Presentazione Del Volume L’Origine Dell’Anima Diventa Un Argomento Di Speculazione Sistematica Nella Filosofia E Nella Scienza Greca

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Presentazione Del Volume L’Origine Dell’Anima Diventa Un Argomento Di Speculazione Sistematica Nella Filosofia E Nella Scienza Greca PRIN 2010-2011 Unità di Ricerca PRIN-ILIESI Il problema anima-corpo alla luce dell’etica tra Rinascimento e Settecento: testi • lessico • fonti • censure Attività 2014 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per il Lessico Intellettuale Europeo e Storia delle Idee http://prin.iliesi.cnr.it LEEN SPRUIT, The Origin of the Soul from Antiquity to the Early Modern Era. A Short Introduction, Lugano, Agorà & Co., 2014. ©ILIESI-CNR ABSTRACT The central criterium of Catholic censorship of books and essays discussing the animal soul was the hierarchy of forms, running from vegetative, through sensitive, to intellectual souls. Thus, the contest pivoted on the consequences of Cartesianism, which triggered two positions that were seen as erroneous. Followers of Descartes viewed the animal body as a mere machine, eliminating vegetative and sensitive animal souls. Those who opposed this position were criticized for their excessive ‘upgrading’ of the animal soul, because this possibly lead to claiming its spirituality and even its immortality. * * * Il volume è pubblicato con il contributo del PRIN 2010-2011: La riflessione morale di fronte al Mind/Body Problem. Problemi storici e prospettive teoriche Unità di Ricerca ILIESI - CNR * Presentazione del volume L’origine dell’anima diventa un argomento di speculazione sistematica nella filosofia e nella scienza greca. Il problema si presenta quando si suppone che genitori fisici producano una progenie fisica con una dimensione non fisica: immateriale e/o immortale. La procreazione dei corpi fisici è relativamente priva di problemi; diversamente, come e quando venga generata l’anima, e come essa si unisca al corpo solleva varie questioni. I Presocratici associarono, in generale, l’anima a uno dei quattro elementi materiali. Al contrario, Platone formulò la concezione che l’anima discende dal regno delle idee. Nell’ilemorfismo aristotelico, invece, ogni essere naturale è un composto di materia e forma. Altra questione riguarda la formazione dell’embrione e il momento dell’animazione. Nell’antichità furono proposte sia l’animazione mediata che quella immediata, idee sostenute con teorie biologiche e mediche che analizzavano la concezione biologica e lo sviluppo embrionale. Filosofi come Seneca credevano che tutte le parti del corpo umano erano già presenti nel seme (come un homunculus), mentre Aristotele e Galeno rifiutarono la dottrina preformistica e insistettero sul fatto che lo sviluppo embrionale avviene gradualmente. Nei primi secoli del pensiero cristiano, due teorie si sono sviluppate per risolvere il problema dell’origine dell’anima umana: da una parte, l’anima è ritenuta essere generata dai genitori allo stesso modo come il corpo (traducianismo); dall’altra, si ritiene che essa sia formata da uno speciale atto di creazione da parte di Dio per ciascuno e per ogni individuo (creazionismo). Su entrambe le dottrine gravano problemi teologici. Se l’anima ha origine con il corpo, perché allora non perisce con il corpo? E se Dio crea invece l’anima di nuovo in ogni essere umano, come può essere imperfetta, quale l’anima della natura ‘decaduta’ necessariamente è? Si presenta anche una concezione diversa della creazione dell’anima: secondo le sue diverse formulazioni, ogni essere vivente esisteva in un antico regno, o creato lì o increato. La pre-esistenza dell’anima è stata formulata in tempi diversi ed è stata adombrata in diverse modalità filosofiche, teologiche e letterarie. L’idea platonica e pitagorica della pre- esistenza era solo in parte affine alla concezione ebraica, ed emerge già nel cristianesimo primitivo. Nella Chiesa antica la pre-esistenza dell’anima è stata sostenuta da Origene e da alcuni suoi seguaci. Durante il Medioevo l’origine dell’anima fu discussa in un contesto teologico, concentrandosi su creazionismo e peccato originale. Il quadro concettuale si modificò dopo la diffusione della filosofia e della scienza aristotelica in Occidente. Le riflessioni di Alberto Magno sul potere formativo nel seme hanno esercitato un’influenza duratura sulla filosofia e la medicina medievale e rinascimentale. Tommaso d’Aquino riuscì a unire dati biologici, ragioni filosofiche e implicazioni dogmatiche nella sua dottrina relativa all’animazione, che si articola in una successione di anime (vegetativa, sensitiva, razionale) nell’embrione. Con la rinascita del neoplatonismo nel XV secolo, ritorna l’accento sull’origine nobile e divina delle anime. L’onda lunga della filosofia neoplatonica ‘moderna’ si propagò fino al secolo XVII, arrivando ai platonici di Cambridge. L’origine dell’anima non fu, invece, tra i temi che si presentarono in particolare tra i filosofi aristotelici attivi nell’ambiente accademico nei secoli XV e XVI. Un’eccezione interessante si è verificata nel 1640, quando Antonio Rocco dedicò un ampio trattato alla difesa dell’immortalità dell’anima nel quadro concettuale del traducianismo. Con l’avvento della Riforma protestante la questione dell’origine dell’anima era comunque ritornata in evidenza, in particolare