Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the Α-Glucosidase Inhibitory And

Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2020, Article ID 2753945, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2753945 Research Article Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Properties of Marine Algae Ulva intestinalis, Halimeda macroloba, and Sargassum ilicifolium Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin ,1 Azizul Isha ,2 Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki ,2 Nooraini Mohd. Ain,3 Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan ,1,4 Atifa Zainal Abidin,1 and Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko 1,5 1Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and erapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 2Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products Research, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 3Laboratory of UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 5Biochemistry Department, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University (IBBU), Lapai, Nigeria Correspondence should be addressed to Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin; [email protected] Received 12 December 2019; Revised 4 November 2020; Accepted 10 November 2020; Published 23 November 2020 Academic Editor: Miguel Vilas-Boas Copyright © 2020 Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin et al. ,is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Seaweed has tremendous potentials as an alternative source of high-quality food products that have attracted research in recent times, due to their abundance and diversity. In the present study, three selected seaweed species commonly found in the Malaysian Peninsular, Ulva intestinalis, Halimeda macroloba, and Sargassum ilicifolium, were subjected to preliminary chemical screening and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities against five cancer cell lines. Chemical composition of U. intestinalis, H. macroloba, and S. ilicifolium methanolic extracts was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Our results revealed the highest total carotenoids (162.00 μg g−1 DW), chlorophyll a (313.09 ± 2.53 μg g−1 DW), and chlorophyll b (292.52 ± 8.84 μg g−1 DW) concentrations in U. intestinalis. In the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, S. ilicifolium demonstrated the lowest efficacy with an IC50 value of 38.491 ppm compared to other species of seaweed. H. macroloba extract, on the other hand, was found to be the most cytotoxic toward MCF-7 and HT 29 cells with IC50 of 37.25 ± 0.58 and 21.32 ± 0.25 μg/ mL, respectively, compared to other cell lines evaluated. Furthermore, H. macroloba extract was also found to be less toxic to normal cell (3T3) with IC50 of 48.80 ± 0.11 μg/mL. U. intestinalis extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity toward Hep G2 cells with IC50 of 23.21 ± 0.11 μg/mL, whereas S. ilicifolium was less toxic to MDA- MB231 cell with IC50 of 25.23 ± 0.11 μg/mL. Subsequently, the GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of these seaweed samples led to the identification of 27 metabolites in U. intestinalis, 22 metabolites in H. macroloba, and 24 metabolites in S. ilicifolium. Taken together, the results of this present study indicated that all the seaweed species evaluated are good seaweed candidates that exhibit potential for cultivation as functional food sources for human consumption and need to be promoted. 1. Introduction Seaweed also epitomizes a lavish cradle of natural products, containing highly treasured chemicals that have not been Marine seaweed is a diverse group of marine resources that properly investigated for their valuable compositions. are commonly found in the maritime regions of the world. Globally, trade in macroalgae (seaweed) is a multibillion- 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine dollar industry [1] with world production of seaweed in- activities of extracts of 3 selected species of seaweed available creasing between 1970 and 2010 from <2 million to 19 in Peninsular Malaysia against five cancer cell lines including million tonnes fresh weight [2]. Recent uses of seaweed MCF-7 cells, MDA-MB-231 cells, HT-29 cells, Hep G2 cells, include human food, fertilizers, phycocolloids, and cosmetic and 3T3 cells using a colorimetric (MTT) assay. ,e three ingredients for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals [3–6]. selected species of seaweed investigated include Nonetheless, seaweed is still considered an underutilized U. intestinalis, H. macroloba, and S. ilicifolium. ,e overall resource worldwide [7]. aim of this study was to explore the potentials of these In research and development, most researchers working abundant species of seaweed for utilization as a functional on marine seaweed are those within the medical or phar- food for human consumption, in order to promote the macology disciplines, where their attention is particularly commercial cultivation of the species. focused on the medical significance and application of extracts from seaweed based on pharmaceutical potentials [8]. 2. Materials and Methods ,is is because marine natural products have long been used to prevent and treat many diseases, thus making them good 2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation. All seaweed samples candidates for the development of anticancer drugs [9] and were collected between September 2015 and September 2016 the management of other maladies like diabetes. At the during low tides (<0.09 meters) from three different loca- moment, cancer and diabetes mellitus, especially Type 2 tions in Malaysia as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. All diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the group of diseases samples were collected based on the locations where they that are considered to be of public health concern around the were most abundant. Collected seaweed samples were world. Moreover, the prevalence of these diseases has in- cleaned of extraneous materials like epiphytes, sand parti- creased steadily in recent years [10]. In Malaysia, for in- cles, pebbles, and shells using a soft bristle brush and washed stance, data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey thoroughly with seawater. ,e samples were divided into (NHMS) showed the prevalence of T2DM as significant, two portions. ,e first portion was taken into the herbarium measured at approximately 14.9% in 2006. ,is alarming for taxonomic identification. ,e taxonomic identification public health concern continues to increase, as in 2011 and was done by cross-referencing with taxonomic books, 2015, 15.2% and 17.7% cases were recorded, respectively. ,e monographs, and reference herbaria. prevalence of T2DM in Malaysia is projected to reach about ,e second portion of the clean samples was then placed 21.6% in 2020. As the use of natural anticancer and anti- in transparent polyethylene bags (inside chilled plastic diabetic medication in effective chemopreventive therapy is containers) and transported to the research facilities of the fast becoming one of the important approaches of cancer Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience prevention and for management of T2DM, the evaluation (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Serdang, Malaysia. for the active components responsible for the biological In the laboratory, the samples were further washed thor- activities against these ailments needs to be properly oughly with tap water, followed by distilled water, and frozen investigated. overnight at −80°C in a deep freezer (,ermo Scientific, Seaweed is acknowledged for its excellent content of USA). Frozen seaweed samples were subsequently lyophi- fucoidan, phenolics, fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, lized in a freeze dryer (Labconco FreeZone, USA) until a sterols (such as fucosterol in brown seaweed), tocopherols, constant weight of biomass was attained. All the dried terpenoids, and phycocyanins, among others [11–13]. In seaweed samples were then pulverized into a fine powder addition to fatty acids, the unsaponifiable fractions of sea- with a laboratory-scale blender and sieved using a 200 μm weed contain major photosynthetic pigments. ,e major sized sieve. photosynthetic pigments studied in seaweed, including Fine sample powders were collected and mixed with chlorophylls (a, b, c), carotenoids (such as beta-carotene, methanol (1 : 20 w/v) to make a solution. ,is resulting lutein, and violaxanthin in red and green seaweed, fuco- solution was extracted by sonication for 30 min using an xanthin in brown seaweed), and phycobilins (phycoerythrin ultrasonic water bath (Power Sonic 505, Korea) at ambient and phycocyanin) have been acknowledged to exhibit var- temperature. ,e resulting solvent extract was then filtered ious benefits for human prosperity. ,is is especially true in through Whatman No. 1 filter paper, whereas the dried terms of their uses as food, alternative treatments, and residue was mixed and reextracted with another fresh medicine including antioxidants, anticancer, anti-inflam- methanol for the second round of extraction. ,e extraction matory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antiangiogenic, and neu- process was repeated in the same manner for the third round roprotective activities [14–16]. of extraction. ,e filtered extracts were pooled and evapo- It has been suggested, therefore, that further work needs rated to dryness using a rotary evaporator, maintained at to be performed to identify the metabolites components of

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