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Earthquake & Disaster View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Saga University Institutional Repository Lowland Technology International 2016; 18 (2.): 75-82 International Association of Lowland Technology (IALT): ISSN 1344-9656 Special Issue on: Nepal Earthquake & Disaster Research Paper Earthquake: Impact on Nepalese economy and women K. Shakya 1 ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Nepal is one of the 20 most disaster-prone countries in the Article history: world. More people are killed by disasters in Nepal than in any other country in South Asia, making Nepal extremely vulnerable Received: 30 April, 2016 to different types of natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, Received in revised form: 25 August, 2016 landslides, fire, drought and others. Hence, people faces big or Accepted: 28 August, 2016 small impact on overall. The aim of the article is to identify the Publish on: 26 September, 2016 impact of recent earthquake of 25th April and May 12th, 2015 on Nepalese economy and women in Nepal. The article is based Keywords: on secondary information as published by different sources and further the article updates on economic loss of Nepal due to Earthquake earthquake and it impact on Nepalese economy and women. It Disaster traces the historical background of the earthquake, which Nepalese economy and women occurred in Nepal and follows to identify the impact of recent earthquake on people and properties (damaged by partially and fully). It also presents the loss on various sectors like social, productive, infrastructure and cross cutting sectors, which are indicator of Nepalese economy before and after earthquake. The article also further focuses on the requirement of resources to reconstruct and recover the damaged and lost sectors, concluding that the recent earthquake has greatly impact on Nepalese economy and women. 1. Introduction The paper concludes that huge damaged and loss on Nepalese economy, economical lost to repair, reconstruct Natural disaster unexpected events which occurs and recover of the situation. without any signal exposing people to face it in least This paper focuses on physical and social impact of prepared way. Nepal is extremely vulnerable to different historical earthquakes and details of recent earthquakes, types of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, of April 25, and May 12, 2015. Further, it presents the landslides, fire, drought and epidemics. These disasters impact of recent earthquake on Nepalese economy and are taking hundreds of lives bringing huge loss in life and Nepalese women. properties every year (DWIDP, 2011). Nepal is one of the 20 most disaster-prone countries in the world. More people are killed by disasters in Nepal than in any other 2. Historical earthquakes in Nepal country in South Asia. As we trace back the history of earthquake in Nepal. It has brought great loss of lives, The history of earthquakes dates back to 1255 A.D. properties and infrastructures affecting the development and the earthquake of 1934 A.D. which was 7.7 Richter pace of the country. scales and 8.4 Richter scales respectively. Both devastating earthquakes in the past have caused havoc 1 Professor, Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, NEPAL, [email protected] Note: Discussion on this paper is open until March 2017 76 K. Shakya / Lowland Technology International 2016; 18 (2): 75-82 Special Issue on: Nepal Earthquake & Disaster of lives, properties including damages of numerous affected districts, less than 1 % is government houses physical infrastructures (Table 1). and 99.3 % is private houses are damaged, whether it is Similarly, another two destructive earthquakes fully or partial and government or private houses. Once resulted in the landslides. For example, two moderate again, in total Nepal, 90.76 % houses are fully damaged earthquakes were on July 29, 1980 and 21 August, 1988 and 65.49 % of houses are partially damaged occurred in hit the country in Far Western Region and Eastern 14 severely affected districts only. Region. It causes many landslides in hilly region and a A brief condition of 14 worst affected districts are as death toll of 178 people and 721 people respectively. follows: The landslides and debris flow during 1993 was a a. Gorkha - the epicenter of the 25 April 2015 nightmare that had taken lives of 1259 people affecting earthquake. 88 % of houses destroyed, 448 human 44 districts and damaging many bridges and dams as casualties, and all 495 government schools well bringing loss of more than 47194 Million Nepalese destroyed. Rupees. b. Dhading - widespread destruction. 85 % of houses The history of earthquake has shown that Nepal has destroyed, 733 human casualties, and 587 of 608 long experienced big earthquakes and a very recent, 7.8 government schools destroyed. magnitude massive earthquake that occurred on 25 April c. Nuwakot - another district that has suffered 2015. Immediately after 18 days of huge earthquake, extensive damage. 