Tribunal Constitucional de los actos del Parlament de Catalunya relativos al proceso "soberanista" Presentado por: Jónatan Pérez Diéguez Tutelado por: Juan Fernando Durán Alba Valladolid, 13 de julio de 2018 1 RESUMEN Durante esta última década, se ha ido expandiendo por la Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña una corriente independentista que ha ido irrumpiendo cada vez con más fuerza tanto en las calles como en las instituciones políticas. Al mismo ritmo, el Parlament de Catalunya ha ido aprobando, con el apoyo de las fuerzas políticas más nacionalistas, una serie de actos, encuadrados en una “hoja de ruta”, con los que ha tratado de ir construyendo unas “estructuras de Estado” cuyo último fin era la independencia de Cataluña del Estado Español. Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado, por tanto, aborda los distintos procesos constitucionales que se han ido utilizando como vía a la impugnación de estos actos ante el Tribunal Constitucional, para salvaguardar los valores propios que garantiza la Constitución Española. Palabras clave: Constitución Española, Parlamento de Cataluña, Ley, Resolución, recurso de inconstitucionalidad, impugnación, recurso de amparo, sentencia, Tribunal Constitucional. ABSTRACT During this last decade, it has been expanding in the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, a pro-independence movement that has been breaking with increasing force both in the streets and in political institutions. At the same pace, the Catalonia’s Parliament has been approving, with the support of the most nationalist political forces, a series of acts, fitted in a "road map", with which they have tried to build "State structures" whose last purpose was the independence of Catalonia from the Spanish State.
    [Show full text]