Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42676-3 — Astrobiology, Discovery, and Societal Impact Steven J

Home , Europa Report, San Marino Scale

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42676-3 — Astrobiology, Discovery, and Societal Impact Steven J. Dick Index More Information

Index

2001: A Space Odyssey, 45, 53, 57, 187, 212, 249, 256 anthropocentrism, 4, 99–140; and communication, 2010: Odyssey Two, 3, 50 134–137; and complex life, 105–109; and culture 2061: Odyssey Three, 3, 50 and civilization, 126–132; and ethics, 245; and A Case of Conscience, 227 intelligent life, 110–116; and microbes, 102–105; A for Andromeda, 56, 188 and postbiological intelligence, 116–123; and A Matter of Metalaw, 296, 299 technology, 132–134; and universals, 137–140; Abbott, Edwin A., 99, 125 transcending, 99–140 Achenbach, Joel, 2, 236 anthropology: analogy and, 70; Anthropology Today, ALH84001, 14, 26–35, 36, 48, 258 174; Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Alien, 3, 45, 54, 187, 249 Communication, 174; cargo cults and, 85; cultural Alien Encounter, 49 universals and, 170; culture contact and, 76; alien life: as X factor in history, 1, 5, 270 Cultures Beyond the Earth, 172; deinition of Allen Telescope Array, 279, 280 culture, 127; discovery of aliens and, 166; Almar, Ivan, 203 E.T. Culture: Anthropology in Outerspaces, 174; altruism, 241, 249–256, 261, 264, 268; biocultural, extraterrestrial, 173; human cultural models, 132; 254; communicating, 138; cosmocultural, 254; in human intelligence and, 111; Neanderthal analogy, the universe, 249–256; kin, 252; reciprocal, 252, 253 77; science iction and, 228; SETI and, 70, 81, 174; American Anthropological Association, 126, 172, symbolic and cognitive dimensions, 77; See also 174, 201 Ashkenazi, Michael; Battaglia, Debbora; Denning, American Association for the Advancement of Kathryn; Finney, Ben; Geertz, Clifford; Helmreich, Science (AAAS), 177, 201 Stefan; Singer, Philip; Tax, Sol; Traphagan, John; analogy, 4, 65–96, 255, 306; as method of argument, Tattersall, Ian; Wescott, Roger; Wilson, Samuel 67–71; Atacama desert, 70; culture contact, 76–88; Apollo: Apollo 8, 232; quarantine protocols, 48 deinition of, 67; frontier, 69; Goldilocks Principle Aquinas, Thomas, 89 of, 70, 96; Gutenberg, 237; in astrobiology, Archimedes, 38 69–70; internet, 238; Lake Vostok, 70; lessons of, Aristotle, 163, 180 96; microbe, 71–76; process of, 68; railroad and Arrival, 53, 90, 125, 136–137, 153, 172, 248, 300 space program, 68–69; social sciences, 169; space artifacts, alien, 53, 54, 55, 187, 189, 202, 240 commerce, 69; transmission/translation, 88–91; artiicial intelligence (AI), 101, 123; cognitive worldview, 92–95 science and, 144; communication and, 139; Andromeda Strain, 6, 45, 48, 186 cultural evolution and, 128; legal aspects of, animals: behavior, 170; brain size, 112, 113; 300; personhood of, 262; possibility in principle, cognition, 153; communication in, 135; culture in, 118; postbiological intelligence and, 116–123; 173; ethical consideration for, 260–263; ethics and, postbiologicals and, 59, 102, 218, 262; runaway, 241; intelligence in, 101, 112; invertebrate, 113; 6, 118; science iction, 262; superintelligence minds, 119, 149, 151; moral status of, 248; size of, and, 120; See also postbiological intelligence; 106, 108; sociality of, 252; time perception, 125; superintelligence tool use, 113 Ashkenazi, Michael, 132, 195, 227 Antarctic Treaty of 1961, 259, 279 Asilomar process, 284, 285 anthropic principle, 217; biological universe and, 216, Asimov, Isaac, 102, 171 309; cosmocentrism and, 264 Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics, 262, 298

