Origine De L'homme
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The Evolutionary History of the Human Face
This is a repository copy of The evolutionary history of the human face. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/145560/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Lacruz, Rodrigo S, Stringer, Chris B, Kimbel, William H et al. (5 more authors) (2019) The evolutionary history of the human face. Nature Ecology and Evolution. pp. 726-736. ISSN 2397-334X https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0865-7 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE HUMAN FACE Rodrigo S. Lacruz1*, Chris B. Stringer2, William H. Kimbel3, Bernard Wood4, Katerina Harvati5, Paul O’Higgins6, Timothy G. Bromage7, Juan-Luis Arsuaga8 1* Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry; and NYCEP, New York, USA. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK 3 Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. -
Homo Habilis
COMMENT SUSTAINABILITY Citizens and POLICY End the bureaucracy THEATRE Shakespeare’s ENVIRONMENT James Lovelock businesses must track that is holding back science world was steeped in on surprisingly optimistic governments’ progress p.33 in India p.36 practical discovery p.39 form p.41 The foot of the apeman that palaeo ‘handy man’, anthropologists had been Homo habilis. recovering in southern Africa since the 1920s. This, the thinking went, was replaced by the taller, larger-brained Homo erectus from Asia, which spread to Europe and evolved into Nean derthals, which evolved into Homo sapiens. But what lay between the australopiths and H. erectus, the first known human? BETTING ON AFRICA Until the 1960s, H. erectus had been found only in Asia. But when primitive stone-chop LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MUSEUM/MARY HISTORY NATURAL ping tools were uncovered at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Leakey became convinced that this is where he would find the earliest stone- tool makers, who he assumed would belong to our genus. Maybe, like the australopiths, our human ancestors also originated in Africa. In 1931, Leakey began intensive prospect ing and excavation at Olduvai Gorge, 33 years before he announced the new human species. Now tourists travel to Olduvai on paved roads in air-conditioned buses; in the 1930s in the rainy season, the journey from Nairobi could take weeks. The ravines at Olduvai offered unparalleled access to ancient strata, but field work was no picnic in the park. Water was often scarce. Leakey and his team had to learn to share Olduvai with all of the wild animals that lived there, lions included. -
Human Evolution: a Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H
PHYSICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANTHROPOLOGY - Human Evolution: A Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H. Smith HUMAN EVOLUTION: A PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE F.H. Smith Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, USA Keywords: Human evolution, Miocene apes, Sahelanthropus, australopithecines, Australopithecus afarensis, cladogenesis, robust australopithecines, early Homo, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Australopithecus africanus/Australopithecus garhi, mitochondrial DNA, homology, Neandertals, modern human origins, African Transitional Group. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reconstructing Biological History: The Relationship of Humans and Apes 3. The Human Fossil Record: Basal Hominins 4. The Earliest Definite Hominins: The Australopithecines 5. Early Australopithecines as Primitive Humans 6. The Australopithecine Radiation 7. Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo 8. Explaining Early Hominin Evolution: Controversy and the Documentation- Explanation Controversy 9. Early Homo erectus in East Africa and the Initial Radiation of Homo 10. After Homo erectus: The Middle Range of the Evolution of the Genus Homo 11. Neandertals and Late Archaics from Africa and Asia: The Hominin World before Modernity 12. The Origin of Modern Humans 13. Closing Perspective Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS The basic course of human biological history is well represented by the existing fossil record, although there is considerable debate on the details of that history. This review details both what is firmly understood (first echelon issues) and what is contentious concerning humanSAMPLE evolution. Most of the coCHAPTERSntention actually concerns the details (second echelon issues) of human evolution rather than the fundamental issues. For example, both anatomical and molecular evidence on living (extant) hominoids (apes and humans) suggests the close relationship of African great apes and humans (hominins). That relationship is demonstrated by the existing hominoid fossil record, including that of early hominins. -
The Human Evolutionary Calendar - Evolution in a Year)I------1 January • December F------{( March ) ( June September
