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______Review Article

Pharmacological Review on coronarium Koen. : The White Ginger Lily

1* 1 1 2 Chaithra B , Satish S , Karunakar Hegde , A R Shabaraya 1Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, . 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, India. ______ABSTRACT K. () is a rhizomatous flowering popularly called white ginger lily. It is found to have various ethnomedicinal and ornamental significance. The plant is native to tropical Asia and the Himalayas. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of India.1 Its is used in the treatment of diabetes. Traditionally it is used for the treatment of tonsillitis, infected nostrils, tumor and fever. It is also used as antirheumatic, excitant, febrifuge and tonic. It has been reported that the essential oil extracted from leaves, flowers and rhizome of the plant have molluscicidal activity, potent inhibitory action, antimicrobial activities, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and analgesic effects. This paper reports on its pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiurolithiatic, antinociceptive, CNS depressant, cancer chemoprevention and anticancer, Antimicrobial, Mosquito Larvicidal, cytotoxicity activity.

Keywords: Hedychium coronarium, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiurolithiatic, Mosquito larvicidal.

INTRODUCTION India is rich in ethnic diversity and indigenous The medicinal are rich in secondary knowledge that has resulted in exhaustive metabolites, which are potential sources of ethnobotanical studies. Plants have been the drugs and essential oils of therapeutic major source of drugs in medicine and other importance. Medicinal plants are widely used ancient systems in the world. In Ayurveda, in various ailments, because of their safety drugs are in general called as “Aushadha” or besides being economical, effective and their “Bhesaja” which means that it cures pain and easy availability. According to a survey (1993) sorrowful experiences. The plant sources of of World Health Organisation (WHO), the drugs are called “Aushadhi”. Plant drugs form practitioners of traditional system of medicine the lion’s share of traditional drugs.1 Many treat about 80% of patients in India, 85% in plant species, possessing medicinally Burma and 90% in .2 important compounds, are disappearing at an In traditional systems of medicine the Indian alarming rate due to destruction of its natural medicinal plants have been used in successful habitats owning to rapid agricultural management of various disease conditions like development, urbanization, indiscriminate bronchial asthma, chronic fever, cold, cough, deforestation and uncontrolled collection of malaria, dysentery, convulsions, diabetes, plant materials. diarrhoea, arthritis, emetic syndrome, skin In present pharmaceutical field, plants form the diseases, insect bite etc. and in treatment of major sources for medicines, as the large gastric, hepatic, cardiovascular & number of drugs in use are obtained from immunological disorders.3 plants, like vasicine from Adhatoda vasica, Although 20000 plants species are used in Boswellic acid from Boswellia serrata, traditional medicine, most species have not momordicosides from Momordica charantia, been thoroughly examined chemically and Levodopa from Mucuna pruriens, phyllanthin pharmacologically. The present review article from Phyllanthus amarus, Terestrosins from gives an account on different screening Tribulus terestris etc. models used in various pharmacognostic