375

376 Index

astrobiology: analogies in, 69–70; anthropocentrism Berenzden, Richard, 183 and, 100; astronomy and, 184; astrosociology Berg, Paul, 285 and, 175; Congressional hearings, 1, 201, 269; Berkeley, George, 144, 145 European, 272; evolutionary epistemology and, Berserkers, 124 155; Mars rock effect on, 34; NASA program, 49; Bertka, Constance, 224 philosophy and, 100; policy for impact, 271–287; Big History, 169, 235, 311 presuppositions, 60, 100, 214, 303; risk and, 291; Billingham, John, 195, 198, 281 roadmap, 162, 198, 204, 271; robotic exploration Billings, Linda, 293 and, 47; robust discipline, 2; strategy, 271, 272, biocentric principle, 217 274; theology and, 221–228; thought experiment, biochemistries: alternate, 104, 107; (Table 4.3), 124 143; universal biology and, 160; Western-centric, biocosmology, 215 204; See also NASA; NASA Astrobiology biological naturalism, 121 Institute;societal impact biological universe, 213–220; anthropic, 217, 218; Astrobiology and Society (Focus Group), 309 as worldview, 304; forms of, 216–218; intelligent, Astrobiology and Society roadmap, 274 216, 218; microbial, 216, 218; societal impact of, Astrobiology Science Conferences, 274 218–220; worldview of, 308, 309 astrocognition, 153, 154, 310 biology: epistemology and, 154–156; evolutionary, astroculture, 211, 230–239, 311; cosmocentric ethic 154–156; universality of, 162–163 and, 267; deinition of, 231; embracing, 312 biosignatures, 3, 44, 47, 50, 61, 71, 76, 103, 107, 160, astroethics, 5, 212, 237, 240–268; altruism and, 249; 184, 280, 303 cosmocentric ethics and, 267; deinition of, 241; biotechnology: Asilomar process and, 284; cultural environmental ethics and, 242, 245, 263; golden evolution and, 117; disanalogy for METI, 285; rule and, 244; metalaw and, 307; policy for, 278; societal impact of, 177 transforming our thinking, 268; universality of, Blindsight, 119 298, 311; worldview, 308 Blish, James, 227, 262 astrophilosophy, 229, 230, 310 Blue Marble, 311; and Apollo 17, 232 astropolicy, 5, 269–302; organizations for (Table 9.1), Blumberg, Baruch S., 83, 200; See also NASA/ 281 Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology astropsychology, 169 Bogonovich, Mark, 112 astrosocial sciences, 175 Bostrom, Nick, 120, 122, 300 astrosociology, 169, 174 Bowie, David, 212 astrotheology, 5, 220–230, 310; cosmocentric brain: biological naturalism and, 121; cognitive ethics and, 241; worldview, 211, 239, 308; neuroscience, 151; consciousness and, 121; See also astroethics; Buddhism; Christianity; convergent evolution of, 112; culture and, 127; cosmotheology; ethics; Hinduism; Incarnation; emulation, 120; encephalization, 112; evolution of, Islam; Judaism; Mormonism; Redemption; 154, 158; external world and, 138; limits of, 117; theology octopus, 114; size, 113; structure of, 111, 151, 152; Atacama desert, 70 values and, 242; vertebrate, 112; See also cognition; Auf Zwei Planeten, 236 consciousness; intelligence Aztecs: as analogy to contact with ETI, 81–83 Breakthrough Listen, 280, 307 Breakthrough Message, 280 Baade, Walter, 25 Brin, David, 49, 53, 55, 187, 255, 284 Bahcall, John, 34 Brookings Institution, 76 Bainbridge, William Sims, 22, 226 brown dwarf, 41–43 Bains, William, 104 Brown, Carol, 223 Barkow, Jerome, 253 Brown, Harrison, 56, 189, 191 Barrow, John, 217 Brownlee, Donald, 107 Bartha, Paul, 68 Buddhism: extraterrestrial life and, 33, 226, 227, 310 Bartholomew, Robert, 22 Burtt, E. A., 165 Basalla, George, 131, 133 Butler, Paul, 43 Battaglia, Debbora, 174, 236 Bylinsky, Gene, 108 Bayes, Thomas, 192 Bayesian statistics, 192, 193 Callicott, J. Baird, 245, 246 behavioral ecology, 251 Cambrian explosion, 101, 106, 108, 115, 123 Bell, Jocelyn, 23 Campbell, Joan Brown, 13 Benedict, Ruth, 80 Campbell, W. Joseph, 22 Benford, Gregory, 49 Cantril, Hadley, 20, 22 Benner, Steven, 104 cargo cults, 85 Bentley, Jerry, 90 CASETI (Cultural Aspects of SETI), 76, 88, 195–198

Index 377

categorical imperative, 244, 254, 297 Comte, Auguste, 167 Cavendish, Henry, 40 Congress, United States, 1–2, 33 celegistics, 300 consciousness: aliens and, 120; animal, 119–123, cells: Cambrian explosion and, 106; early usage 135, 153; anthropic principle and, 217; artiicial of word, 72; eukaryotic, 105; evolution of, 101; intelligence, 118, 119, 121; brain and, 120, multicellular life, 101; size of, 105 121; cosmic, 93, 210, 231, 234, 263, 308, 311; cephalopods, 114, 136, 248 cosmocentric ethic and, 229; embodied cognition Chaisson, Eric, 199 and, 152; hard problem of, 121; intelligence and, Chalmers, David, 119 119, 123; octopuses, 113; research on, 119; rules of chance and necessity, 5, 123; body morphology, thought and, 168; Searle on, 119; space-time ilters 105–109; See also convergent evolution and, 124; superintelligence and, 262; universal Charon: discovery of, 37–38 knowledge and, 173; zombies and, 119 Chiang, Ted, 53, 136 consilience, 287 Childhood’s End, 53, 186, 190, 256 Consolmagno, Guy, 225 Children of God, 227 Contact, 3, 45, 56, 191, 256, 292 Chinese room experiment, 118 contamination: biological, 275 Chinese treasure leet, 83–85 contingency: complex life and, 108; human sciences Chorost, Michael, 115, 124 and, 166–168; See also chance and necessity; Christianity: civilization and, 130; ethics and, 242, convergent evolution 243; extraterrestrial life and, 32, 221–226–228, convergent evolution, 5; brain and, 112; 230; fundamentalism, 227; geocentric worldview communication and, 135; extraterrestrials and, 108; and, 180; heliocentric worldview and, 180; human intelligence and, 115, 116; mental perceptions and, dignity and, 244; reconciliation with Greek and 90; morphology and, 108; psychology and, 253; Arabic knowledge, 89; worldview, 211, 230; See science and, 163–166; technology and, 132–134; also Incarnation; Redemption; theology vs. contingency, 108 civilizations: deinition of, 129; individual vs. global, Conway Morris, Simon, 108, 116, 134, 135 129; Kardashev, 59, 131; lifetime of, 54, 122; Copernican revolution, 304 (Table 4.2), 123; nature of, 128–132; technology Copernican worldview, 93 and, 132; terrestrial (Table 4.4), 130; Toynbee and, Coppola vs. Sagan, 319 88; typology of, 131; universals in, 132 Coppola, Francis Ford, 56 Clark, Kenneth, 128 Corbally, Christopher, 223, 229 Clarke, Arthur C., 3, 50, 53, 57, 122, 124, 186, 187, Cortés, Hernán, 82 212, 256 cosmic connection, 234 Cleland, Carol, 105, 162, 244, 248 cosmic consciousness, 231 Clement, Hal, 124 cosmic ecology, 219 Clinton, President Bill, 26, 31, 34 cosmic evolution, 2; astrobiology and, 236; Close Encounters of the Third Kind, 3, 52 astroculture and, 311; Big History and, 169, 235; Cocconi, Giuseppe, 54 common heritage, 312; communicating, 139; cognition: alien, 150; analogy and, 68; animal, 153; components of, 117, 127; connectedness and, consciousness and, 119; embodied, 137, 139, 264; continuities across, 170; cosmic connection 151–153; Neanderthal, 77; primate, 79; situated, and, 234; cosmocentric ethics and, 246; cultural 137; See also astrocognition; consciousness evolution component, 118; emergent properties cognitive evolution: stages of, 79 in, 235; environmental ethics and, 263; God and, cognitive science, 143, 151–153 229; Henderson and, 217; human destiny and, 229; Cohen, Jack, 109 humanity’s place in, 95, 210, 311; master narrative, Cohn, Ferdinand, 72 213, 234; NASA and, 215; philosophy and, 230; Columbian exchange, 75 preparation for contact, 306; religious and ethical Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 275 implications, 267; technetium and, 40; ultimate Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space good, 264; values and, 305; worldview, 219, 223 (COPUOS), 281 cosmocentric ethic: basic, 263; deinition of, 263; communication; embedded vs. universals strategies, enhanced, 263; strong, 264 137; epistemology and, 149; interspecies, 135; Cosmos, 234, 258, 286 interstellar light vs., 287; mental structure and, cosmotheology, 220, 229–230, 310; cosmocentric 135; on Earth, 135; with extraterrestrials, 134–137; ethics and, 241; exemplar of astrotheology, 223; See also Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence principles of, 229; See also astrotheology (METI); Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Coyne, George, 223, 224 (SETI) Crichton, Michael, 6, 186 Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence. See Crick, Francis, 120 Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) Crowe, Michael, 2, 16, 18, 19, 20, 224