88 % of houses destroyed, 448 Nepal faced big aftershock of a 7.3 magnitude on 12 May, human casualties, and all 495 government schools 2015. These two earthquake and big aftershock caused destroyed. severe loss of life and property in Nepal (Table 2). d. Rasuwa - an avalanche, triggered by the earthquake, obliterated a village completely. 96 % of houses destroyed, 652 human casualties, and all 98 schools 3. Impact of recent earthquake destroyed. e. Kathmandu - many concrete buildings in the city Physical and social disturbances were major impact survived the earthquake but old houses, houses built that stroked our community. Physical impacts comprise in unstable areas, medieval monuments, temples casualties (deaths, injuries, and illnesses) and damage to and monasteries, mostly built of clay, are all agriculture, cultural heritage, infrastructure, and the damaged or destroyed. Most homes in rural villages natural environment. Social impacts comprises in the district have been badly damaged. Ancient psychological impacts, demographic impacts, economic Newari town of Sankhu totally destroyed. 20 % of impacts and political impacts. houses destroyed, 1222 human casualties, and 250 of 299 government schools destroyed. 3.1 Physical impact f. Lalitpur - many rural homes damaged but concrete urban buildings fared better. Patan Durbar Square, a Fourteen district out of thirty-three districts were UNESCO World Heritage site, suffered extensive heavily damaged from the recent earthquakes, like damage. 24 % of houses destroyed, 177 human Dolakha, Sindhupalchowk, Gorkha, Nuwakot, Rasuwa, casualties, and 149 of 200 government schools Dhading, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Bhaktapur, destroyed. Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Lalitpur, Kathmandu and g. Bhaktapur - all houses made from mud totally Makwanpur (karuna-shechen.org/wp- destroyed in the city. In many areas, it is still unsafe content/uploads/.../list-of-affected-districts.pdf). to venture inside the city. Many local people are Table 2 shows that the number of people killed 8,659 living in tents. Bhaktapur Durbar Square, another and number of people injured 21,150 by two earthquakes UNESCO World Heritage site, suffered extensive in Nepal. Total persons, 3,887 males and 4,772 females damage. 41 % of houses destroyed, 333 human had loss their life due to earthquake. It shows that more casualties, and 126 of 137 government schools than 55 % dead were females. destroyed. Table 2 also shows that the fully damaged h. Makwanpur - many villages in northern areas of the households are more than partially damaged households. district badly damaged. There is less or no damage It can be observed that only half percentage of in the southern region of the district. 37 % of houses government houses are fully damaged, and more than destroyed, 33 human casualties, and 361 of 533 99 % of private houses are fully damaged. The partially government schools destroyed. damaged houses, were 1.32 % and 98.68 % government i. Kavrepalanchowk - most rural homes badly house and private house respectively. In total of 14 damaged and people are forced to live in tents. 91 % 77 K. Shakya / Lowland Technology International 2016; 18 (2): 75-82 Special Issue on: Nepal Earthquake & Disaster of houses destroyed, 318 human casualties, and 548 Table 1. Major Earthquakes in Nepal, 1255-2015. of 594 government schools destroyed. S. N. Year Place Magnitude j. Sindupalchowk - the worst affected district. The 1 1255 Kathmandu 7.8 district has most number of deaths and injuries. 2 1260 Sagarmatha 7.1 Many villagers have had to be rehabilitated in other 3 1344 Mechi 7.9 4 1408 Near Nepal-Tibet Border, Bagmati zone 8.2 areas as landslides threaten to bury their whole 5 1505 Near Saldang, Karnali zone 8.8 village. Landslides are also complicating relief 6 1681 Northern Kosi zone 8.0 operations. 100 % of houses destroyed, 3440 human 7 1767 Northern Bagmati zone 7.9 8 1833 Kathmandu/Bihar 8.0 casualties, and all 557 government schools 9 1869 Kathmandu 6.5 destroyed. 10 1916 Nepal/Tibet 7.7 11 1934 Nepal/India/Tibet 8.4 k. Dolakha - the district suffered very little damage in 12 1966 Nepal/India border 6.3 the first earthquake, but the 12 May quake destroyed 13 1980 Nepal/Pithoragarh 6.5 14 1988 Kathmandu/Bihar 6.6 many homes. 100 % of houses destroyed, 170 15 2011 Sikkim, India 6.9 human casualties, and all 396 government schools 16 2015 Kathmandu/India/Tibet 7.8 destroyed. Ramechhap - like Dolakha, the district 17 2015 Nepal/China/India 7.3 Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nepal didn’t suffer major damage in the first quake, but the second severely damaged or destroyed most homes. Table 2. Impact of earthquake by severely affected 14 districts. 91 % of houses destroyed, 39 human casualties, Districts Dead Injuries Damaged Houses F/M F/M Govt Pvt and all 151 of 469 government schools destroyed. Full/Part Full/Part l. Solukhumbu - the western part of the district is badly Okhaldhunga 10/9 31/30 1/191 10031/3107 Kathmandu 595/622 1218/3431 0/0 36973/50753 damaged, while the eastern region has suffered less Bhaktapur 214/118 332/1075 0/0 18900/9090 Lalitpur 109/73 182/1475 168/136 16526/5851 or very little damage.
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