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Carp, River Carpsucker Smallmouth Buffalo and Bigmouth Buffalo in Lewis and Clark Lake Missouri River

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Carp, River Carpsucker Smallmouth Buffalo and Bigmouth Buffalo in Lewis and Clark Lake Missouri River CARP, RIVER CARPSUCKER SMALLMOUTH BUFFALO AND BIGMOUTH BUFFALO IN LEWIS AND CLARK LAKE MISSOURI RIVER Charles H. Walburg and William R. Nelson Fishery Research Bio/ogish RESEARCH REPORT 69 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary Stanley A. Cain, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE John S. Gottschalk, Director Published by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife • Washington • 1966 Printed at the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. CONTENTS Page Introduction - - - - - 1 Lewis and Clark Lake - - - - - 1 Materials and methods - - - - - 2 Carp - - - - - 4 Length and age composition - - - - - 4 Calculated growth - - - - - 4 Length-weight relation - - - - - 7 Reproduction and year-class strength - - - - - 7 Food habits - - - - - 8 River carpsucker - - - - - 9 Length and age composition - - - - - 9 Calculated growth - - - - 10 Length-weight relation - - - - 12 Reproduction and year-class strength - - - - 13 Food habits - - - - 14 Smallmouth buffalo - - - - 16 Length and age composition - - - - 16 Calculated growth - - - - 16 Length-weight relation - - - - 17 Reproduction and year-class strength - - - - 18 Food habits - - - - 19 Bigmouth buffalo - - - - 20 Length and age composition - - - - 20 Calculated growth - - - - 20 Length-weight relation - - - - 92 Reproduction and year-class strength - - - - 22 Food habits - - - - 23 Discussion - - - - 24 Summary - - - - 26 References - - - - 28 Literature cited - - - - 28 Unpublished references - - - - 30 111 ABSTRACT Studies of age composition, growth, length-weight relation, reproduction, year-class strength, and food habits were conducted from 1962 to 1964 on carp, river carpsucker, smallmouth buffalo, and bigmouth buffalo in Lewis and Clark Lake, a main stem Missouri River reservoir impounded in July 1955. Slow growth of these fishes was attributed to low standing crops of plankton and bottom fauna which may have resulted from excessive turbidity and rapid water exchange in the reservoir. All four species produced strong year classes in the 2 years following impoundment of Lewis and Clark Lake; reproduction since that time has been poor. These species did not produce year classes comparable in abundance to those which occurred follow- ing impoundment because of unfavorable environmental conditions. The probable major factor limiting successful reproduction was lack of rise in water level during the spawning period. iv CARP, RIVER CARPSUCKER, SMALLMOUTH BUFFALO, AND BIGMOUTH BUFFALO IN LEWIS AND CLARK LAKE, MISSOURI RIVER By Charles H. Walburg and William R. Nelson, Fishery Research Biologists North Central Reservoir Investigations, Yankton, S. Dak. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife North Central Reservoir Investiga- buffalo were much less abundant (Wal- tions, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and burg, 1964). These species were rarely Wildlife, is studying main stem Missouri taken by sport fishermen, and there was River reservoirs to relate effects of no commercial fishery. water management operations and other The aid and suggestions of the staff environmental factors on the fish pop- of North Central Reservoir Investiga- ulations. Studies were begun on Lewis tions are gratefully acknowledged, espe- and Clark Lake in 1962, and extended cially Donald Swedberg for his assist- to include Oahe and Big Bend (Lake ance in fish aging. Analysis of fish stom- Sharpe) Reservoirs in 1964. ach contents was completed by contract Studies of the fish population in Lewis with South Dakota State College. Dr. and Clark Lake have indicated that carp, Paul Eschmeyer reviewed the manu- Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, river carp- script and made several valuable sug- sucker, Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque) , gestions. smallmouth buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) , and bigmouth buffalo, LEWIS AND CLARK LAKE Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes) ex- perienced slow growth and irregular Lewis and Clark Lake is the smallest year-class survival since impoundment and southernmost of six main stem, (Walburg, 1964) . The purposes of the multipurpose reservoirs constructed on present study were to (1) describe life the Missouri River by the U.S. Army histories, (2) document changes in age- Corps of Engineers. The reservoir is in class composition, and (3) analyze the southeastern South Dakota and forms relation between environmentol varia- part of a common boundary with Ne- tions and growth and reproduction. braska. It was created by the closure of Carp and river carpsucker were the Gavins Point Dam in July 1955 and has most abundant fishes in the reservoir ; the following characteristics : maximum smallmouth buffalo and bigmouth surface area, 28,000 acres; length, 21.2 1 2 CHARLES H. WALBURG AND WILLIAM R. NELSON miles; average width, 2.1 miles ; maxi- micromhos at 25° C. Summer