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Commercial Scale Penaeid Shrimp Demonstration in Inland Freshwater Systems

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Commercial Scale Penaeid Shrimp Demonstration in Inland Freshwater Systems See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228735900 Commercial scale Penaeid shrimp demonstration in inland freshwater systems Article CITATIONS READS 2 222 3 authors: Ferdinand Wirth Durwood Dugger Saint Joseph's University (PA, USA) BCI, Inc. 86 PUBLICATIONS 1,005 CITATIONS 13 PUBLICATIONS 88 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Leroy Creswell University of Florida 26 PUBLICATIONS 235 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Marine Shrimp RAS production in fresh water. UF and FDACs View project Containment Area Aquaculture Demonstration Program View project All content following this page was uploaded by Leroy Creswell on 29 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Commercial Scale Penaeid Shrimp Demonstration in Inland Freshwater Systems Final Project Report for Cost Reimbursable Contract 007188 between FL DACS, Division of Aquaculture and University of Florida, IFAS Submitted December 15, 2004 by: Ferdinand F. Wirth, Ph.D. University of Florida, IFAS, Food and Resource Economics Department Indian River REC, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 Durwood M. Dugger BioCepts International Inc. 5618 N. Old Dixie Hwy., Fort Pierce, FL 34945 LeRoy Creswell St. Lucie County Cooperative Extension 8400 Picos Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 Funding for this project provided by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Funding for this project provided by the Florida Department of Agriculture Services, Charles H. Bronson, Commissioner and Consumer Services, Charles H. Bronson, Commissioner. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Background Information 1 2 Facility Design and Construction 35 3 Shrimp Production Results 56 4 Economics and Marketing Research 82 5 Outreach and Information Dissemination 96 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY 103 APPENDICES 111 ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION Introduction Persistent low returns for citrus and the development and spread of diseases such as citrus canker and citrus tristeza virus have prompted citrus growers in central and south Florida to seek alternative or supplementary crops. Aquaculture, the production of aquatic plants and animals in a controlled environment, is one of the fastest growing sectors of U.S. agriculture, and there is strong interest in aquaculture among Florida citrus growers, especially in the Indian River area. Shrimp aquaculture, using the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), has been practiced in Florida for 30 years. However, due to the competition for coastal land, it has primarily been limited to research, brood stock and hatchery operations. The establishment of a large marine shrimp aquaculture industry in Florida using traditional culture locations and techniques based upon saltwater and coastal land use is probably infeasible due to high land costs, competing land uses, and environmental regulations. Development of the aquaculture industry in coastal areas is also criticized on the basis of potential contamination from aquaculture effluents, construction of unsightly facilities that may discourage tourism, and obstruction to coastal navigation. In addition, there are often conflicts between fish farmers and commercial fishermen in coastal regions. Over the past 6-7 years, a few individuals and researchers have experimented with acclimating L. vannamei at approximately 3 weeks of age (minimum PL12) from saltwater to freshwater and culturing the resulting animals to market size in fresh waters high in dissolved minerals, especially chlorides, typical of the Floridan aquifer. The groundwater from the Floridan aquifer, a series of limestone strata that underlie most of the state of Florida, has the correct mineral balance to support these species. The Floridan is an abundant supply of water that is relatively unused in South Florida. In many parts of South Florida it does not meet state drinking water standards due to high levels of dissolved solids and chlorides, although farmers may use it for irrigation when higher quality water is not available. The South Florida Water Management District or SFWMD comprises parts or all of the 16 counties in South Florida. In these counties, total dissolved solids and chloride concentrations range from 250 to greater than 1,000 ppm in the Floridan aquifer with concentrations generally increasing with depth of the aquifer (Lichtler, 1972, Edwards 1989, SFWMD 1998). Many parts of the Floridan exceed 1,000 ppm chlorides and have been known to reach 2,000 ppm or more. Surficial aquifer waters, overlying the Floridan aquifer, range from 0-500 ppm chlorides and from 500 to over 1,000 ppm total dissolved solids (SFWMD 1998). Thus, use of water from the Floridan aquifer to culture marine shrimp would have limited impact on the overall management of water resources in South Florida. 1 Farms in South Florida account for over half of the state’s agricultural value and many of these farms have Floridan aquifer wells in place. These inland sites are already zoned and prepared for agriculture, and environmental concerns and competition with other uses and users would be tremendously decreased by the use of inland rather than coastal sites for aquaculture. With its abundant supply of suitable fresh water, warm climate, and strong agricultural industry, Florida has excellent potential for culturing marine shrimp species that can be acclimated to freshwater at inland sites. The various projects and experiments culturing L. vannamei in Florida have thus far not been convincingly economically feasible, and further have not been sufficiently coordinated or consolidated. There is a need to publicly demonstrate inland shrimp culture in fresh waters in outdoor, but closed, systems of a commercially large enough size and that exhibit greater control over production variables, including diseases and waste management. The project is a partnership for a commercial scale demonstration of farming marine shrimp in a freshwater aquaculture system. The project is designed to prove feasibility of these technologies to existing farmers, ranchers, grove owners, and others in rural communities, as a means to stimulate economic activity through new crop revenues, job retention and job growth. This community driven project includes direct participation of farmers and businesses in designing, consulting, funding and administrating the project. The proposed environmentally responsible shrimp culture technology, coupled with opportunities for multiple uses of agricultural land and water will help achieve the goal of a more sustainable South Florida. Anticipated outcomes include incorporation of shrimp production into existing farms, new investment dollars by individuals and companies interested in this activity, and the creation of a number of supportive businesses such as hatchery, processing, feeds, distribution and marketing. These outcomes will result in adding new jobs and diversifying our agricultural economy sufficiently to help insulate it from the pressures of urban sprawl. Project Objectives The overall goal of the IRREC Shrimp Demonstration Project is to demonstrate shrimp pond aquaculture technologies and to evaluate the feasibility of establishing a shrimp aquaculture industry for south Florida. Specific objectives include: (1) Construct two 1,500 sq. meter (0.37 acre) pond aquaculture production units with An appropriately sized retention and/or treatment system resulting in zero discharge; (2) Stock, feed, monitor, grow and record data of shrimp over the grant cycle; (3) Evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment system in meeting aquaculture BMPs; (4) Assess the potential to recycle effluent onto other agricultural crops; (5) Have farmers and interested persons visit, learn and participate in the demonstration; 2 (6) Compare results with other existing information on culturing penaeids in freshwater; and (7) Produce a written report complete with design, costs, marketing and economic evaluation on performance and transfer these results throughout the state. Organization of this Report This project report is organized into six chapters. Chapter one introduces the research problem, objectives, and provides background information on the marine shrimp farming industry and the U.S. shrimp market. Chapter two presents details on the demonstration facility design and construction. Chapter three details the shrimp production results for two crop cycles, including acclimation and nursing in the greenhouse, and growout in lined production ponds. Chapter four reviews the enterprise’s fixed and variable production costs and the results of market survey research on customers’ attitudes toward the harvested shrimp. Chapter five outlines outreach and information dissemination efforts designed to transfer project results and recommendations to project stakeholders, current shrimp farmers, and potential shrimp farmers. Chapter six discusses the general conclusions from this project and provides recommendations and directions for future research. Background Information The Marine Shrimp Farming Industry Penaeid shrimp are farmed throughout the world primarily in salt and brackish water. The Pacific or western white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (also known as Litopenaeus vannamei) is native to the Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru and is the leading farm raised species in the Western Hemisphere. This species breeds well in captivity, has a high hatchery
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