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The Social and Economic Impact of a Rural Railway: the Wensleydale Line by CHRISTINE HALLAS

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The Social and Economic Impact of a Rural Railway: the Wensleydale Line by CHRISTINE HALLAS The Social and Economic Impact of a Rural Railway: the Wensleydale Line By CHRISTINE HALLAS HE impact of the railway on the social broad valley floor, it forms one of the and economic life of rural com- traditional routes through the Pennines. The T munities has been the subject of much branch line serving the dale ran from general comment but, apart from D W Northallerton to Garsdale Head but this Howell's study of the influence of the paper is concerned only with the Wensley- railway on agriculture in Wales, no detailed dale line proper, that is the twenty-two mile research appears to have been undertaken. ~ stretch between Leyburn and Garsdale Head This paper seeks to redress this omission, in (see Fig I). part, by examining the impact which the Wensleydale railway, in facilitating the more rapid movement of goods and people, had I on the life of the rural community which it Despite many proposals between the 184os served. In particular, it examines the role of and I86OS a railway line was not constructed the railway in stimulating the development through Wensleydale until the I87OS.3 In of both traditional and new industries, and 187o the North Eastern Railway Company how this contributed to the fuller integration (NER), motivated by a desire to protect its of the social and economic life of the dale into interests from encroachment by rival that of its wider region and the nation at companies, successfully promoted a scheme large. for the construction of a sixteen-mile line Wensleydale is one of the relatively between Leyburn and Hawes. The scheme isolated north Yorkshire dales which proposed the continuation of the existing shoulder the eastern flank of the north central NER Northallerton to Leyburn line, which Pennines. It lies at the heart of an extensive had been opened to Bedale in I855 and to area of rural upland situated between the Leyburn in I856. The new line would industrial towns of West Yorkshire to the connect with the Midland Company's south, Lancashire to the south-east, and the proposed six-mile branch line linking Tees, Wear and Tyne estuaries to the Hawes with the Settle-Carlisle line at north-east. With its east-west alignment and Garsdale Head. 4 ' 1 am indebted to DrJohn Chartres for his helpthl comnlents on an Construction of the NER Leyburn- earlier draft of this paper, which is part of a wider study of social and Hawes line commenced in 1873 and was economic change in nineteenth century Wensleydale and Swaledale. completed in late I876. s The construction 2D W Howell, 'Tile Impact of P,ailways on Agricultural had a direct impact on the economy of the l')evelopment in Nineteenth Century Wales', The Welsh Histor), Review, 7, 1974-5. See also H W Parris, 'P, ailways in the Northern dale in terms of land purchase and payment Pennines to z88o', unpublished M A thesis, University of Leeds, of compensation; the purchase of some 1954, pp 27~8 L Parris briefly comments on the fact that tile railway in the dales had some small impact but mainta!ns tbat it was insignificant and that there was no real expansiol~ of econonlie A detailed discussion of these proposals can be found in C S Hallas, activity as tile result of railway development. N M Mason, The Wensleydale Raihvay, Clapbam, 1984, pp 4-18. 'Urtprofitable Railway Cmnpanies in England and Wales '* Parris, op eit, pp 130-76passim, 224-5,236-7. 1845-x923, with Special Reference to the South Midlands', "~ The Darlington and Stockton Times, 22 February 1873, stated that the unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 1982, pp 330-46, building of tbe line had not commenced. Tbe Richmond and Ripon makes passing reference to tile impact of a railway on rural Chronicle, I November 1873, reported that tile construction was communities. well under way. 29 ii ~i¸ 3 ° THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW _i! i ~: i~ I I I E./ ~ o>,--- i: !i 0 IEI,- ~""-' ~ ~~' .~"~ ,- o ~ ~ ,~ " I~ ?" ~ ,~i °, .0; ~. "oo,!~-~ ,~ "~ I I~ ~ ..~u~ ~ I ..- =° s'l / ~ % ~- IYll :::::" m E .:::. II "I~ ..... I X /i} °-" "* ° II, fi{:ii-~L._, oo\ \ ~ "~v~\,., {-~.X o :::::::::L/' :1 >, ~1\~- ~~!i:::i!\ .............. I'-I 0 " ::::::::: O "::::::::::::u:~:: // ~ ~..::.:...:...\ x<:.....:........::.. ::::' ':' ::::: :::::::::" "" I' : : : ''~.,..~ ~ : : >, ::::: o.. :::: :':: :::::q~ ~l/ & ~'::: ::i.:!i:: i:i!!iC u\.J m .*" ,,. '::: L :::~ :~:: ' d,~,~," o ~ >-, ............. :::::::::..:::( -,~ ............... ................................... ~ ............... -% ~..:::::::::::::............. E • :::::::::::.::::::~ :!i:. ':iiiiiiiiiiii:!: !i!il = "8 ::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::: '~.~.. :. ...Q '::: ::::::::::::::::: : ......... ,7 (~ ..........:~_15~ ~~ .............::::::: ::. ::::! ~r~ ~I ~ "Uo •..:::: : : ~ :::::: :: :::.::" .::::: o ======================== II "I- iiiiiiiiTii:iiii:!i:' :i!iii: ~ i iiiii~:j: :::i!:iiiiifiiiiii!i!i:!iii: . ... f~:i i!ii i ~iil i ~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ' # ~!i~i ii!i::i: iii]i] iiiii!!i!iii!iiiiii!::i::!::i::: : :-.-,. ~: ~i i il i!'