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LED Lighting Standards in ENERGY STAR Programs
LED Lig hting Standards in ENERGY STAR® Programs Jianzhong Jiao, Ph.D. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors Inc. Outline Introduction LED lighting standards referred to or referenced in ENERGY STAR® Specs –ANSI – IESNA – UL –NEMA Implementations of LED lighting standards in ENERGY STAR® Programs – Testing for qualifications – Considerations of new standards EPA Energy Star Products Partner Meeting | Nov. 9, 2011 | 2 Introduction LED Lighting Standardization Bodies in USA Professional associations – SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) – IESNA (Illumination Engineering Society North America) – IEEE-SA (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association) Standard organizations – UL (Underwriter Laboratories) – ANSI (American National Standard Institute) Trade associations – NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) – JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) – SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) EPA Energy Star Products Partner Meeting | Nov. 9, 2011 | 3 Introduction U.S. Standard Organizations ISO General Lighting ANSI CIE IEC GTB SAE IEEE IESNA NEMA UL ITE JEDEC USA SEMI EPA Energy Star Products Partner Meeting | Nov. 9, 2011 | 4 Introduction Government Regulations or Specifications for LED Lighting Federal government: DOT, EPA, DOE, … – Rule making (establish rules by federal agencies) – Enforcement – “Endorsement”, approval, labeling Federal government: DOC – National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): US National Metrology Institute – Promote US innovation and -
Environmental Impacts of Photoluminescence and Light
sustainability Article Environmental Impacts of Photoluminescence and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting Technologies in Horticulture: Case Study on Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and LED Lights for “Night Break” of Chrysanthemum Cultivation Thi Thu Linh Hoang 1,2,*, Thi Gam Do 1, Van Thao Nguyen 1, Hoai Chau Nguyen 2,3 and Hong Khoi Phan 1,* 1 Center for High Technology Development, VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; [email protected] (T.G.D.); [email protected] (V.T.N.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Technology, Graduate University of Science & Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; [email protected] 3 Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.T.L.H.); [email protected] (H.K.P.); Tel.: +84-98-3416689 (T.T.L.H.); Fax: +84-24-3791-6283 (T.T.L.H.) Received: 7 August 2020; Accepted: 17 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Abstract: The environmental impacts of photoluminescence and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technologies in horticulture are described in this paper. As a case study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) associated with the raw materials, air, water and natural resources of screw-based compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and screw-based horticultural LED lamps (abbreviated as H-LED) used for “night break” effect in chrysanthemum cultivation is considered. Instead of the unit of radiant power of lighting sources (lumens) used in human lighting, the photon flux (micromoles per second) of the plant light is used in this study. The results of the study show that the environmental impacts of the H-LED lighting technology are markedly less than the fluorescent lamps. -
!History of Lightingv2.Qxd
CONTENTS Introduction 3 The role of lighting in modern society 3 1. The oldest light sources 4 Before the advent of the lamp 4 The oldest lamps 4 Candles and torches 5 Further development of the oil lamp 6 2. Gaslight 9 Introduction 9 Early history 9 Gas production 10 Gaslight burners 10 The gas mantle 11 3. Electric lighting before the incandescent lamp 14 Introduction 14 Principle of the arc lamp 15 Further development of the arc lamp 16 Applications of the arc lamp 17 4. The incandescent lamp 20 The forerunners 20 The birth of the carbon-filament lamp 22 Further development of the carbon-filament lamp 25 Early metal-filament lamps 27 The Nernst lamp 28 The birth of the tungsten-filament lamp 29 Drawn tungsten filaments 30 Coiled filaments 30 The halogen incandescent lamp 31 5. Discharge lamps 32 Introduction 32 The beginning 32 High-voltage lamps 33 Early low-pressure mercury lamps 34 The fluorescent lamp 35 High-pressure mercury lamps 36 Sodium lamps 37 The xenon lamp 38 6. Electricity production and distribution 39 Introduction 39 Influence machines and batteries 39 Magneto-electric generators 40 Self-exciting generators 41 The oldest public electricity supply systems 41 The battle of systems 42 The advent of modern a.c. networks 43 The History of Light and Lighting While the lighting industry is generally recognized as being born in 1879 with the introduction of Thomas Alva Edison’s incandescent light bulb, the real story of light begins thousands of years earlier. This brochure was developed to provide an extensive look at one of the most important inventions in mankind’s history: artificial lighting. -
LED Down Light Retrofit Compatible for Use with Fluorescent CFL Ballasts 1X32w and 2X26w CFL Replacement