The Human Evolutionary Calendar - Evolution in a Year)I---------1 January • December f-------{( March ) ( June September SahelanthropusTchadensi Australopithecus sediba Homo rh odes iensis Ardipithecus ramidus 7,000,000 - 6,000,000 yrs. 2,000,000 - , ,750,000 yrs. 300,000 -125,000 yrs. 3,200,000 • 4,300,000 yrs. Homo rudolfensis Orrorin tugenensis 1,900,000 - 1.750,000 yrs. Homo pekin ensi s 6, 100,000 - 5,BOO,Oci:l yrs. 700,000 - 500,000 yrs. Australopit ec us anamensis 4,200,00 - 3,900,000 yrs. Ardipithecus kadabba 5,750,000 - 5,200,000 yrs. Ho m o Ergaster 1,900,000 - 1,3,000,000 yrs. Homo heidelberge nsis 700,000 • 200,000 yrs. Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus 3,900,000 - 2,900,000 yrs. 1,800,000 • 250,000 yrs. Ho mo antecessor Australopithecus africa nus Ho mo habilis 1,000,000 -700,000 yrs. 3,800,000 - 3,000,000 yrs. 2,350,000 - 1,450,000 yrs. Ho m o g eorgicus Kenya nthropus platyo ps 1,800,000- 1.3000,000 yrs. 3,500,000 - 3,200,000 yrs. Ho m o nea nderthalensis 200,000 · 28,000 yrs. Paranthropus bo ise i Paranthropus aethiopicu 2,275,000- 1,250,000 yrs. De nisova ho minins 2,650,000 - 2,300,000 yrs. 200,000 - 30,000 yrs. Paranthropus robustus/crass iden s Australopithecus garhi 1,750,000- 1,200,000 yrs. 2,750,000 - 2.400,000 yrs. Red Deer Cave Peo ple ?- 11,000yrs. Ho mo sa piens sapien s 200~ Ho m o fl o res iensis 100,000 • 13,000 yrs. -
Paranthropus Boisei: Fifty Years of Evidence and Analysis Bernard A
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Biological Sciences Faculty Research Biological Sciences Fall 11-28-2007 Paranthropus boisei: Fifty Years of Evidence and Analysis Bernard A. Wood George Washington University Paul J. Constantino Biological Sciences, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/bio_sciences_faculty Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wood B and Constantino P. Paranthropus boisei: Fifty years of evidence and analysis. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 50:106-132. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 50:106–132 (2007) Paranthropus boisei: Fifty Years of Evidence and Analysis Bernard Wood* and Paul Constantino Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 KEY WORDS Paranthropus; boisei; aethiopicus; human evolution; Africa ABSTRACT Paranthropus boisei is a hominin taxon ers can trace the evolution of metric and nonmetric var- with a distinctive cranial and dental morphology. Its iables across hundreds of thousands of years. This pa- hypodigm has been recovered from sites with good per is a detailed1 review of half a century’s worth of fos- stratigraphic and chronological control, and for some sil evidence and analysis of P. boi se i and traces how morphological regions, such as the mandible and the both its evolutionary history and our understanding of mandibular dentition, the samples are not only rela- its evolutionary history have evolved during the past tively well dated, but they are, by paleontological 50 years. -
What Makes a Modern Human We Probably All Carry Genes from Archaic Species Such As Neanderthals
COMMENT NATURAL HISTORY Edward EARTH SCIENCE How rocks and MUSIC Philip Glass on Einstein EMPLOYMENT The skills gained Lear’s forgotten work life evolved together on our and the unpredictability of in PhD training make it on ornithology p.36 planet p.39 opera composition p.40 worth the money p.41 ILLUSTRATION BY CHRISTIAN DARKIN CHRISTIAN BY ILLUSTRATION What makes a modern human We probably all carry genes from archaic species such as Neanderthals. Chris Stringer explains why the DNA we have in common is more important than any differences. n many ways, what makes a modern we were trying to set up strict criteria, based non-modern (or, in palaeontological human is obvious. Compared with our on cranial measurements, to test whether terms, archaic). What I did not foresee evolutionary forebears, Homo sapiens is controversial fossils from Omo Kibish in was that some researchers who were not Icharacterized by a lightly built skeleton and Ethiopia were within the range of human impressed with our test would reverse it, several novel skull features. But attempts to skeletal variation today — anatomically applying it back onto the skeletal range of distinguish the traits of modern humans modern humans. all modern humans to claim that our diag- from those of our ancestors can be fraught Our results suggested that one skull nosis wrongly excluded some skulls of with problems. was modern, whereas the other was recent populations from being modern2. Decades ago, a colleague and I got into This, they suggested, implied that some difficulties over an attempt to define (or, as PEOPLING THE PLANET people today were more ‘modern’ than oth- I prefer, diagnose) modern humans using Interactive map of migrations: ers. -
Adam and Eve Outside of Eden Prof.M.M.Ninan