378 Index

Crysdale, Cynthia, 228 dignity: as ethical concept, 244; of humankind, 87, CTA-102, 25, 314 167, 197, 225, 244, 261 Cultural Aspects of SETI. See CASETI discovery: anatomy of, 39–43; (Table 2.4), 60; as culture, 113; and civilization, 126; deinition of, approach to societal impact, 4; astronomical, 126–128, 231; evolution of, 126, 127–128; See also 40–43; embracing, 294–302; extended nature of, evolution, cultural 37–43, 304; intelligent life scenarios (Table 2.2), culture contacts, 76–88; Aztec, 81–83; cargo cults, 52; managing, 288–294; microbial life scenarios 85–87; Chinese, 83–85; Incan, 65–66; lessons (Table 2.1), 47; of alien life (structure of), 59–64; from, 87–88; Neanderthals, 77–80; See also of brown dwarfs, 41–42; of chemical elements, 40; analogy of exoplanets, 41–43; of Higgs boson, 39; of rings Cultures Beyond the Earth, 172 of Saturn, 40; preparations for, 271–287, 305–309; scenarios of, 2–3, 45–59, 287, 304; science iction Dante, 180, 213 scenarios (Table 2.3); structure of, 43–44 Darwin, Charles, 154, 167, 230; analogy between Divine Comedy, 213 artiicial and natural selection, 67; See also Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 115 evolution dolphins; and intelligence, 101, 112, 248; Darwinian: presupposition, 60, 193, 303; worldview, communication, 135; convergent evolution, 108; 93 tool use, 113 Darwinism, 183; social, 244, 251; universal, 251, 307 Donne, John, 181, 214, 237 Davies, Paul, 118, 199, 200, 224, 228 Drake Equation, 110, 116, 122, 126, 129, 193 Dawkins, Richard, 162, 163, 224, 255 Drake, Frank, 138, 296; CASETI, 195; METI De Duve, Christian, 200, 224 message to M13, 25, 55, 282, 291; Ozma, 25, 54, deep ecology, 242 76, 188, 222; Ozma 50th anniversary, 280; Royal Dennett, Daniel, 119, 251 Society meeting, 200 Denning, Kathryn, 66, 126, 174, 200, 285 Druyan, Ann, 234 Descartes, René, 144 du Noüy, Lecomte, 229 destiny, human, 180; Asimov and, 171; astrotheology Dunér, David, 137, 153 and, 310; Clarke and, 187; cosmic demise and, 180; Dyson spheres, 55 cosmic evolution and, 229; in intelligent biological Dyson, Freeman, 56, 219, 224 universe, 218; in microbial biological universe, 218; in physical universe, 219; in theological terms, Earth Day: and Apollo lights, 234 229; theological vs. secular, 218 Earthrise, 311; from Apollo 8, 232 DeVito, Carl, 138, 158 ecocentrism, 246 Devlin, Keith, 192 education, public, 308 Dialogue on Science, Ethics and Religion program Egyptian hieroglyphs: as analogs to ET signal, 90 (AAAS), 224 Ehrenberg, Christian, 72 Diamond, Jared, 283 Einstein, Albert, 158, 163, 165, 213 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 83 Eiseley, Loren, 116 Dick, Steven, 223, 224; and astrobiology community, Elliott, John H., 56, 83, 87, 188 6; anthropology and SETI, 174; astrobiology Ellis, George F. R., 243, 254 roadmap meetings, 272; astroculture meeting in embodied mind theory, 137, 139, 153, 154, 158; Germany, 231; biological universe concept, 213; aliens and, 155; See also astrocognition; cognition, CASETI workshops, 195, 197; Coppola vs. Sagan embodied; Kant and, 155, 310 testimony, 56, 319; cosmocentric ethics, 267; empiricism, 149, 152, 155, 165; epistemology of, 143, cosmotheology, 229; evolution, 230; Foundation 145; epistemology of science, 145 for the Future meeting, 199; Goldilocks Principle Enceladus, 3, 49, 224, 270, 276, 277 of Analogy, 70; in Cuzco, 65; Intelligence Engines of God, 56 Principle, 117; Library of Congress symposium, epistemology, 143, 307; and extraterrestrial 200; mental structure Venn diagrams, 135; METI intelligence, 144–151; evolution and, 154–156; blog, 284; METI International Trustee, 55, 340; evolutionary, 154, 252, 310; Kantian, 146–151; NASA Ames meeting, 199; NASA Chief Historian, naturalistic, 154 6, 209; NASA/Library of Congress Blumberg E.T. the Extra-terrestrial, 2, 45, 249 Chair, 141; Ozma 50th anniversary meeting, 280; ethics, 240–268; biocentric, 245; cosmocentric, Pluto demotion, 37; postbiological intelligence, 257–268, 310; environmental, 242; evolutionary, 118; recommendations for societal impact 251–256; planetocentric, 259; secular, 242, 244; preparation, 306; Templeton Foundation meeting, sources of, 242–244; universal theory of, 254; See 223; U.S. Congress testimony, 1, 269; U.S. Naval also astroethics; moral status Observatory astronomer, 37; Vice President Gore Europa, 3, 46, 49, 50, 70, 103, 189, 224, 269, 270, meeting on Mars rock, 13 276, 277