www.elbelectronics.com LED Down Light Retrofit Compatible for use with fluorescent CFL ballasts 1x32W and 2x26W CFL replacement Down Light Retrofit Solutions An LED down light direct replacement lighting product requiring NO Re-WIRING of the existing light fluorescent CFL fixture. Excellent energy savings when retrofitting existing 1x32 and 2x26 compact fluorescent down lights. Installation is easy…just remove existing CFL lamps, install the down mounting ring, plug in the connector and slide in LED light module. Models available to fit 6” and 8” diameter down lights. Designed to provide equivalent light output compared to down light fixtures fitted with 1x32 and 2x26 Watt Energy Savings of over 55 to70% when compared compact fluorescent lamps. Models available in two to existing Compact Fluorescent 1x32 and 2x26 lumen outputs (standard and high lumen). down light fixtures. Product is compatible with most existing standard Models available to support 6” and 8” diameter fluorescent down light Electronic CFL ballast and battery down lights using 1x32 Triple and 2x26 Double back-up ballasts. compact fluorescent lamps using electronic ballasts. If the existing ballast fails replace the ballast or operate the LED module with an optional 120-277VAC LED remote Installation is easy and saves money. continuous dimming driver. No rewiring of the light fixture is required. Benefits: Easy 3 step installation: - Excellent energy savings with minimal installation costs - Use with occupancy sensors with frequent starting • Remove existing - Instant -
Light Emitting Diodes (LED): Applications in Forest
Forest Nursery Notes Summer 2013 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) – Applications in Forest and Native Plant Nurseries by Thomas D. Landis , Jeremiah R. Pinto, and R. Kasten Dumroese “LED lighting has a bright future in the world of horticultural lighting. —When applied in a well- designed system, no other light source can match the capabilities that LEDs have to offer” — Bourget 2008 It was quotes like this that made us want to learn more about light emitting diodes (LED). Other than knowing that LEDs were the latest innovation in artificial lighting, we knew that we had a lot to learn. So we started by re- viewing some of the basics. The following review is a brief synopsis of how light affects plants and some discussion about LED lighting. If you want more detailed informa- tion about the effects of light on plant growth, read Chap- ter 3 in Volume Three: Atmospheric Environment of the Container Tree Nursery Manual (Landis and others 1992). 1. The complicated nature of light If you follow quantum mechanics, you are familiar with Figure 1 - Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light. Photo- the relatively recent discovery that electromagnetic radia- synthesis is fueled by blue or red light (peaking at 460 and 680 tion, commonly referred to as “light”, has a dual nature - nm), whereas phytochrome is activated by red light (660 nm) properties of both waves and particles. Although scientists and deactivated by far red light (750 nm). Phototropism and and philosophers as far back as Aristotle had developed cell expansion are promoted by blue wavelengths. Contrast theories about light, it was not until 1905 that Albert these responses to those of the human eye which peak in the Einstein described the photoelectric effect that explained yellow-green wavelengths (555 nm). -
Humphry Davy and the Arc Light
REMAKING HISTORY By William Gurstelle Humphry Davy and the Arc Light » Thomas Edison did not invent the first electric BRILLIANT light.* More than 70 years before Edison’s 1879 MISTAKES: Humphry Davy, incandescent lamp patent, the English scientist chemist, inventor, Humphry Davy developed a technique for produc- and philosopher: ing controlled light from electricity. “I have learned Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was one of the more from my failures than from giants of 19th-century science. A fellow of the my successes.” prestigious Royal Society, Davy is credited with discovering, and first isolating, elemental sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, barium, and strontium. A pioneer in electrochemistry, he appeared between the electrode tips, Davy had to also developed the first medical use of nitrous oxide separate the carbon electrodes slightly and care- and invented the miner’s safety lamp. The safety fully in order to sustain the continuous, bright arc lamp alone is directly responsible for saving of electricity. Once that was accomplished, he found hundreds, if not thousands, of miners’ lives. the device could sustain the arc for long periods, But it is his invention of the arc lamp for which we even as the carbon rods were consumed in the heat remember him here. Davy’s artificial electric light of the process. consisted of two carbon rods, made from wood Davy’s arc lamp of 1807 was not economically charcoal, connected to the terminals of an enormous practical until the cost of producing a 50V-or-so collection of voltaic cells. (In Davy’s day, thousands power supply became reasonable. -
Consumer's Guide to LED Lighting
