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Microencapsulation Delivery System in Food Industry—Challenge and the Way Forward

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Microencapsulation Delivery System in Food Industry—Challenge and the Way Forward Hindawi Advances in Polymer Technology Volume 2020, Article ID 7531810, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7531810 Review Article Microencapsulation Delivery System in Food Industry—Challenge and the Way Forward Mingyi Yang,1 Ze Liang,1 Lei Wang,1 Ming Qi,1 Zisheng Luo,1,2,3 and Li Li 1,2,3 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China 2Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China 3National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Correspondence should be addressed to Li Li; [email protected] Received 5 November 2019; Revised 18 June 2020; Accepted 23 June 2020; Published 13 July 2020 Academic Editor: Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla Copyright © 2020 Mingyi Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Microencapsulation is a promising technique, which provides core materials with protective barrier, good stability, controlled release, and targeting delivery. Compared with the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries, food processing has higher requirements for safety and hygiene and calls for quality and nutrition maintenance. This paper reviews the widely used polymers as microcapsule wall materials and the application in different food products, including plant-derived food, animal-derived food, and additives. Also, common preparation technologies (emphasizing advantages and disadvantages), including spray-drying, emulsification, freeze-drying, coacervation, layer-by-layer, extrusion, supercritical, fluidized bed coating, electrospray, solvent evaporation, nanocapsule preparation, and their correlation with selected wall materials in recent 10 years are presented. Personalized design and cheap, efficient, and eco-friendly preparation of microcapsules are urgently required to meet the needs of different processing or storage environments. Moreover, this review may provide a reference for the microencapsulation research interests and development on future exploration. 1. Introduction wall materials with a variety of molecular interactions, including electrostatic attraction, van der Waals forces, and Microencapsulation is a physicochemical or mechanical pro- hydrogen bonding or ionic interaction. The wall materials cess whereby one substance is embedded in another material, protect the core material from harsh temperature changes, forming particles ranging from a few nanometers to a few oxygen, or moisture permeation during processing and stor- millimeters. The global microencapsulation market was age. Finally, passing through human digestive system, the expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate of outer layers of microcapsules might be dissolved in gastric 13.70%, rising to 19.35 billion dollars by 2025 [1]. Microcap- acid at lower pH, then the core substances are released and sules have been widely used in the drug delivery market. absorbed in the small intestine. To adapt to different environ- Nowadays, microencapsulation is also highly recommended mental conditions, the wall materials are designed to escort in food industry because of the benefits provided, such as the core to target location. thermostability enhancement, bioactive compound protec- The preparation of microcapsules requires simple equip- tion, controlled release, volatiles maintaining, odor shelter, ment, continuous production, low production cost, and envi- and texture/sense improvement [2]. Figure 1 presents the ronmental friendliness. In addition, the most important life of microcapsules, from forming to fading. Core mate- thing for microcapsules applied in the food industry is to rials are microencapsulated in monolayer or multilayers of ensure that wall and core materials meet food safety 2 Advances in Polymer Technology Molecular interactions Controlled release Digestion Heat process Storage Absorbed in the intestine Figure 1: The life of microcapsule, forming to fading. standards. Thus, strict requirements must be met including Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 was enclosed food grade raw and auxiliary materials and sanitary condi- in alginate-cellulose derivatives, MC, CMC-Na, or HPMC. tions of processing equipment. In the past few decades, the Results showed that alginate-MC and alginate-HPMC signif- microencapsulation process has been constantly innovated icantly reduced the vitality loss of LAB12 in comparison with to overcome the problems of easy degradation, low stability, alginate alone [10]. Besides, the microencapsulated LAB12 in and controlled release of functional components of food alginate-MC and alginate-HPMC exhibited the higher sur- ingredients [3, 4]. In particular, the modification of particle vival rate of 91% under simulated gastric environment, with characteristics was achieved through different equipment, the maximal release of approximately 100% [10]. With the procedures, materials, processing conditions, and other tech- increase of MC and HPMC concentration, their viscosity nologies [3–5]. increased, the stability and strength of the cementing net- In this review, the polymers commonly used in wall work also increased, and the matrix and gel system became materials such as polysaccharides and proteins and their dif- more compact, reducing the free volume of the matrix, thus ferent properties are discussed. Additionally, the latest blocked the release of probiotics during gastric transport update of microencapsulation applied in food industry, [10]. Furthermore, intermolecular interactions in the gel net- including plant-derived food, animal-derived food, and addi- work strengthened the bonding, while at low pH, the gel net- tives, is introduced. Moreover, the advantages and limita- work was weakened (molecular interactions were broken), tions of different embedding technologies, as well as the leading to the release of probiotics [10]. Moreover, in order correlation between the selective biopolymer and microen- to increase the thermostability of probiotics Bifidobacterium capsulation process, are presented to offer new insight for animalis spp. lactis for powdered infant formula (PIF), the further development. double-layered microcapsule with HPMC as an inner layer and HPC as the outer layer was performed to protect it 2. Polymers Used in Microencapsulation against the high-temperature stress stimuli; and the presence of HPC with higher molecular weight and the thicker coating ° The profile of microcapsules with different wall materials and delayed the bacterial development after exposure to 70 C their characteristics is shown in Table 1. [35]. Oils, especially those rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, 2.1. Cellulose and Its Derivatives. Cellulose is a macromolec- tend to be oxidized and produce unpleasant odors; thus, oils ular substance composed of glucose and is one of the main are often essential to be sheltered in microcapsules. Cellulose components of plant cell wall, the most abundant polysac- derivative microcapsule enhanced the oil stability, and the charide and widely distributed in nature, accounting for variance in particle size and the shape affected the mobility, more than 50% of the plant carbon content. In order to solubility, agglomeration, etc. [11, 13, 14] For instance, improve the solubility, the thermoplasticity, and other prop- Karim et al. [13] optimized the encapsulation conditions of ° erties of products, the hydroxyl group in cellulose polymers is temperature (60 C), pressure (150 bar), and feed emulsion usually artificially esterified or etherified into derivatives, rate (1.36 mL min-1) of the microencapsulated fish oil. such as methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose Results demonstrated that the higher concentration of (CMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and hydroxypropyl HPMC contributed to the increase of particle density, wetta- methyl cellulose (HPMC) [34]. bility, and powder porosity [13]. In addition to coating effect, Advances in Polymer Technology 3 Table 1: Overview of microcapsules with various characteristics and bioactive effects. Embedding Wall material Core material Characteristics Bioactive effect Ref. technology Algal extract Swelling degree ↑, Release rate ↑, Chitosan, alginate, chitosan/alginate, Coriander essential oil Spray-drying Resistant to pH and [6] chitosan/inulin temperature variations ↑, Encapsulation efficiency ↑ Vibration Sodium alginate and calcium chloride Wine waste Polyphenol stability ↑ [7] nozzle Cell viability ↑, Sodium alginate/sodium alginate-citric Lactobacillus plantarum Electrospray L. plantarum BL011 [8] pectin survival ↑ Lactobacillus Thermotolerance ↑, Sugarcane bagasse and sodium alginate Extrusion [9] rhamnosus NRRL 442 Cell survivability ↑ Cellulose Alginate with supplementation of Protective delivery cellulose derivatives (methylcellulose, Lactobacillus plantarum Freeze-drying The survival of LAB12 ↑ for probiotic [10] sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or LAB12 strains hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Spherical microcapsules Tuna oil, tuna Higher antioxidant Carboxymethyl cellulose or pullulan Spray-drying with a smooth surface, [11] oil/peppermint oil capacity Oxidative stability ↑ Astaxanthin retention
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