Index 379

Europa Report, 3, 49, 50 Gunn, James, 56, 189 European Science Foundation, 177 Gupta, Abhik, 253 European Space Agency, 269, 275 Gutenberg, Johannes, 91, 237 European Space Policy Institute, 177 Guthke, Karl, 195 evolution, 5; analogy of, 76; cognitive, 112; cultural, 116, 126, 127, 169, 262; epistemology habitable zone, 3 and, 154–156; ethics and, 251–256; knowledge Haley, Andrew G., 296 and, 154; molecular level, 102; natural selection Hanley, Richard, 262 and, 108; social sciences and, 170; society and, Haqq-Misra, Jacob, 266 128; universal principle of, 162, 307; See also Harris, Sam, 242, 243 convergent evolution Harrison, Albert, 170, 174, 199, 200, 201, 204, 292 evolutionary ethics, 251–256, 307 Hart, John, 267 evolutionary psychology, 251, 307 Hawking, Stephen, 66, 118, 250, 253, 255, 283 Existence, 53, 55, 187, 255 Hawkins, Jeff, 111 exoplanets, 41–43, 303 Heaven’s Gate, 2, 236 extremophiles, 102 Helmreich, Stefan, 69 Henderson, Lawrence J., 217 Fasan, Ernst, 297 Herschel, John, 15–19 Fermi paradox, 61, 125, 139, 149, 256 Herzing, Denise, 115 Fiasco, 54, 187 Hesse, Mary, 67 Fine tuning, 219 Hewish, Anthony, 23 Finney, Ben, 90, 174, 195, 198 Higgs boson, 39 Flatland: A Romance in Many Dimensions, 125 Hinduism; extraterrestrial life and, 226, 227, 310; Forward, Robert, 125 worldview, 211, 230 Foucault, Michel, 167, 168 His Master’s Voice, 54, 187 Foust, Jeff, 34 history, 237; analogy and, 65, 66, 68; anthropology Freitas, Jr., Robert A., 299 and, 70; as approach to societal impact, 4, 13–36, Freudenthal, Hans, 138 61, 62–63, 197; astrotheology and, 221–222; frontier thesis, 320 biology and, 71; civilization as unit of, 128; Fry, Iris, 60, 165 contingency of, 141, 160; culture contacts and, 80; Fukuyama, Francis, 237 discovery and, 166; extraterrestrial life debate, 61; lessons of, 13–36, 307; of human sciences, 167; Gaddis, John Lewis, 68 of mathematics, 157, 158; of science, 156, 163, Galileo, 15, 40 172, 204; of societal impact of science, 177; of Galileo’s Dream, 3, 50 technology, 134; philosophy of, 144; psychohistory Ganymede, 70, 103 and, 171; replaying the tape of, 88; universal history, Gardner, James, 262 237; See also Big History, culture contacts Garrett, James, 32 Hoerder, Dirk, 87 Geertz, Clifford, 127 Hofstadter, Douglas, 66 gene-culture co-evolution, 251 Hooke, Robert, 71 Geppert, Alexander, 231 How to Talk to Aliens, 124 Gibbons, Jack, 13, 31 Hoyle, Fred, 56, 57, 102, 124, 188, 189, 248 Gibson, Everett, 28 Hoyt, William G., 20 Gilkey, Langdon, 195 Hubble Space Telescope, 37, 94, 183, 234, 311 Godfrey-Smith, Peter, 113 Hubble, Edwin, 94, 183 Gold, David, 113 Hughes, Thomas P., 69 Gold, Thomas, 25 human destiny. See destiny, human Golden Rule, 240, 241, 244, 254, 261, 296; See also Human Genome Project, 177, 191, 199 Interstellar Golden Rule human sciences. universality of, 166–175; youth of, Goldenfeld, Nigel, 162 166–167; See social sciences Goldilocks Principle of Analogy, 70, 71, 96 humanities. See social sciences Goldin, Dan, 13, 26, 29, 34 Hume, David, 144, 145, 155, 167, 243 Goodenough, Ursula, 267 Huntington, Samuel, 128, 129 Gore, Albert, 13, 33, 223 Huntress, Wes, 26, 29 Gould, Stephen Jay, 13, 108, 115, 223 Huxley, Thomas, 74 governments, role of, 62 Huygens, Christiaan, 41 Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, 158 hydrothermal vent, 102, 103 Grinspoon, David, 286 Hymenoptera, 248 Gronstal, Aaron, 75 Hynek, J. Allen, 51