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 4 I Oct – Dec I 2017

ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 832 activities of the plant Hedychium coronarium K. Hedychium, popularly called ginger lily is a rhizomatous belonging to family Zingiberaceae. The plant is native to tropical Asia and the Himalayas. India has rich diversity of ginger lily with 44 taxa, which includes 31 species and 13 varieties and is mainly distributed in Northeast India and South India. 24 species of Hedychium, a of Zingiberaceae had been reported in Northeast India, out of the 65 valid taxon in the world which indicates its highest species concentration in this region. The Zingiberaceae plant Hedychium coronarium K. has many common names like butterfly ginger, butterfly lily, cinnamon , garland flower Hedychium coronarium plant 4 and ginger lily. Plants from genus Hedychium Koenig THERAPEUTIC USES (Zingiberaceae) are herbs with perennial Hedychium coronarium is an erect tuberous rootstocks; root fibres hardly rhizomatous herb. It is cultivated in tropical thickened; stem elongate, leafy. Leaves and subtropical regions of India. The plant is distichous, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers widely utilized in traditional medicine systems usually in terminal spikes; bracts oblong, wherever it grows, although applications vary subcoriaceous, one or more flowered. Calyx by region. This plant has tremendous tubular, 3-toothed. Corolla tube long, slender, medicinal properties and its various parts are lobes equal, linear, spreading. Perfect stamen used in traditional as well as modern 1; lateral staminodes linear or cuneate-oblong. medicine.6 Its are consumed by local Lip large, 2-fid. Ovary 3-celled; ovule many, people of Manipur. It is used as a febrifuge, superposed on axile placentas; style long, tonic, excitant and anti- rheumatic in the filiform; stigma subglobose. Fruit a globose 3- Ayurvedic system of traditional Indian valved capsule. Seeds many, small, with a medicine. It has been reported that its 5 lacerate aerial. rhizomes are used for the treatment of diabetes, tonsillitis, infected nostrils, tumor and CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS fever.7The local people of Manipur consume Previous phytochemical investigations showed its rhizomes as vegetable. Its rhizome is used that the plant contains the diterpenes- in the treatment of diabetes. Traditionally it is coronarinA, coronarin B, coronarin C, used for the treatment of tonsillitis, infected coronarin D and isocoronarin D. Studies also nostrils, tumor and fever. It is also used as showed the presence of phenolic compounds, antirheumatic, excitant, febrifuge and tonic. It flavonoids, protein, steroids and triterpenoids, has been reported that the essential oil cardiac glycosides, diterpene, tannin, saponin extracted from leaves, flowers and rhizome of and oil but tested negative for the presence of the plant have molluscicidal activity, potent alkaloids in the rhizomes of the plant. inhibitory action, antimicrobial activities, Phlobatannin was present in the methanolic antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and 1 rhizome extract of H. coronarium . Forty six analgesic effects.1 compounds were identified in the rhizome oil Studies have indicated the potential analgesic, of H. coronarium. The main components anti-inflammatory activity8, anti-urolithiatic identified were linalool, limonene, trans-meta- activity9, anti-nociceptive activity10, CNS mentha, 2,8diene, γ-terpinene and 10-epi-γ- depressant activity11 in the extract of their 5 eudismol. Essential oil from the flowers were rhizomes. The essential oil from the flowers investigated and a total of 29 components were studied for their anti-oxidant and anti- were identified and the main constituents inflammatory activities.12 whereas the essential included β-transocimenone, linalool, 1,8- oil obtained from the rhizomes was studied for cineole, α-terpineol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, its anti-bacterial activity.5 The labdane sabinene and terpinen-4-ol. diterpenes were isolated from rhizomes and their cancer chemopreventive potential was evaluated.13 Antimicrobial, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antioxidant Properties were studied in Leaf and Rhizome extracts.14

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Rhizome oh Hedychium coronarium K

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES essential oils revealed antimicrobial 1. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY activity against all the five cultures. Successive hexane, chloroform and Hedychium coronarium rhizome methanol extracts of the rhizome of essential oil extract elucidated Hedychium coronarium Koen were maximum efficacy against Proteus subjected to evaluate analgesic and vulgaris and Pseudomonas anti-inflammatory activities in animal aeruginosa followed by Salmonella model. In acetic acid-induced writhing typhi, E. coli and Staphylococcus test, the chloroform and methanol aureus.5 extract at doses of 400 mg/kg body weight showed marked inhibition of 3. ANTI-UROLITHIASIS writhing reflex. Both the chloroform Urolithiasis or Lithiasis is a and methanol extracts showed consequence of complex physical significant elongation of tail flick time processes. Crystals retained in kidney at this dose. In carrageenan induced can become nucleus for stone rat paw edema test, the chloroform formation. In this study, ethanolic & and methanol extracts at at this dose aqueous extracts of roots and showed statistically significant rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium J. inhibition of paw edema after Koenig plant were evaluated for their carrageenan injection. Although potential to dissolve experimentally different extracts of H. coronarium prepared kidney stones like calcium exhibited significant analgesic and oxalate by titrimetic method with an anti-inflammatory activities, the exact invitro model. This study evaluates mechanisms underlying the observed antilithiatic activity in vitro of different pharmacological effects can only be extracts of H. coronarium J. Koenig elucidated after isolation of active roots and rhizomes and a standard constituents using a wide range of drug cystone. From the study results, experimental models.8 it is observed that ethanolic roots and rhizomes extract produced the highest 2. ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY dissolution of calcium oxalate stones The essential oil obtained from in comparison to other extract. This rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium study has given primary evidence that Koenig was analysed by GC and GC- this plant possess lithontriptic MS. Forty six compounds representing property.9, 15 98.7 % of H. coronarium oil were identified. These oils showed 4. ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY antibacterial activity against five Antioxidants play an important role as pathogenic bacteria, viz. Escherichia health protecting factor. Scientific coli, Staphylococcus aureus, evidence suggests that antioxidants Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas reduce the risk for chronic diseases aeruoginosa and Proteus vulgaris. The including cancer and heart disease. A