ADAM AND EVE OUTSIDE OF EDEN PROF.M.M.NINAN ISBN 978-0-359-08377-0 Normal, IL Feb., 2018 ADAM AND EVE OUTSIDE OF EDEN PROF.M.M.NINAN CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER ONE: THE STORY SO FAR 1 CHAPTER TWO: THE WORLD OUTSIDE OF EDEN. 10 CHAPTER THREE: ADAM: THE GIANT FARMER 29 CHAPTER FOUR; CAIN AND ABEL 47 CHAPTERFIVE: CAINANDSETH 67 CHAPTER SIX: NEPHILIM AND THE DAUGHTERS OF MEN 77 CHAPTER SEVEN: CLEANSING THE EARTH 95 ADAM AND EVE OUTSIDE OF EDEN PROF.M.M.NINAN PREFACE This is a continuation of my studies in genesis in which I study what happened to Adam and Eve after they have been thrown out of Eden because they did not obey the one commandment as children given by God the Father. Thus in order that they may not remain as eternal demons with a selfish nature, God send them out clothed in skin and to live of their own using their brains and learning to live. Since outside of Eden, the law of entropy was the default law, they are no susceptible to death. God had his plan of redemption without violating the freedom of any of his children. Until all creation is redeemed, since creation is always part of God himself with whole universe within God as the only reality is God, God himself will be in torment and pain. Yet that is what having children mean - even on earth. Adam carried the selfish ego DNA as a Son of God went out into the world outside of Eden, with the only profession he knew as an Agriculturalist. -
Lieberman 2001E.Pdf
news and views Another face in our family tree Daniel E. Lieberman The evolutionary history of humans is complex and unresolved. It now looks set to be thrown into further confusion by the discovery of another species and genus, dated to 3.5 million years ago. ntil a few years ago, the evolutionary history of our species was thought to be Ureasonably straightforward. Only three diverse groups of hominins — species more closely related to humans than to chim- panzees — were known, namely Australo- pithecus, Paranthropus and Homo, the genus to which humans belong. Of these, Paran- MUSEUMS OF KENYA NATIONAL thropus and Homo were presumed to have evolved between two and three million years ago1,2 from an early species in the genus Australopithecus, most likely A. afarensis, made famous by the fossil Lucy. But lately, confusion has been sown in the human evolutionary tree. The discovery of three new australopithecine species — A. anamensis3, A. garhi 4 and A. bahrelghazali5, in Kenya, Ethiopia and Chad, respectively — showed that genus to be more diverse and Figure 1 Two fossil skulls from early hominin species. Left, KNM-WT 40000. This newly discovered widespread than had been thought. Then fossil is described by Leakey et al.8. It is judged to represent a new species, Kenyanthropus platyops. there was the finding of another, as yet poorly Right, KNM-ER 1470. This skull was formerly attributed to Homo rudolfensis1, but might best be understood, genus of early hominin, Ardi- reassigned to the genus Kenyanthropus — the two skulls share many similarities, such as the flatness pithecus, which is dated to 4.4 million years of the face and the shape of the brow. -
Early Members of the Genus Homo -. EXPLORATIONS: an OPEN INVITATION to BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
EXPLORATIONS: AN OPEN INVITATION TO BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Editors: Beth Shook, Katie Nelson, Kelsie Aguilera and Lara Braff American Anthropological Association Arlington, VA 2019 Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. ISBN – 978-1-931303-63-7 www.explorations.americananthro.org 10. Early Members of the Genus Homo Bonnie Yoshida-Levine Ph.D., Grossmont College Learning Objectives • Describe how early Pleistocene climate change influenced the evolution of the genus Homo. • Identify the characteristics that define the genus Homo. • Describe the skeletal anatomy of Homo habilis and Homo erectus based on the fossil evidence. • Assess opposing points of view about how early Homo should be classified. Describe what is known about the adaptive strategies of early members of the Homo genus, including tool technologies, diet, migration patterns, and other behavioral trends.The boy was no older than 9 when he perished by the swampy shores of the lake. After death, his slender, long-limbed body sank into the mud of the lake shallows. His bones fossilized and lay undisturbed for 1.5 million years. In the 1980s, fossil hunter Kimoya Kimeu, working on the western shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya, glimpsed a dark colored piece of bone eroding in a hillside. This small skull fragment led to the discovery of what is arguably the world’s most complete early hominin fossil—a youth identified as a member of the species Homo erectus. Now known as Nariokotome Boy, after the nearby lake village, the skeleton has provided a wealth of information about the early evolution of our own genus, Homo (see Figure 10.1). -
Morphological Affinities of Homo Naledi with Other Plio