380 Index

IAA SETI Committee, 283 Krugman, Paul, 171 In the Heart of the Comet, 49 Kuhn, Thomas, 39, 180, 184, 211 Inca civilization, destruction of, 65–66 Kurzweil, Ray, 118, 262 Incarnation, 32, 222, 223, 225, 230, 310 Kuznicki, Jason, 83 Independence Day, 33 Information Age, 238 Ladrière, Jean, 178–180, 190, 204, 237, 256, 308 intelligence, 3, 117; animal, 101; cultural evolution Lake Huron, 70 and, 117; deinition of, 110–116; discovery Lake Vostok, 70 scenarios, 51–59; dolphin, 112; general Lakoff, George, 152, 153 principles of, 112; octopus, 113; on Earth, 110; Lambright, W. Henry, 234 postbiological, 116–123; SETI programs and, Lamm, Norman, 222, 226 100, 110; See also artiicial intelligence (AI); land ethic, 242 postbiological intelligence; superintelligence Lasswitz, Kurd, 236 Intelligence Principle, 117, 121, 262, 306 Last and First Men, 124 International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), 282 Latham, David, 42 International Astronomical Union, 282; and Pluto as Launius, Roger, 69 planet, 37 Lavoisier, Antoine, 40 International Council of Scientiic Unions (ICSU), 275 law: universal principles of, 297; See also metalaw; International Institute of Space Law, 282 space law International Union of Radio Science, 282 Lederberg, Joshua, 126, 257, 275 internet: as analogy, 238 Lee, Yuh-Shiow, 227 Interstellar Golden Rule, 296, 298 Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 72 interstellar travel, 52, 253, 287 Leibniz, Gottfried, 144, 167 Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 45 Lem, Stanislaw, 54, 124, 187, 231 Islam: anthropocentrism in, 310; ethics and, 242; Lemarchand, Guillermo, 138, 199 extraterrestrial life and, 226; transmission of Leopold, Aldo, 242, 245 knowledge, 88; worldview, 230 Levin, Gilbert, 49 Lewis, C. S., 180, 213, 227 James Webb Space Telescope, 3 Library of Congress, 8, 141, 142, 200, 306 Janssen, Jules, 40 life: biochemistries, 104; carbon, 103; complex, Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, 195 105–109; deinitions of, 102–103, 104; discovery Jenkin, Susan and Robert, 109 scenarios, 45–59; fundamental types of (Table 4.1), Jones, Morris, 293 101; intelligent, 110–116; landscape of, 123–125; Judaism: extraterrestrial life and, 32, 222, 226 microbial, 102–105; morphology arguments, 107; necessity and contingency, 108; postbiological, Kaku, Michio, 131 116–123; scaffolding for, 102; silicon, 104 Kant, Immanuel, 146–151, 166; as Copernican Life in Darwin’s Universe: Evolution and the revolution, 148; categorical imperative and, 244, Cosmos, 108 254, 297; categories of thought, 150; embodied Life’s Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely cognition and, 155; epistemology of, 146–151; Universe, 116 Hume and, 146; metalaw and, 297; necessary vs. Lifeprobe, 58, 124 contingent knowledge, 146; rationalism, 144; SETI Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 320 and, 149, 166; Universal Natural History, 149; literature, 236 universality of knowledge and, 148 Liu, Cixin, 55, 255 Kardashev, Nikolai, 131; See also civilizations, Living Systems Theory, 202 Kardashev Livio, Mario, 157 Kauffman, Stuart, 34, 267 Lloyd, G. E. R., 163 Kekulé, Friedrich, 67 Locke, John, 144, 155, 167 Kepler spacecraft, 43 Lockyer, Norman, 40 Kepler, Johannes, 181 Loeb, Avi, 107 King, Martin Luther, 241, 336 Logsdon, John, 263 Kissinger, Henry, 184 Lomberg, Jon, 138 knowledge: and cognitive science, 151–153; and London scale, 203, 290 evolutionary biology, 154–156; Kantian types of Lovin, Robin, 244 (Table 5.1), 147; objective, 139; philosophy of, Lowell Observatory, 20 144–151; universal, 125; universality of, 4, 141– Lowell, Percival, 15, 20, 236 175; universalizing, 310 Lupisella, Mark, 243, 246, 254, 258, 263, 264, 286, Koch, Robert, 72, 74 305 Korbitz, Adam, 300 Luther, Martin, 221

