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Progress of Paludiculture Projects in Supporting Peatland Ecosystem Restoration in Indonesia

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Progress of Paludiculture Projects in Supporting Peatland Ecosystem Restoration in Indonesia Global Ecology and Conservation 23 (2020) e01084 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Ecology and Conservation journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/gecco Original Research Article Progress of paludiculture projects in supporting peatland ecosystem restoration in Indonesia * ** Ibnu Budiman a, , Bastoni b, , Eli NN Sari a, Etik E. Hadi b, Asmaliyah b, Hengki Siahaan b, Rizky Januar a, Rahmah Devi Hapsari a a World Resources Institute Indonesia, Wisma PMI, Jl. Wijaya I No. 63, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan, 12170, Indonesia b Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute (EFRDI) of Palembang, Puntikayu, Kotak Pos 179, Jl. Kol. H. Burlian KM.6 No.5, Srijaya, Alang-Alang Lebar, Palembang, South Sumatra, 30961, Indonesia article info abstract Article history: Sustainable peatland management practices such as paludiculture are crucial for restoring Received 25 September 2019 degraded peatland ecosystems. Paludiculture involves wet cultivation practices in peatland Received in revised form 27 April 2020 and can maintain peat bodies and sustaining ecosystem services. However, information Accepted 27 April 2020 about paludiculture effects on tropical peatlands is limited in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the effectiveness and progress of paludiculture projects in sup- Keywords: porting peatland ecosystem restoration in Indonesia that uses approaches of soil rewet- Paludiculture ting, revegetation of peat soil/forest, and the revitalisation of rural livelihoods around Peatland restoration fi Indonesia peatlands. We obtained qualitative and quantitative data from eld measurements, ob- Tropical peatland servations, document reviews, spatial data from open-source web applications, and in- Trade-off terviews with key stakeholders in two projects (agri-silviculture and agro-sylvofishery) that adapt paludiculture principles to Indonesia’s South Sumatra Province. We found that the limited use of paludiculture principles in both projects has a different contribution to peatland restoration. The agri-silviculture project has been utilising jelutung (Dyera poly- phylla), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), and balangeran (Shorea balangeran) for (forest) revegetation. These species are 3 of the 534 paludiculture species that are adaptive to peat soils and tolerant to acidic conditions and inundation. The revegetation resulted in effective results that supported peatland restoration despite the delayed application of rewetting activities in the initial phase of the project. Additionally, in the agro-sylvofishery project, trade-offs between soil rewetting to maintain high peat water tables and the need to provide short-term economic benefits for local communities through horticulture and fishery practices were noted. During the 2019 El Nino,~ the involvement of a closed-loop canal to support fishery practices appeared to contribute to affecting the water table, which was also influenced by the open canals dug in nearby palm oil plantations. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). * Corresponding author. ** Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (I. Budiman), [email protected] (I. Budiman), [email protected] ( Bastoni). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01084 2351-9894/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 2 I. Budiman et al. / Global Ecology and Conservation 23 (2020) e01084 Abbreviations Balitbang LHK Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute) BCR Benefit-to-cost ratio BRG Peatland Restoration Agency BUMD Village business entities EFRDIP Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute) Palembang GoI Government of Indonesia KHG Peatland hydrological unit/PHU NPP Net primary production OKI Ogan Komering Ilir regency, South Sumatra province, Indonesia 1. Introduction Following the 2015 fires that accounted for an estimated USD $15 billion of human and environmental damage, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) initiated a national programme to restore 2.6 million hectares of degraded peatlands in seven provinces (BRG, 2016; World Bank, 2016). Peatland restoration is an important environmental agenda in Indonesia because it aids in restraining fire spread, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigating climate change (Warren et al., 2017). Peatland restoration organised by the GoI combines three activities: soil rewetting, forest revegetation, and livelihood revitalisation (BRG, 2016). It is crucial