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(3 Suppl.): 2199-2207 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160841 www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal Morphological affinities ofHomo naledi with other Plio- Pleistocene hominins: a phenetic approach WALTER A. NEVES1, DANILO V. BERNARDO2 and IVAN PANTALEONI1 1Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos e Ecológicos Humanos, Rua do Matão, 277, sala 218, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Estudos em Antropologia Biológica, Bioarqueologia e Evolução Humana, Área de Arqueologia e Antropologia, Av. Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, 96203-000 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil Manuscript received on December 2, 2016; accepted for publication on February 21, 2017 ABSTRACT Recent fossil material found in Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa, was initially described as a new species of genus Homo, namely Homo naledi. The original study of this new material has pointed to a close proximity with Homo erectus. More recent investigations have, to some extent, confirmed this assignment. Here we present a phenetic analysis based on dentocranial metric variables through Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis based on these fossils and other Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Our results concur that the Dinaledi fossil hominins pertain to genus Homo. However, in our case, their nearest neighbors are Homo habilis and Australopithecus sediba. We suggest that Homo naledi is in fact a South African version of Homo habilis, and not a new species. -
Difference Between Paranthropus and Australopithecus Key Difference - Paranthropus Vs Australopithecus
Difference Between Paranthropus and Australopithecus www.differencebetween.com Key Difference - Paranthropus vs Australopithecus Hominidae is a taxonomic family of primates whose members are known as great apes or hominids. This taxonomic group included the ancient extinct hominins such as Paranthropus, Australopithecus and Homo group including modern man. The Paranthropus is described as a genus of extinct hominins. They were also known as “robust australopithecines”. They were bipedal and found to be descended from “gracile australopithecines”. And they probably had lived 2.7 million years ago. They are subdivided further into Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus robustus and Paranthropus boisei. Australopithecus is also an extinct genus of hominins which is broadly categorized into several groups like Australopithecus Afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus bahrelghazali, Australopithecus deyiremeda, Australopithecus garhi and Australopithecus sediba. They lived in the region of the African continent in Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (more accurately 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago). The key difference between Paranthropus and Australopithecus is, Paranthropus had larger braincase (cranium) than the Australopithecus while Australopithecus braincase (cranium) was smaller than Paranthropus as well as the Homo genus. What is Paranthropus? Paranthropus is a genus of extinct hominins. They were bipedal and had lived 2.7 million years ago. Most of the species of Paranthropus had a brain which was 40% in size of that of a modern man. They were well-muscled species and roughly 1.3 m in height. The genus Paranthropus is characterized by robust craniodental anatomy, gorilla-like a sagittal cranial crest, broad grinding herbivorous teeth and strong muscles of mastication. The Paranthropus were lacking the transverse cranial crests in the skulls which can be found in the modern gorillas. -
Nubian Levallois Technology Associated with Southernmost Neanderthals James Blinkhorn1,2*, Clément Zanolli3, Tim Compton4, Huw S
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Nubian Levallois technology associated with southernmost Neanderthals James Blinkhorn1,2*, Clément Zanolli3, Tim Compton4, Huw S. Groucutt5,6,10, Eleanor M. L. Scerri1,7,10, Lucile Crété4, Chris Stringer4, Michael D. Petraglia6,8,9 & Simon Blockley2 Neanderthals occurred widely across north Eurasian landscapes, but between ~ 70 and 50 thousand years ago (ka) they expanded southwards into the Levant, which had previously been inhabited by Homo sapiens. Palaeoanthropological research in the frst half of the twentieth century demonstrated alternate occupations of the Levant by Neanderthal and Homo sapiens populations, yet key early fndings have largely been overlooked in later studies. Here, we present the results of new examinations of both the fossil and archaeological collections from Shukbah Cave, located in the Palestinian West Bank, presenting new quantitative analyses of a hominin lower frst molar and associated stone tool assemblage. The hominin tooth shows clear Neanderthal afnities, making it the southernmost known fossil specimen of this population/species. The associated Middle Palaeolithic stone tool assemblage is dominated by Levallois reduction methods, including the presence of Nubian Levallois points and cores. This is the frst direct association between Neanderthals and Nubian Levallois technology, demonstrating that this stone tool technology should not be considered an exclusive marker of Homo sapiens. Given genetic evidence for interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal populations 1–6, constraining when and where they may have encountered one another has broad ramifcations for understanding our shared heritage. With a wealth of chronometrically dated Palaeolithic sites concentrated in a relatively small area, a number of which preserve fossil hominin specimens, the Levant is a key region of focus to examine biological and behavioural diferences between these populations, as well as possible interactions between them.