Index 381

Maccone, Claudio, 199 Milner, Yuri, 55, 280 Maienschein, Jane, 287 mind: animal vs. human, 135; as computer, 118; Malone-France, Derek, 150, 328, 329, 330 body problem, 153, 171; center of reality, 148; Marcy, Geoff, 43 embodied, 139, 154; evolution of, 111, 112, Margulis, Lynn, 13, 223 155; extended, 137; physical universe and, 217; Marino, Lori, 112 reality and, 149; structure of, 149; terrestrial Mariscal, Carlos, 163 vs. extraterrestrial, 136, 139, 148, 310; See also Mars, 103; canals on, 20; microbes on, 257–260 cognition; embodied mind theory; intelligence Mars rock ALH84001, 3, 13, 26–35, 48, 216, 288, Mind and Cosmos, 120 289 Minogue, John, 13, 223 Mars sample return, 278 Minsky, Marvin, 139 Marx, Karl, 167 Mithen, Steven, 79, 111 mathematics: Platonist vs. formalist views of, mitochondria, 105, 107 156–159; universality of, 157–159; unreasonable Montezuma, 82 effectiveness of, 157 Moon Hoax, 15–19 Matlock, Jack, 131 moral status: of alien organisms, 242–249; of non- Maunder, E. W., 314 human animals, 248; theories of, 246; (Table 8.1), 247 Mayan hieroglyphs: as analogs to ET signal, 90 morality, 230 Mayor, Michel, 43 Moravec, Hans, 118 Mayr, Ernst, 115 Mormonism: extraterrestrial life and, 226 Mazlish, Bruce, 68 Morris, Richard, 29 McAdamis, E. M., 228 Morrison, Philip, 38, 54, 137 McCollum, Michael, 58, 124 Moyers, Bill, 13, 34, 223 McConnell, Brian, 138 multiverse, 218, 219 McDevitt, Jack, 56 Murphy, Cullen, 68 McKay, Chris, 200, 258, 259 Murphy, Nancey, 243, 254 McKay, David, 13, 26, 34 Musk, Elon, 260 McLuhan, Marshall, 237 McMullin, Ernan, 223 Naess, Arne, 242 McNeill, William, 66 Nagel, Thomas, 120, 124, 255 media, 36, 44, 304, 308; astroculture and, 231; nanotechnology, 6, 177, 191, 291 CASETI and, 198; effect on culture, 238; Hawking NASA (National Aeronautics and Space and, 250; Mars rock ALH84001 and, 29–35; Moon Administration):; astrobiology program, 47, 269; Hoax and, 19; public reaction and, 293; role of, 62, astrobiology roadmaps, 272; CASETI workshops, 198, 292; War of the Worlds broadcast and, 21–23 76, 195; deinition of life, 102, 103; planetary Melanchthon, Philip, 221 protection, 48, 257, 275; science iction and, 38; Meltzer, Michael, 257 SETI program, 279; societal impact studies, 6, 177, memetics, 251 194, 224; See also Mars rock ALH84001 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 40 NASA Ames Research Center, 199, 272, 274 Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI), 6, NASA Astrobiology Institute, 34, 63, 105, 162, 204, 55, 134, 203, 253, 255, 256, 270; issues and policy 272, 274, 309 for, 282–287; See also Search for Extraterrestrial NASA Astrobiology Roadmap, 198 Intelligence (SETI) NASA Astrobiology Strategy, 204 metabolism, 102 NASA Johnson Space Center, 26, 28, 289 metalaw, 5, 296–302, 304, 307, 308; principles of, 297 NASA/Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology, 8, metaphysics: communication and, 100; ine tuning 200, 224, 274, 309 and, 218; Kant and, 150; science and, 165 National Academy of Sciences, 26, 272, 276, 289 METI. See Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence National Institutes of Health, 177 (METI) National Science Foundation, 6, 26, 34, 177, 189, METI International, 284 190, 289 Meyer, Michael, 28, 315 natural selection, 160 Michaud, Michael, 195, 198, 201, 202, 271, 281, 287, naturalism: evolutionary, 165; religious, 229; social 305 sciences and, 169 microbes, 102–105; consequences of discovery, naturalistic fallacy, 243, 244 74–75; discovery of, 71–76; issues and policy for Neanderthals: and human interaction, 77–80 impact, 275–279; rights of, 257–260 Newton, Isaac, 14, 72, 144, 158, 160, 180, 220 microbiome: human, 317 Newton–Leibniz controversy, 159 microscope: and discovery of microbes, 71–75 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 229 Miller, James Grier, 202 North, John, 96

