Brazilian National Cinema

Lisa Shaw and Stephanie Dennison

I~ ~~o~:~~n~f{:up LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS

List offigures Xl Preface Xlll Acknowledgcmcnts XIV

Introduction 1 The (national' in the Brazilian context 1 Cincphilia in Brazil 5 The question ofinclusio1l 9 The (elusive) audience 10 Structure ofthis book 12

PART I Cinema and the State 15

1 The First Republic (1889-1930) 17 Film and thc law 17 Film and 1lation building 18 Cinema and morality 20 Foreign injlucnces 20

2 The Vargas years (1930--45 and 1951-54) 22 TheINCE 24 Censorship and the DIP 25 The Cine Jamal Brasileiro 26 Film under democracy 27

3 Filmmaking and the dictatorship (1964--84) 29 Introduction 29 Tnstituto Nacional de Cincma 30 Embrafilmc 32

VIl CONTENTS

4 Cinema and redemocratisation (1984-2006) 36 9 Then~ Introduction 36 Dystop, Reromada 1f.-lJislation 36 Utopia GoinBglobal: cinema and television 37 Cone!t> Future prospects 39

PART IV PART II Brazilian Defining 'national' cinema, 1896 to 1960 41 10 The st 5 The pioneers 43 Natio1 Adhemar GonzaBa (1901-78) 43 Creati Humberto Mauro (1897-1983) 47 Carmt Carmen Santos (1904-52) 55 ElianCl Gilda de Abreu (1904-79) 64 Oscari The pioneers and the nation 68 Grand Cone!t 6 The chanchada, the only Brazilian genre? 70 Carnival films 70 11 Ieons The chanchada is born 71 Rmat The Atldntida studio, Rio de Janeiro 71 Amac The Säo Paulo backlash: the Vera Cruz studio 73 Mojic! The chanchada as nationalgenre 76 12 Bomt Sonia PARTIII As lai I Defining 'national' cinema since 1960 79 Cone!

7 Cinema novo 81 Notes Introduction 81 Filmq Cinema nova at its best: Vidas secas and Glauber Rocha 83 Index The international dimension ofcinema nava 86 Cinema nova: a failed projeet? 87 GoinB unde~lJround: cinema marginal 88

8 The pornochanchada 90 Introduction 90 Sex and the Generals 92 No sex please, we)re Brazilian! 94 The arrival ofhard-core 99

VI11 - CONTENTS I I 36 I 9 The nation in contemporary cinema 101 Dystopian eityseapes 101 Utopian landseapes 109 Conclusion 113

PART IV Brazilian identities on screen: stars 115 41 10 The stars of the chanchadas, 1933-60 117 43 Nationhood and ethnieity 117 Creating a star system in Brazil 118 Carmen Miranda (1909-55) 120 Eliana Maeedo (1925-90) 125 Osearito (1906-70) 130 Grande Otelo (1915-93) 133 Conclusion 139 70 11 Icons ofpopular culture post-1960 141 Renato Aragiio 141 Amaeio Mazzaropi 147 Mojiea Marins: Coffin ]oe and Brazilian horror 154

12 Bombshells: pin-up actresses post-1960 161 Sonia Braga: Brazil'sfavourite morena 162 As lairas: Brazil's serenl blondes 167 79 Concluding remarks 173

81 Notes 175 Filmography 205 Index 213