turbidity mum depth, 58 feet ; average depth, 16 ranges from 25 to 675 p.p.m. and is feet; shoreline length, 50 miles ; and lowest near the dam (mean 30 p.p.m.) storage capacity, 450,000 acre-feet. Lake and highest in the headwaters (mean level is maintained between 1,204 and 180 p.p.m.) Secchi disk visibility nor- 1,208 feet, mean sea level, and weekly mally ranges from 3 inches in the upper water level fluctuations rarely exceed 1 reservoir (mean 7 inches) to 38 inches foot. This description differs slightly (mean 24 inches) near the dam. Tur- from that given in Walburg (1964) be- bidity is influenced both by the Niobrara cause we no longer consider the river- River and by wave action stirring the like area from Springfield, S. Dak., up- lake bottom and eroding banks. Winds stream to the mouth of the Niobrara of 30 to 50 miles per hour are not un- River as part of the reservoir. common. Before impoundment, downstream The Missouri River portion of the portions of the reservoir area were study area, located between Lewis and cleared of brush and trees, but numerous Clark Lake and Fort Randall Dam, is 50 clusters of inundated trees remain in miles long. Daily flow from March to the upstream portion. The steep shore- November ranges from 17,000 to 40,000 line is essentially straight, except for a c.f.s. and averages approximately 25,000 few narrow bays at the mouths of small c.f.s. tributaries. The bottom consists princi- pally of silt, with isolated areas of sand, MATERIALS AND METHODS gravel, and rubble. Six small, inter- mittent streams enter the reservoir. The Fish were collected in 1962, 1963, and Niobrara River, with a mean daily flow 1964, in conjunction with population- of 1,750 c.f.s. (cubic feet per second) , monitoring studies. Fishing gear in- enters the Missouri River 9 miles above cluded gill nets, with mesh sizes ranging the reservoir. The Niobrara River from 1.5 to 7.0 inches stretch measure ; carries a considerable load of sand and frame nets, or modified fyke nets, with silt which is deposited in the upper end a mesh size of 2.5 inches stretch meas- of the reservoir. ure; 16- and 27-foot semiballoon trawls 1 Lewis and Clark Lake is characterized with 1/4-inch liner in the cod ; /4-inch by rapid exchange of water. During the mesh bag seines; a 220-volt direct cur- navigation season (March-November) , rent electroshocker mounted on a boat ; the entire storage capacity is passed and Lake Erie trap nets (Ederer stand- through the dam every 8 to 10 days ; in ard submarine trap net No. 10) with winter, complete water exchange is pos- 1.5-inch stretch mesh in the crib and sible every 30 days. Water temperature tunnel. Sampling was conducted be- rarely exceeds 28° C. (82° F.) , and tween April and October each year. there is no thermocline. Dissolved Frame nets, 16-foot trawls, bag seines, oxygen concentration during the sum- and the electroshocker were used in mer usually exceeds 80 percent satura- waters less than 10 feet deep and the tion. Total alkalinity ranges from 140 remaining gear in deeper waters. to 177 p.p.m. (parts per million) and Scale samples, weight (grams), sex, pH, from 7.8 to 8.2. Total hardness (as and maturity were obtained from CaCO3) ranges from 240 to 290 p.p.m. samples of fish collected. Total length Conductivity ranges from 650 to 840 (millimeters) was recorded for all fish. CARP AND SUCKERS IN LEWIS AND CLARK LAKE Scale samples were selected to include between April and October in 1962 and the entire length range. A plastic im- 1963 were selected to include available pression of three or more scales from sizes of each species. Stomachs were each fish was made for age and growth wrapped in gauze and preserved in 10 studies. Two biologists, working in- percent formalin. Contents of the dependently, read the scales using an anterior section of the digestive tract Eberbach projector. Readings which from the esophagus to the first major disagreed were reexamined, and in most curve of the small intestine, and herein cases differences were reconciled. The termed "stomach", were used for study opercular bone of carp was also used for of food habits. Individual stomach con- age determination, as suggested by tents were emptied into a petri dish and English (1952) and McConnell (1952). macroorganisms were removed and We concluded that scales were better identified. Remaining contents were indicators of age in this species because placed in a 25 ml. (milliliter) graduate, of incongruities in structure of opercu- diluted to 25 ml., mixed, and a 1-ml. lar bones. sample was drawn and placed in a Previous workers have aged carp, Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell for river carpsucker, bigmouth buffalo, and microscopic examination. Total counts smallmouth buffalo by the scale method. of crustaceans were made ; numbers of Validity of the scale method in this other organisms were estimated from study was indicated by : (1) increase of counts of five longitudinal fields. Total average length with increase in number number of food organisms was deter- of annuli ; (2) generally good agreement mined by multiplying sample counts by of back-calculated lengths at the end of the dilution factor.
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