382 Index

O’Meara, Thomas F., 224 psychohistory, 171, 191 Obama, Barack, 176 Puccetti, Roland, 228, 255 octopus: intelligence of, 113, 114, 246, 248 pulsars, as ETI signals, 23–26 Oliver, Barney, 215 Osvath, Michael, 153 Queloz, Didier, 43 Oumuamua, 53 Out of the Silent Planet, 227 Race, Margaret, 203, 204, 277, 293, 302 overview effect, 233 Raelian religion, 236 Ozma, Project: See Project Ozma Raible, Daniel C., 222 Ramsay, Sir William, 40 Pace, Norman, 104 Randolph, Richard, 277; Rare Earth: Why Complex Paine, Thomas, 221 Life is Uncommon in the Universe, 107 Pale Blue Dot: and Voyager 1, 233 ratiocentrism, 245 Panetta, Leon, 29 rationalism, 144, 145 Papp, Desiderius, 104 Raumschiff Venus antwortet nicht, 231 Parker, Theodore, 336 Raybeck, Douglas, 253 Pass, James, 174 realism, 145 Pasteur, Louis, 72, 73 Redemption, 32, 222, 230, 310 Payne, Richard, 33 Rees, Martin, 118, 224 Penny, Alan, 24 relativism, 143 Persson, Erik, 246, 260 religion. See astrotheology; cosmotheology; theology; Peters, Ted, 200, 225, 227, 244, 260, 261 individual religions philosophy: alien life discovery effect on, 237; Rendezvous with Rama, 53, 54, 187 astrobiology and, 100; cosmic evolution and, 230; Rescher, Nicholas, 156, 157, 159, 163, 165 Darwinian materialism and, 120; epistemology and, Rio scale, 203 139, 156; ethics and, 286; mind-body problem, risk assessment, 286, 291 119; of knowledge, 141–156; of mathematics, Roadmap for the Astrobiological Humanities and 157, 158; of mind, 119, 121; of science, 66, 306; Social Sciences, 309 of social sciences, 168, 169; of technology, 133; Robinson, George, 299 postmodernist, 167, 229; See also Berkeley, Robinson, Kim Stanley, 3, 50 George; Hume, David; Kant, Immanuel; Locke, Rolston III, Holmes, 241, 254, 259 John Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 167 photosynthesis, 106 Royal Society of London, 185, 274 Piaget, Jean, 79 Ruse, Michael, 5, 154, 155, 251, 252, 262 Pinker, Steven, 250 Russell, Henry Norris, 42 Pioneer plaque, 282 Russell, Mary Doria, 227, 262 Pirie, Norman W., 105 Ryle, Martin, 24, 25, 197, 283 Pitt, Joseph, 139 planetary protection, 48, 257, 275 Saberhagan, Fred, 124 planetocentric ethic, 259 Sagan, Carl, 3, 56, 296; Contact novel, 45, 56, plurality of worlds debate, 221 191, 256, 292; Coppola case, 56, 319; cosmic Pluto, 37–38, 235; extended discovery of, 37 connection, 234; Cosmos, 286; direct contact, postbiological intelligence, 116–123, 262 287; extraordinary claims, 30, 289; Mars rock postbiological universe, 218, 300 meeting, 13; Martian microbes, 258, 261; on postdiscovery, 38, 44, 62, 178 intelligence, 111, 115; pale blue dot, 233; Voyager precautionary principle, 256, 286 record, 138 prediscovery, 41, 43, 44, 59–61 San Marino scale, 203, 290 Prime Directive of Star Trek, 298 Sander, Emmanuel, 68 principle of mediocrity, 303 Schindler, Alexander, 33 principle of plenitude, 303 Schneider, Susan, 118, 120, 121 printing press: as analog to ET signal, 91 Schopf, J. William, 30 Privileged Planet, 61 Schweitzer, Albert, 241, 245 problem of the Commons, 286 science: conceptualization of, 163–166; deinition of, progress: civilization and, 250; evolution and, 5, 156; extraterrestrial, 156; Greece vs. China, 163; 155, 251; intelligence and, 115; moral, 250, 251; metaphysical foundations of, 165; orientation of, problematic nature of the idea, 123; science and, 159–163; universality of, 154, 156–166; See also 211; technology and, 133, 202; worldviews and, mathematics; social sciences 132 science iction, 3, 5, 56, 57, 109, 185; alternative Project Ozma, 25, 54, 56, 138, 188, 222 biochemistries in, 104; and discovery scenarios,

Index 383

45, 51–54, 55, 56–58, 63; artifacts in, 56; as Copernican worldview, 180; of Darwinism, 183; of astroculture, 236; Chinese, 55; communication nanotechnology, 6, 177; of science and technology, in, 136; good vs. evil aliens, 250, 255; impact 177; of spacelight, 177; recommendations, 305 scenarios, 185–191; limits of, 139; metalaw in, Society for Social and Conceptual Issues in 296, 299; moral status issues, 248; NASA and, 38; Astrobiology (SOCIA), 309 philosophical zombies in, 119; popular culture, 2; sociobiology, 251, 307 postbiologicals in, 124, 262; theology in, 227; time Socrates, 166 perception in, 125; worldview and, 236; See also Soffen, Gerald, 26 individual authors and titles Solaris, 54, 187 Scott, Ridley, 54, 187, 249 solvent: hydrocarbons, 103; hydrogen sulide, 103; Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA), 53, 132 water, 104 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 6, space law, 276, 294–302, 304, 308 54–55, 100, 222, 253, 270; issues and policy for, space-time ilters, 124 279–287; roadmap for, 55; See also Messaging Spencer, Herbert, 127 Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) Spengler, Oswald, 237 Search for Extraterrestrial Technology (SETT), 132 Spielberg, Steven, 52 Searle, John, 118, 119 Spinoza, Baruch, 144 Segre, Emilio, 40 Stapledon, Olaf, 124 selection, group, 252 Star Maker, 124 semiotics, 139 Star Trek, 124, 248; and Prime Directive, 241 sentientism, 246 Star Wars, 45, 124, 249 SETI: See Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Stardust mission: quarantine protocols, 48 (SETI) Stern, Alan, 38 SETI Institute, 174, 198, 274, 277, 279, 280, 283, Stewart, Ian, 109 307, 309 Stine, G. Harry, 296, 299 SETI post-detection protocols, 282, 293, 295 Stoeger, William, 180, 183, 242, 243, 244 shadow biosphere, 50 Story of Your Life, 53 Shapley, Harlow, 94, 183, 214, 222, 296 Strick, James, 28 Shapley–Hubble worldview, 93, 94 Sullivan III, Woodruff T., 259 Shermer, Michael, 251 Sullivan, Walter, 222 Shklovskii, Joseph, 25 superintelligence, 120, 121, 262, 300; See also Sholomitskii, Evgeny, 25 artiicial intelligence (AI) Shostak, Seth, 118, 250, 290 Suvin, Darko, 139 Shulze-Makuch, Dirk, 49 Silver, Nate, 91, 176, 192, 195 Tabby’s star, 56 Simpson, George Gaylord, 108, 115 Tainos, 81 Singer, Peter, 250 Tarter, Jill, 132, 195, 198, 203, 224 Singer, Philip, 173 Tattersall, Ian, 77 Sirens of Titan, 125 Tax, Sol, 172 Sivin, Nathan, 163 technology, 46; artiicial intelligence and, 116; Smith, Adam, 167 civilization and, 132; communication and, 100; Smith, Kelly, 245, 261, 264 convergence of, 133–134; discovery and, 75; Drake social sciences: alien behavior and, 169; analogy Equation and, 110; extraterrestrial, 132–134; and, 70; astrobiology roadmap, 272; astrobiology history of, 204; intelligence and, 260; interstellar strategy, 274; civilization and, 126; contingency travel and, 52; Kardashev civilizations, 131; of, 166–168; evolution and, 170; importance for philosophy of, 144; progress and, 123, 133; SETI discovery of alien life, 81, 166, 172, 201, 305; and, 100; social cooperation and, 253; water worlds importance to space exploration, 177; NASA and, 113; See also artifacts, alien workshops, 127, 204; naturalist vs. interpretive, Tegmark, Max, 158 168; philosophy of, 144, 168; policy role, 274; Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 222, 267 SETI and, 174; social laws and, 168, 171; Templeton Foundation, 201, 223, 224 universality of, 143, 163, 168, 170–171; youth of, Templeton, Sir John, 223 167 terraforming, 241, 245, 258, 259, 266 societal impact: anatomy of, 178–185; (Table TESS (the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), 3 6.1), 179; and Copernican worldview, 213; and The Biology of Star Trek, 109 prediction, 191; deducing, 191–205; framework for, The Black Cloud, 57, 58, 102, 189, 248 178–185; imagining, 185–191; meaning of, 177; The Cassiopeia Affair, 56, 189 meetings on (Table 6.2), 194; of astrobiological The Day the Earth Stood Still, 45, 53, 186, 249 worldviews, 218–220; of astronomy, 180; of The Discarded Image, 213