to identify a sustainable peatland management option to support all three activities. This option should provide arrangements that create (an awareness of) the long-term ecological and economic benefits of peatland restoration, while securing a stable income and food supply (Schaafsma et al., 2017). Paludiculture is considered a sustainable peatland management practice involving plant cultivation in wet conditions. Paludiculture is a swamp cultivation approach to restore degraded peatlands and make them economically useful (Schafer,€ 2012; Wichtmann and Joosten, 2007). It establishes a protective vegetation cover to reduce desiccation and fire hazards. The most important aspect of paludiculture in degraded peatlands is supporting the rewetting of peat to near-natural levels. Aboveground biomass and primary production are of secondary interest (Giesen and Sari, 2018). Paludiculture produces biomass from rewetted peatlands under conditions that maintain the peat body, sustain ecosystem services, and encourage carbon accumulation. Ideally, peatlands should be wet enough to ensure that steady, long-term peat accumulation is maintained. Paludiculture uses the part of net primary production (NPP) that is necessary for peat formation, which is ca. 80%e90% of NPP. (Roxburgh et al., 2005; Wichtmann and Joosten, 2007). In Indonesia, a previous study identified eight projects in Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, and Central Kalimantan that adapted paludiculture principles (Tata et al., 2016). However, the effectiveness of these paludiculture projects in terms of contributing to peatland restoration has yet to be examined. The present study reviewed and analysed the effectiveness and the progress of paludiculture projects in supporting peatland restoration and determined the extent to which it accommodates and supports restoration activities (such as rewetting, revegetation, and revitalisation of rural livelihoods surrounding peatlands to reduce pressure on communities to clear land by fire) and whether it can support peatland resilience to fire spreads. We have also discussed the socioeconomic and policy aspects related to paludiculture to provide recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of paludiculture in supporting peatland restoration efforts. This research utilises two case studies of the adaptation of paludiculture in a peatland ecosystem in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. 2. Theory/literature background This section reviews previous studies on the species that are suitable for paludiculture to support peatland restoration and the indicators that can measure implementation efforts by paludiculture projects to restore peatlands, drawing on an aca- demic literature review. This section is presented before the methods because it describes the reasons that affected the choice of method for data collection and data analysis. Paludiculture originated in temperate regions of North America and Europe (e.g., Germany and Poland). Through pal- udiculture, degraded peatland can be restored and utilised for economic activities (Wichtmann and Joosten, 2007). When paludiculture principles and approach were adopted in Indonesia, the concept of paludiculture was often perceived as a purely revegetative approach to restore degraded peatlands due to a lack of in-depth understanding of the science of pal- udiculture and its principles (Dohong et al., 2018). This issue sometimes resulted in errors in selecting the vegetation and species to be planted, which undermined peatland restoration efforts (Sari et al., 2018). There are at least two common misinterpretations in Indonesia about paludiculture. First, all plants that thrive on peat- lands are often assumed to be part of paludiculture. Due to its economic benefits, dryland species are often assumed to be able I. Budiman et al. / Global Ecology and Conservation 23 (2020) e01084 3 Table 1 The four categories of paludiculture species (adapted from Giesen, 2015). Category Description Species Quick harvest Species that can be harvested quickly Eleocharis dulcis (purun tikus) but with a lower unit valuea Ipomoea aquatica (spinach) Momordia charantia (bitter gourd) Uncaria gambir Nephrolepis biserrata and Stenochlaena palustris (pakis) Proven commercial crop Well-known cash crop on peatlands Aquilaria beccariana Melaleuca cajuputi (gelam/cajuput) Metroxylon sagu (sagoo) Dyera polyphylla (D. lowii) (jelutong) Nothophoebe coriacea and Nothophoebe umbelliflora (gemor) Gonystylus bancanus (ramin) Unproven commercial crop More research is required about Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) its commercial values on peat lands Syzgium aqueum (water apple) Aleurites moluccana (candlenut) Shorea balangeran (balangeran) Potential species 58 species
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