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rapid, simple and inexpensive method cross and open field test in mice. The to measure antioxidant capacity of extract displayed dose dependent food involves the use of the free suppression of motor activity and radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl exploratory behavior in mice in the (DPPH) which is widely used to test tested models. From the study. It the ability of compounds to act as free could be concluded that the plant radical scavengers or hydrogen extract possesses remarkable CNS donors and to evaluate antioxidant depressant activity which may be activity. Hence, the study has been mediated through the depression of undertaken to evaluate H. coronarium central mechanism of pain, thereby J. koenig plant for their possible lends support to the traditional use of antioxidant action by DPPH the plant in pain and inflammatory scavenging method. This study disorders. However, further studies showed alcoholic extract of roots & are needed to be conducted to rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium J. understand the exact mechanisms of Koenig plant in higher concentration CNS depressant by isolating the possess best antioxidant potential as compound responsible for such compare to standard ascorbic acid actions.11 with IC50 value 9.0 and 18.9 µg/ml. for ascorbic acid and alcoholic extract 7. CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION respectively. Isolated phytoconstituent ACTIVITY from alcoholic extract of this plant was The study was aimed at investigation 8a, hydroxy hedychilactone and its of cancer chemopreventive activity of structure was confirmed by IR, NMR Hedychium coronarium k. Three and Mass spectroscopic datas.9,12 labdane diterpenes [isocoronarin D, methoxycoronarin D, ethoxycoronarin 5. ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY D and benzoyl eugenol were isolated The study is based on the from rhizomes and their investigation of antinociceptive activity chemopreventive potential was observed from the methanolic extract evaluated using in vitro assays, of the rhizomes of Hedychium namely the inhibition of NF-NB, COX-1 coronarium. Tail immersion method in and -2, the induction of antioxidant mice has been used for the evaluation response element (ARE), and the of the central pharmacological actions. inhibition of cell proliferation. The Similarly acetic-acid induced writhing- results indicate that the cancer test was used for the evaluation of the chemoprevention effect of the labdane peripheral pharmacological properties. diterpenes from H. coronarium most A substantial rise in pain threshold is probably involve the inhibition of NF- seen in a dose dependent manner NB, which may also account for the with the methanolic extract of the alleged anti-inflammatory activity of rhizomes of H. coronarium. From this the plant. An increase in the study, it could be concluded that the liposolubility of these labdanes plant extract of H. coronarium is increased NF-NB inhibition and known to possess significant decreased cytotoxicity.13 antinociceptive properties that could be mediated from the depression in 8. ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES the central mechanism of pain, The essential oil, methanolic and enhancing the support of the plant for aqueous extracts of the leaves and use in pain and inflammatorydisorders. rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium However, it is essential to study further Koen. (Zingiberaceae) were assayed to understand the exact mechanisms for their antimicrobial activity. The leaf underlying in the compound(s) yet to and rhizome essential oil displayed be isolated that could be responsible significant antimicrobial activity, as for the antinociceptive properties.10 determined by the disc-diffusion method, inhibiting the growth of all five 6. CNS DEPRESSANT fungal and four bacterial strains The study was aimed to investigate tested. The strongest activity of leaf oil the neuropharmacological actions of was observed againstC.glabrata, the methanolic extract of rhizomes of followed byM. furfur and C. albicans, Hedychium coronarium using hole- whereas the strongest activity of