384 Index

The Dragons of Eden, 111, 115 Voyager: Europa observations, 49, 189; pale blue dot The Impact of Discovering Life Beyond Earth, 200 and, 233, 311; record, 138, 282 The Listeners, 56, 189 The Signal and the Noise, 192 Wald, George, 197 The Sparrow, 227 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 107, 120, 154, 167 The Three Body Problem, 55, 255 War of the Worlds, 3, 15, 20, 46, 51, 53, 66, 75, 185, theology: alien life and, 310; and astrobiology, 186, 190, 236, 249, 286 221–228; biological universe and, 221; Copernican War of the Worlds radio broadcast (1938), 19–23 theory and, 93, 183; ethics and, 243, 244; Mars Ward, Peter, 104, 107 rock implications for, 32–33; probability of life Wason, Paul, 79 and, 193; See also astroethics; astrotheology; Watson, James, 285 Buddhism; Christianity; ethics; Hinduism; Islam; Watts, Peter, 119 Judaism; Mormonism Wealth of Nations, 167 time: perception of, 125; space-time ilters and, 124 Weintraub, David, 226 Tipler, Frank, 217 Welles, Orson, 15, 33, 36, 193 Titan, 3 Wells, H. G., 15, 19, 20, 33, 51, 53, 185, 186, 236 Tofler, Alvin, 172, 199, 272 Weltanschauung, 211 Tombaugh, Clyde, 57 Wescott, Roger W., 173 Tough, Allen, 198 White, Frank, 233 Toynbee, Arnold, 88, 128, 129, 237 Wigner, Eugene, 157 Traphagan, John, 7, 70, 81, 126, 127, 132 Wilkinson, David, 224 Treatise on Human Nature, 167 Wilson, David Sloan, 252 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 320 Wilson, E. O., 127, 251, 287 Tyson, Neil DeGrasse, 234 Wilson, Elspeth, 244, 248 Wilson, Samuel, 87, 92 U.S. Naval Observatory, 37 Wiseman, James A., 32 UFOs, 2, 3, 53, 61, 236, 267, 287, 311 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 135 United Nations, 282, 283, 295; Ofice of Outer Woese, Carl, 74 Space Affairs, 195, 295; Outer Space Treaty, 276, World Economic Forum, 1, 2, 270, 271, 293, 301, 304 281 worldviews, 332; alien life and, 5, 14, 62, 269; as universal biology, 105, 162; See also biology; analogy to ET signal, 92–95; biological universe as, universality of 185, 304; changes of, 2, 3, 293, 311; Copernican, universal cognitive maps, 138 93; cosmocentric ethic and, 241; cosmological, universal history, 237 212–220, 230; cultural, 204, 230–239; Darwinian, universals: civilizations and, 132; cognitive, 138; 93; hierarchy of, 210–212; Ladrièrean schema and, cultural, 307; problem of, 137–140 185; metalaw, 299; philosophical, 265; rise and universe. See biological universe; postbiological fall of, 184; Shapley-Hubble, 93; societal impact universe and, 179, 210, 308; theological, 220–230; See also astroculture; astroethics Vakoch, Douglas, 7, 138, 174, 199, 227, 253, 283, Wray: Maggie, 115 284 Wright, Robert, 250 value. See also naturalistic fallacy; instrumental, 218, 245–246; intrinsic, 218, 245–246; science and, 243 Yongle emperor, 83 van de Kamp, Peter, 41 Venusians: in science iction, 231 Zakariya, Nasser, 213, 234 Vidal, Clément, 58, 67, 243, 246, 264, 305 Zare, Richard, 34 Viking biology experiments, 38, 49, 100, 104, 257, Zheng He, Admiral, 84–85 276 zombies, philosophical, 119 von Braun, Wernher, 236, 297 Zubrin, Robert, 258, 259 Vonnegut, Kurt, 125 Zwicky, Fritz, 25