tra gli studiosi attivi presso università tedesche e olandesi. I teologi luterani oscillarono tra traducianismo e creazionismo, mentre i calvinisti, di regola, abbrac- ciarono il creazionismo. Nel corso del secolo XVII, la maggior parte degli scienziati e dei filosofi moderni era convinto che la natura operasse attraverso leggi meccaniche, ma delle leggi meccaniche non appaiono sufficienti a spiegare la generazione e la costruzione degli organismi viventi. Alcuni filosofi moderni considerarono l’anima umana come sostanza composita, fatta di una parte materiale e una parte divina, e tentarono di conciliare una visione atomistica della generazione dell’organismo umano con la dottrina cristiana dell’anima immortale. Una soluzione più semplice al problema della vita era supporre che il feto fosse stato preformato prima del concepimento e, successivamente, solo alimentato nell’utero. Inoltre, in una versione della pre-esistenza materialista analoga al traducianismo, alcuni autori proposero che tutti gli esseri viventi erano stati creati come semi nella creazione originale. Il preformismo diventò un elemento importante nelle riflessioni filosofiche di Malebranche e Leibniz sull’origine e lo stato dell’anima umana. La dottrina del preformismo e di entità pre-esistenti comportò alcuni problemi insormontabili, e a partire dall’inizio del secolo XVIII fu attaccata anche l’embriologia meccanicistica. Autori di diversi orientamenti teorici hanno sostenuto la necessità di un principio vitale per generare e plasmare esseri viventi, e varie alternative vitalistiche al preformismo furono sviluppate, in particolare in Francia. È da sottolineare che l’origine dell’anima è ancora un argomento di discussione per l’autore della voce «anima» nella Encyclopédie. Tuttavia, a partire dalla seconda metà del secolo XVIII, il problema scompare come oggetto di speculazione filosofica e scientifica, sopravvivendo fino ai nostri giorni come una questione teologica ed etica. leen spruit THE ORIGIN OF THE SOUL FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE EARLY MODERN ERA A SHORT INTRODUCTION AGORÀ & CO. Laborem saepe Fortuna facilis sequitur Il presente volume è pubblicato con il contributo del PRIN 2010-2011: La rifessione morale di fronte al mind/body problem. Problemi storici e prospettive teoriche Unità di Ricerca dell’Istituto per il Lessico Intellettuale Europeo e Storia delle Idee - CNR La collana «Novae Insulae: testi e storie di flosofa» è diretta da Eugenio Canone ©2014 AGORÀ & CO. Lugano E-mail: [email protected] proprietà artistica e letteraria riservata per tutti i paesi È vietata la traduzione, la memorizzazione elettronica, la riproduzione totale e parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo, compresa la fotocopia, anche ad uso interno o didattico ISBN 978-88-97461-47-0 To Alma CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Ancient philosophy and medicine 7 1.1. Greek psychology: Presocratics to Neoplatonism 7 1.2. Medicine and embryology: Hippocrates to Galen 15 Chapter 2. The Jewish and early Christian tradition 21 2.1. Old and New Testament 21 2.2. Te controversy over Gnosticism 25 2.3. Te rise of Christian psychology 27 2.4. Te later Jewish tradition 35 Chapter 3. Medieval discussions 39 3.1. Creationism and original sin 39 3.2. Te descent of the soul 41 3.3. Celestial causality 43 3.4. Arabic noetics 44 3.5. A new synthesis 45 3.6. Te plurality of forms 52 Chapter 4. The return of Neoplatonism 55 4.1. Universalism: Marsilio Ficino to Justus Lipsius 56 4.2. Eclectic positions: Paracelsus, Fernel, Comenius 62 4.3. Pre-existence reafrmed 64 Chapter 5. Modern Aristotelianism 69 5.1. Alexandrism: Pietro Pomponazzi to Jacopo Zabarella 70 5.2. Aristotelian traducianism: Antonio Rocco 73 5.3. Later scholasticism and philosophical lexica 75 Chapter 6. Protestant disputes 81 6.1. Philip Melanchthon and Goclenius’ Psychologia 82 contents 6.2. Traducianism challenged: Otto Casmann 87 6.3. Traducianism established: Goclenius and Taurellus 88 6.4. Calvinist orthodoxy 91 6.5. Mortalism 93 Chapter 7. Early modern medicine and natural philosophy 95 7.1. Formative principle and plastic force 96 7.2. Multiplication and creation: Fortunio Liceti 99 7.3. Instantaneous animation: Tomas Feyens and Paolo Zacchia 101 7.4. Esoteric views: Jan Baptiste van Helmont, Jan Marek Marci, Sebastiano Bartoli 103 7.5. Te rational soul multiplied: Daniel Sennert 106 7.6. Post-Sennert polemics 109 Chapter 8. Modern philosophy and embryology 111 8.1. Mortal and immortal soul: Arcangelo Piccolomini to Walter Charleton 113 8.2. Between epigenesis and preformationism 118 8.3. Ovism and animalculism 120 8.4. Philosophical implications: Malebranche and Leibniz 123 Chapter 9. The demise of an issue 127 9.1. Beyond preformationism 127 9.2. Vitalism: Maupertuis to Blumenbach 129 9.3. Te Encyclopédie and French materialism 132 9.4. Te end of a discussion? 134 Appendix of relevant texts 139 Bibliography 149 Index of names 173 X INTRODUCTION* Te issue of the origin of the soul involves philosophical, scientifc, and re- ligious views and doctrines. Te concept of soul had itself to evolve before questions of its origin could arise. Te idea that the body is possessed of some animating principle or some entity that is the seat of life is thousands of years old.
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