TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia - Solid Waste Management Team (46248-001) Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan Mahasarakhan NovemberOctober 2015 2016 Integrated SWM Plan Disclaimers This Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan shall not constitute the basis of any contract which may be concluded for the exchange of notes. The recipient must rely on its own enquiries and on the terms and conditions contained in any agreement, when and if finally executed, subject to such limitations or restrictions as may be specified therein. AECOM will devote normal professional efforts compatible with the time and budget available in performing the Services. AECOM's findings represent its reasonable judgments within the time and budget context of its commission and utilising the information available to it at the time of performing the Services. AECOM are making projections/recommendations based upon limited information that has been made available to them; such projections/recommendations are subject to many factors that are beyond the control of AECOM; and AECOM thus make no representations or warranties with respect to such projections/recommendations and disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy of any estimates, projections and recommendations. Any opinion expressed by AECOM concerning the revenue, capex and opex is based on the generally accepted engineering practice in effect at the time of the assignment and information that has been supplied to AECOM by the Client and others in connection with the assignment. Any indication of cost would be in the form of an ‘order of magnitude estimate’, which should only be considered as an early indication of cost and in no case be considered as the actual costs. Such opinions are subject to risks and uncertainties that are beyond the control of AECOM. The passage of time may result in changes in technology, economic & market conditions, competitive factors, site variations, new products, company’s policy or regulatory provisions which would render the opinions inaccurate. Thus AECOM makes no representations or warranties with respect to such opinion or recommendation and disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any opinion or estimates. TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page i Integrated SWM Plan Contents Executive Summary xi City Summary and Project xii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. What is an ISWM Plan 1 1.2. Development Context for an ISWM Plan 2 1.3. Implementation Arrangements for the ISWM Plan 5 2. ISWM Plan Background 6 2.1. Overview of Solid Waste Management Locally 6 2.2. Legislative Environment 6 2.2.1. National 6 2.2.2. Provincial 7 2.2.3. Municipal 7 2.3. Institutional Environment 7 2.4. Previous Studies and Investigations 8 2.5. Proposed Guiding Framework 8 3. City/Municipal Profile 10 3.1. Historical Background 10 3.2. Geographical Location and Boundaries 10 3.3. Population 10 3.4. Land Area and Topography 11 3.5. Climate 11 3.6. Current Disposal Site Soils and Hydrogeology Details 11 4. Waste Audits and Load Determination 12 4.1. Introduction 12 4.2. Previous Waste Audits 12 4.3. Waste Audit Results 12 4.4. Mass Loads 12 4.5. Waste Components 13 4.6. Discussion of Results 13 4.6.1. Paper 13 4.6.2. Glass 13 4.6.3. Plastic Bags 14 4.6.4. Metals 15 4.6.5. Food Waste 15 4.6.6. Greenwaste 16 4.6.7. Stone and ceramic 16 4.6.8. Household Hazardous Waste 16 4.6.9. Miscellaneous 16 4.7. Detailed Comparison with other Waste Audits 16 5. Legal Environment for 3Rs 18 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page ii Integrated SWM Plan 5.1. Mandatory Solid Waste Diversion 18 5.2. Timetable for Mandatory Solid Waste Diversion 18 6. Waste Minimisation Approach 20 6.1. Integrated Resource Recovery (IRR) 20 6.2. Legislation 20 6.2.1. Container Deposit Legislation (CDL) 20 6.2.2. Packaging and Plastic Bag Legislation 21 6.2.3. Prohibition of Non-Environmentally Acceptable Packaging 21 6.3. Education 21 6.4. Landfill Scavengers 22 6.5. Pricing 22 6.5.1. “Pay as You Throw” Charging Policy 22 6.6. Household Hazardous Waste Management 23 6.7. Special Wastes 24 6.8. Adopted Approach 24 7. Approach to Recycling 26 7.1. Introduction 26 7.2. Background 26 7.2.1. Evaluation of Existing Programs 26 7.2.2. Junk Shops and Pricing 27 7.2.3. NGO’s 28 7.3. Issues Limiting Recycling 28 7.3.1. Categories of Recyclable Wastes for Diversion 28 7.3.2. New and Expanded Recycling Facilities 28 7.3.3. Demand