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Digital Elevation Models Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS A Guidance Note on how Digital Elevation Models are created and used – includes key definitions, sample Public Disclosure Authorized Terms of Reference and how best to plan a DEM-mission Public Disclosure Authorized DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS A Guidance Note on how Digital Elevation Models are created and used – includes key definitions, sample Terms of Reference and how best to plan a DEM-mission DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS A Guidance Note on how Digital Elevation Models are created and used – includes key definitions, sample Terms of Reference and how best to plan a DEM-mission Louise Croneborg, Keiko Saito, Michel Matera, Don McKeown, Jan van Aardt The Guidance note was developed as a collaboration between the Africa Water sector, the Latin America and Caribbean Disaster Risk Management unit and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) at the World Bank ©2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1818 H street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433 Telephone: 202–473–1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. Disclaimer This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The information and advice contained in this volume is provided as general guidance only. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information. This publication is not a substitute for specific specialist advice. The World Bank and the authors accept no liability. Table of Contents iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................................................. v Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................................vii Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................ix 01 The Digital Elevation Model Primer ........................................................................................................................ 01 What are Digital Elevation Models? ...............................................................................................................................01 DEM Applications ............................................................................................................................................................ 02 Water Resources Management ................................................................................................................................ 03 Disaster Risk Management ...................................................................................................................................... 07 Geological Applications ............................................................................................................................................09 Infrastructure ..............................................................................................................................................................10 Agricultural Applications ..........................................................................................................................................12 3D Visualization ..........................................................................................................................................................12 Ecological Modeling ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Commercial Forestry ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Mapping .......................................................................................................................................................................14 Ancillary DEM Applications and Products .............................................................................................................16 02 Operational Guide to Tender a Digital Elevation Model ......................................................................................19 Digital Elevation Models: Design Issues for Consideration ......................................................................................19 Decision Points to Acquire a DEM for Projects ...........................................................................................................19 Requirements and Options ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Suitability Matrix ..............................................................................................................................................................23 Application Requirements Matrix ..................................................................................................................................25 03 How DEMs are Generated: Data Acquisition and Mission Planning, Development of Requirements and Product Attributes of DEMs ..................................................................... 27 Key Attributes for DEMs ..................................................................................................................................................27 Project Area .................................................................................................................................................................28 Digital Surface Data Type .........................................................................................................................................28 DEM Model Types ......................................................................................................................................................28 Source ...........................................................................................................................................................................29 Point Spacing and Ground Sample Distance .........................................................................................................29 Accuracy ...................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Surface Treatments .................................................................................................................................................... 31 Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................................................32 Horizontal and Vertical Datum ................................................................................................................................32 Geoid Model ................................................................................................................................................................32 iv Digital Elevation Models – A Guidance Note on How Digital Elevation Models Are Created and Used Coordinate Systems ...................................................................................................................................................32 Units .............................................................................................................................................................................32 Output Data Format ..................................................................................................................................................33 File Size and IT Requirements .................................................................................................................................33 Metadata ......................................................................................................................................................................33 DEM Acquisition: The Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................................34 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................34 Technical Requirements ............................................................................................................................................34 Quality Assurance ......................................................................................................................................................34 Metadata ......................................................................................................................................................................35
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