Learn more about Tri-State at www.tristate.coop Consumer’s guide to LED lighting Let there be light lighting. This guide is intended to help you navigate Although incandescent lighting has been around since the your choices. late 1800s and changed the way people live, it has always been a lighting source that gives off more heat than light. In this guide the words light, lamp and bulb are used About 90 percent of the electricity used by an incandescent interchangeably. Please use the guide as general bulb goes to heat rather than light! With the variety of Light information and consult a lighting professional for Emitting Diode (LED) lighting available today, it’s a good time your more detailed specifi cations or questions. to consider replacing your current Lighting considerations Bulb bases Bulb shapes and sizes Save energy, save money Operational cost estimate (800 lumen equivalent) An alphanumeric code denotes the bulb shape and size An alphanumeric code denotes the shape and the size of of the base. The letter refers to base type and the number the bulb. The letter refers to the shape of the lamp while a LED lights may cost you more initially, however LEDs use Halogen Incandescent LED less energy, which will save you money. Incandescent gives its maximum diameter in millimeters. For example, number gives its maximum diameter in multiples of ¹⁄8-inch. an E26 base notes an Edison base that is 26 millimeters or For example, an A19 lamp denotes the arbitrary (standard) Lighting effi cacy is the measured amount of light per quantity Energy use (watts) 43 60 9 1.03 inches in diameter. -
THE BASICS of Leds DEVELOPED BY
THE BASICS of LEDs DEVELOPED BY: Eric Strandberg, LC & Jeff Robbins, LC, MIES PRESENTED BY: Jeff Robbins Fall, 2012 1 LIGHTING DESIGN LAB A Northwest utility funded lighting education facility promoting commercial and industrial energy conservation. 2 OUR FACILITY 3 OUR FACILITY 4 OUR SERVICES . Lighting Classes (local and regional) . Product Evaluations . Demonstration Area . Mock-Up Facility . LDL LED Qualified Products List . Lighting Library . Lighting Consultations . Tours of Facility . Website Resources . Newsletter . Outdoor Lighting Center . Lighting Guides . Technical Information . General Information 5 WEBSITE 6 CONTENT OUTLINE Part 1: The Basics Part 2: Details . Diode Defined A. Evaluating Light Output . LED Defined B. Quality of Light . A Brief History C. Fixture Efficacy . Advantages 1. Off-state Power Consumption . How they Work 2. Power Factor . Lamp Anatomy 3. Thermal Management . How They Produce Colors 4. Useful Life 5. Driving and Powering . How They Produce ‘White’ light 6. Controlling . Fixture Anatomy 7. Dimming D. Questions to Ask E. References F. Terms and Terminology 7 Part 1: THE BASICS Diode Defined . In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. Essentially, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction. In simple terms, a switch. 8 LED Defined . A Light Emitting Diode is a semiconductor device that emits visible light of a certain color, and is fundamentally different from conventional light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, and gas-discharge lamps, in that an LED: . uses no gas or filament, has no glass bulb, . and no failure-prone moving parts. 9 A Brief History . In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at G.E. -
Mine Illumination: a Historical and Technological Perspective
Mine Illumination: A Historical and Technological Perspective John J. Sammarco, Ph.D. NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA Jacob L. Carr NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA ABSTRACT: Illumination plays a critical role in mining because miners depend on proper illumination to safely perform their work and to see various mine and machinery-related hazards. Open-flame lamps were used in the early days of mining, but these often caused disastrous mine explosions. During 1914, two engineers from the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) formed a new company, Mine Safety Appliances, and initiated work with Thomas Edison for an electric cap lamp. This electric cap lamp was approved in 1915 by the USBM. The seminal works in mine illumination research were dominated by the USBM. They addressed many issues in permissibility, human factors, and researched new lighting technologies. The current mine regulations and test procedures for mine illumination are based on USBM research. Today, illumination technology is drastically changing with light emitting diodes (LEDs) that could revolutionize mine illumination just as was done by the 1915 electric cap lamp. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are leading the way in the human factors and technological aspects of LED research for mine illumination to improve the safety of miners. INTRODUCTION Adequate illumination is crucial in underground coal and metal/nonmetal mine safety because miners depend most heavily on visual cues to detect hazards associated with falls of ground, slips/trips/falls (STFs), moving machinery, and other threats. For as long as underground mining has been performed, illumination has been critical to both safety and to the ability of the miners to perform their work. -
LED Tubular Lamp / Kit Guide