for Products Containing Recovered Materials 29 7.4. Specific Waste Types 29 7.5. Adopted Approach 29 7.5.1. Overview 29 7.5.2. Recycling Program 30 7.5.3. Implementation Schedule 31 8. Organics Composting 32 8.1. Introduction 32 8.2. Suitable Materials for Composting 32 8.3. Greenwaste 33 8.4. Food waste 33 8.5. Composting Scale Options 34 8.5.1. Domestic Scale 34 8.5.2. Neighbourhood 35 8.5.3. Large Scale Composting/Mulching 35 8.6. Market Development Activities 38 8.7. Alternative Biodegradation Schemes 38 8.8. Summary 38 8.9. Adopted Approach 40 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page iii Integrated SWM Plan 9. Population Projections and Waste Generation 41 9.1. Background 41 9.2. Waste Generation Allowance 41 9.3. Collection Allowance 41 9.4. Recycling Allowances 41 9.5. Soil Cover Allowance 42 9.6. Compaction Allowance 42 9.7. Waste settlement 43 9.8. Airspace Consumption 43 10. Development and Evaluation of Collection Alternatives 46 10.1. Background 46 10.2. Collection System Planning 46 10.3. Household/commercial production, storage and collection 47 10.4. Primary waste collection 47 10.4.1. Adopted Primary Waste Collection System 51 10.5. Secondary collection 51 10.5.1. Adopted Secondary Waste Collection System 53 11. Review of Waste Processing and Disposal Options 54 11.1. RDF 54 11.2. Incineration 55 11.3. Pit Burners 55 11.4. Baling 55 11.5. Composting 56 11.6. “Zero Waste” Integrated Approach 56 11.7. International Comparisons 57 11.8. Summary 57 12. Review of Current Disposal Site 58 12.1. Background 58 12.2. Site overview and Surrounds 58 12.3. Hydrogeology 58 12.4. Site design and operations 58 12.5. Leachate treatment and disposal 59 12.6. Site capacity 60 12.7. Site equipment and soil cover requirements 60 12.8. Summary of operation 60 12.9. Remediation Priorities 61 12.10. Inert Waste 61 12.11. Contemporary Waste 62 12.12. Parallel Operating Period 62 13. Appropriate Standard for a Waste Disposal Facility 64 14. Controlled Landfill Development 66 14.1. Introduction 66 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page iv Integrated SWM Plan 14.2. Site selection 66 14.3. Landfill Configuration 67 14.3.1. Initial Stage 67 14.3.2. Subsequent stages 67 14.4. Landfill Gas 68 14.5. Surface Water Management 69 14.6. Leachate Management 69 14.7. Maximising Landfill Capacity 71 14.8. Site equipment 71 14.9. Summary 72 15. Management of Specific Waste Types 73 15.1. Summary of Waste Categories 73 15.2. Acceptable Wastes (General) 73 15.3. Difficult Wastes (but always Acceptable) 73 15.4. Special Wastes (sometimes Acceptable) 74 15.5. Prohibited Wastes 74 15.6. Pathogenic and Medical Waste 75 15.7. Household Hazardous Waste 76 16. Climate Change Issues 77 17. Privatisation Opportunities 81 17.1. Background 81 17.2. Value for Money Concept 81 17.3. Modality Options for Privatisation 82 17.3.1. Background 82 17.3.2. Service Contracts 83 17.3.3. Management Contracts 83 17.3.4. Concession Contracts 83 17.3.5. Build Operate Transfer (BOT) contracts 84 17.4. Suitable Aspects for Privatisation Locally 85 17.4.1. Waste Segregation and Recovery 85 17.4.2. Collection 85 17.4.3. Recycling/Composting 85 17.4.4. Disposal 85 17.5. Adopted Approach 86 18. Controlled Landfill Costs 87 18.1. Background 87 18.2. First Stage Capital Costs 87 18.2.1. Landfill Construction Cost 87 18.2.2. Earthworks 87 18.2.3. Buildings 87 18.2.4. Road works 87 18.2.5. Site infrastructure 88 18.2.6. Landfill equipment 88 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page v Integrated SWM Plan 18.2.7. Site remediation 88 18.3. Operating Costs 89 18.3.1. Salaries 89 18.3.2. Equipment 89 18.3.3. Cover material 90 18.3.4. Miscellaneous 90 18.3.5. Summary 90 18.4. IEC Campaign 90 19. Resources and Funding 91 19.1. Identify Project Costs 91 19.2. Internal Funding Opportunities 91 19.3. External Funding Opportunities 92 20. Information, Education and Communication Campaign 93 20.1. Introduction 93 20.2. Possible Community Training Elements 96 20.2.1. Operator Training 97 20.3. Possible Communications Strategy Elements 97 20.3.1. Institutional responsibility 97 20.3.2. Mass media awareness through television spots 97 20.3.3. Community outreach through contracted NGOs 98 20.3.4. Schools program 98 20.3.5. General awareness 99 20.4. Communications Approach 99 20.5. Delivery 100 20.6. Coordination 101 20.7. Monitoring 101 20.8. Present IEC Content and Delivery 101 20.8.1. Community 102 20.8.2. Temple 103 20.8.3. School 103 20.8.4. Entrepreneur 103 20.8.5.