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rhizome oil was observed against C. Somarjit Singh and G. C. Bag. glabrata, followed by C. albicans and Comparative Study Of Phytochemical M. furfur. The antimicrobial nature of Constituents And Total Phenolic the essential oil from several Content In The Extracts Of Three Hedychium species was related to Different Species Of Genus their high terpenoid contents.14,16 Hedychium. Int J of PharmTech Res. 2013;5(2):601-606. 9. MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY 5. Om Prakash, M. Rajput, Mahesh The essential oil, methanolic and Kumar, A.K. Pant. Chemical aqueous extracts of the leaves and Composition and Antibacterial Activity rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium of Rhizome Oils From Hedychium Koen. (Zingiberaceae) were assayed coronarium Koenig and Hedychium for their mosquito larvicidal properties spicatum. Buch-Ham. J of Essential against Aedes aegypti larvae. Both the Oil Bearing Plants. 2010; 13(2):250- leaf oil the rhizome oil showed the 259. larvicidal activity. β-Pinene, α-pinene 6. Tailor Chandra shekhar, Goyal anju. A and 1,8-cineol in H. coronarium serve comprehensive review on Hedychium as the principal larvicidal components coronarium J Koenig. Int. J. Res. of both oils. H. coronarium essential oil Ayurveda Pharm. 2015; 6(1):98-100. could be considered as a contribution 7. Kh. Lemino Singh, G.C. Bag. to the search for new biodegradable Phytochemical Analysis and larvicides of natural origin.14 Determination of Total Phenolics Content in Water Extracts of Three CONCLUSION Species Of Hedychium. Int J of Various parts of the plant Hedychium PharmTech Res. 2013; 5(4):1516- coronarium K has been widely studied in 1521. different areas for its pharmacological activities 8. Sangeeta shrotriya, mohammad s ali, by utilizing several experimental screening achinto saha, sitesh c bachar, md. S models and based on the previous research islam. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic works, it could be concluded that this plant has effects of hedychium coronarium koen. the potential to be explored as a natural Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.2007; 20(1):42-47. medicinal source. It is alleged that the 9. Chandra shekhar tailor, anju goyal. comprehensive information presented in this Isolation of phytoconstituents and in review on its pharmacological activities offer vitro antilithiatic by titrimetic method, enticement for proper evaluation of the uses of antioxidant activity by 1,1- diphenyl -2- various parts of this plant in medicine. The use picryl hydrazyl scavenging assay of this plant as conventional drug requires method of alcoholic roots & rhizomes further medico-chemical investigation. extract of hedychium coronarium j. Koenig plant species. Asian J Pharm REFERENCES Clin Res. 2015; 8(4):225-229. 1. Kh. Lemino Singh, L. Ranjit Singh, P. 10. Poonam Singh, Surendra Raman. Grihanjali Devi, N. Romabati Devi, L. Antinociceptive activity of methanolic Somarjit Singh, G. C. Bag. extract of the rhizomes of hedychium Comparative Study of Phytochemical coronarium. Asian J of Sci and Tech. Constituents and Total Phenolic 2015; 6(1):980-983. Content In The Extracts Of Three 11. Pritesh Ranjan Dash, Mahmuda Different Species Of Genus Nasrin, Moni Rani Saha. Evaluation of Hedychium. Int J of PharmTech Res. analgesic and neuropharmacological 2013; 5(2):601-606 activities of methanolic rhizome extract 2. S. Neelufar Shama. A mine of of hedychium coronarium. Int J of medicinal uses: ocimum sanctum, the Pharma Sci and Res. 2011; 2(4):979- holy basil. Int J of Pharm Review & 984. Res. 2012; 2(2):69-74. 12. Y. Lu, C. X. Zhong, L. Wang, C. Lu, X. 3. Ekta Singh, Sheel Sharma, Jaya L. Li, P. J. Wang. Anti-inflammation Dwivedi, Swapnil Sharma Diversified activity and chemical composition of potentials of Ocimum sanctum Linn flower essential oil from Hedychium (Tulsi): An exhaustive survey. J. Nat. coronarium. African Journal of Prod. Plant Resour. 2012; 2 (1):39-48. Biotechnology. 2009; 8(20):5373- 4. Kh. Lemino Singh, L. Ranjit Singh, P. 5377. Grihanjali Devi, N. Romabati Devi, L.

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