LED Tubular Lamp / Kit Guide LED lighting products have great potential to replace existing fluorescent lighting, reduce energy use and improve lighting quality in many indoor commercial applications. It can be difficult to decide which one is best to use for your space. This decision is important because these technologies will remain in your building for a long time, and we hope this guide will help you make the best decision possible. There are three main categories of LED products available to retrofit existing linear fluorescent fixtures. #1 - T8 Replacement Tubular LED Lamps (TLED): Tubular LED lamps are designed to fit into existing fluorescent lamp/sockets/fixtures and work without any form of mechanical modifications or electrical rewiring. Typically these are used in recessed or surface mounted direct fixtures. Use in recessed indirect (diminished light levels) or parabolic louvered (increases glare) troffers is not recommended. Benefits: Possible energy savings Simple drop-in lamp replacements (no rewiring) May be more cost effective than other LED retrofit options (if ballasts are not more than 5 years old) What to consider before purchasing: Manufacturer spec sheets may be vague, LED lamp and existing ballast must be compatible, must be UL Listed If existing ballasts are more than 5 years old, using a kit that does not utilize the existing ballast may be a better option to gain maintenance savings When the old ballast fails, it will still have to be replaced even if retrofitted to LED lamps Verify condition of existing lens/louver. If in poor condition, new LED lamps will not correct the problem, a new fixture may be a better solution Verify light distribution, light output, and quality of light prior to purchasing in volume. -
(HMM) 05-01-05 Maintenance Truck Lighting
Highway Maintenance Manual Bureau of Highway Operations Chapter 05 Traffic Services and Safety July 2015 Section 01 Truck Safety Subject 05 Maintenance Truck Lighting 1.0 Authority/Statutory Provisions/Administrative Code Rules The following state statutes and administrative codes contain laws and administrative rules related to highway maintenance truck lighting requirements. State Statute 347 - Equipment of Vehicles, Lighting Equipment 347.06 - When lighted lamps are required; 347.07 - Special restrictions on lamps and the use thereof; 347.09 - Headlamps on motor vehicles; 347.10 - Headlamps specifications for motor vehicles; 347.23 - Lamps on highway maintenance equipment; 347.26 - Restrictions on certain optional lighting equipment; 347.26(6) - Warning lamps on tow trucks and service vehicles; 347.26(7) - Warning lamps on certain highway vehicles; 347.26(11) - Flashing warning lamps. Administrative Rule Trans 305 - Standards for Vehicle Equipment Trans 305.075 - Auxiliary lamps; Trans 305.08 - Back up lamps; Trans 305.09 - Direction signal lamps; Trans 305.11 - Headlamps; Trans 305.48 - Subchapter IV-Heavy Trucks. Administrative Rule Trans 327 - Motor Carrier Safety Trans 327.03 - Federal regulations adopted - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Volume I - Driver Regulations, 49CFR, Part 393 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation. 2.0 Definitions Auxiliary Lamp - means any lamp mounted on a maintenance truck with a bulb having wattage in excess of 10 watts and which is not required equipment under State Statute Ch. 347 or Trans 305, except a spotlight. Back Up Lamp - means any lamp designed to provide road illumination to the rear of a maintenance truck when the vehicle is in reverse gear. -
Radiometry of Light Emitting Diodes Table of Contents
TECHNICAL GUIDE THE RADIOMETRY OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction . .1 2.0 What is an LED? . .1 2.1 Device Physics and Package Design . .1 2.2 Electrical Properties . .3 2.2.1 Operation at Constant Current . .3 2.2.2 Modulated or Multiplexed Operation . .3 2.2.3 Single-Shot Operation . .3 3.0 Optical Characteristics of LEDs . .3 3.1 Spectral Properties of Light Emitting Diodes . .3 3.2 Comparison of Photometers and Spectroradiometers . .5 3.3 Color and Dominant Wavelength . .6 3.4 Influence of Temperature on Radiation . .6 4.0 Radiometric and Photopic Measurements . .7 4.1 Luminous and Radiant Intensity . .7 4.2 CIE 127 . .9 4.3 Spatial Distribution Characteristics . .10 4.4 Luminous Flux and Radiant Flux . .11 5.0 Terminology . .12 5.1 Radiometric Quantities . .12 5.2 Photometric Quantities . .12 6.0 References . .13 1.0 INTRODUCTION Almost everyone is familiar with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from their use as indicator lights and numeric displays on consumer electronic devices. The low output and lack of color options of LEDs limited the technology to these uses for some time. New LED materials and improved production processes have produced bright LEDs in colors throughout the visible spectrum, including white light. With efficacies greater than incandescent (and approaching that of fluorescent lamps) along with their durability, small size, and light weight, LEDs are finding their way into many new applications within the lighting community. These new applications have placed increasingly stringent demands on the optical characterization of LEDs, which serves as the fundamental baseline for product quality and product design.