~ :: ~:: z.,+---,~ :K':~::::::!!!!i~.! i:i.:ii.A~'_) ', ('~ ~ :5i?~---~._.): ::: ::~, ~ /:'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.~ :.z:~::::..: ............ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::============================ " "o ~l," ~§ ": ... • ~'~,~ ............................................ >:, ~=I~• ~ ,_ .. ~'×(/x--r::":::\~,~ ~=';~= -~. ;.T-~ I! .. ................... :::::::::::::::::::::: ~ d ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .... !i!~: THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A RURAL RAILWAY: THE WENSLEYDALE LINE 3 I materials locally; employment opportuni- of construction in the mid I87OS.9 This in ties for local labour; and the spending power turn would have stimulated local production generated by the arrival of a substantial and employment.~° Assuming an employ- non-indigenous workforce. 6 ment multiplier of 1.3, an additional cash Although no record exists of the number flow of £3852 would have been generated oflabourers employed in the construction of which, with a local average annual wage of the NER line, some indication can be gained £ 18, would have had the potential of creating by a projection based on the numbers 914 new jobs in the area. I~ employed on the Midland branch. In 1871, Approximately 16 per cent of the navvies 164 railway labourers were based near the at the Moorcock settlement were from Moorcock Inn, Upper Wensleydale and Wensleydale. Projecting this percentage to were employed in constructing the six miles the whole line would give a total of of line between Hawes and Garsdale Head. ninety-six local men employed on railway The total length of the Wensleydale line construction in the mid 187os. Assuming a (Leyburn to Garsdale Head) was twenty- family size multiplier of 4.7, this would two miles, of which the Midland branch, suggest that directly and indirectly the therefore, represented a little over 27 per railway construction provided the principal cent. If it is assumed that the labour livelihood for some 451 local people. This employed was in direct proportion to the would represent 5.5 per cent of the 1871 length of line, approximately 600 workers Wensleydale population of 8176 and, may have been employed on railway therefore, possibly about IO per cent of the construction in Wensleydale in the mid dale's workforce, i2 I87OS. 7 The NER line was opened between From the foregoing it is possible to Leyburn and Askrigg on I February 1877 estimate an annual wages bill of £38,5zo. 8 and extended to Hawes on l June 1878, after Making the conservative assumption that the Midland Company had completed the one third of the navvies' wages were spent construction of Hawes Station. 13 The within Wensleydale, this would have Midland branch, between Hawes and represented an annual injection of£I2,84o Hawes Junction at Garsdale Head, opened into the economy of Wensleydale at the peak on I October 1878, completing the link between the East Coast route and the Settle-Carlisle line, and establishing for the first time good communication between Wensleydale and the rest of England. 14 The " NER Report of Directors .lbr Ha!f Year ending 3t December ~873, document in tile possession of Mrs Yardley. Additional line was served by stations at Leyburn, information supplied by M Wcathcrald, a director of tile local Wensley, Redmire, Aysgarth, Askrigg and building firm which had the contract for maintaining the stations on tile line. Hawes. Hawes was a joint station, built by 7 PRO, RG to/4871, Census Enumerators' Handbooks (hereafter the Midland Company and manned by NER CEB), 187L Such indications as exist appear to suggest that the sixteen-mile N ER L0yburn to Hawes line and the six-nfile Midland Hawes to Garsdale Head line took approximately tile same time to 9 It is probable that a higher proportion of the wages of the NER construct ie two and a half to three years. After making allowance navvies was spent in the locality, as the NER line passed through for the clear differences in the rate and cost of construction per mile villages at approximately four-mile intervals and, therefore, local between the two lines, it is assumed that tile labour force at any one services may well have been used by the navvies. point in time would have been more or less in proportion to tile '° Local people were not slow to take advantage of the influx and on lengths of the two lines. occasions charged inflated prices. Bedale arm Northallerton Times, 8 x Based on an 80 per cent unskilled workforce, see T R Gourvish, February 1879. Raihvays and the British Economy 183o-q914, 198o, p 20; a table of " This is an employment multiplier drawn from the modern weekly wages, 1843 to 1869, for a major railway contractor's economy. It has been assumed that it is appropriate to a labour employees and quoted in T Coleman, The Railway N,wvies, x967, intensive occupation such as railway construction. p 6I; and Coleman's subsequent general comments on wage rates t., PRO, RG to/4868-7I, CEB, t87t. on the Settle-Carlisle construction, It is proposed to present further ,1 Bedale and Northallerton Times, 1o August 1878. details in a future article. ,4 Darlington and Richmond Herald, 5 October t 878. 11i lii! l ' 3 2 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW ~:l ~ staff.
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