Basic Concepts for Explosion Protection Basic Concepts for Explosion Protection
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Mitigating Coal Dust Explosions in Modern Underground Coal Mines
MITIGATING COAL DUST EXPLOSIONS IN MODERN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Marcia L. Harris1, Kenneth L. Cashdollar2, Chi-Keung Man3 and Ed Thimons4 1The National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health, P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15236, Email: [email protected] 2The National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health, P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15236, Email: [email protected] 3The National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health, P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15236, Email: [email protected] 4The National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health, P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15236, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The N ational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), as part of its continuing research program for evaluating coal dust explosion hazards, has investigated several areas in which current practices may need to be updated in order to adequately protect mines against coal dust propagated explosions. In the United States, current rock dusting requirements remained largely unchanged since 1969. US Title 30 Code of Federal Regulations Section 75.403 is based on a coal dust particle size survey performed in the 1920s and later was supplemented by full-scale testing of the rock dust ability to inert a coal dust explosion. NIOSH recently conducted a comprehensive survey of US underground coal mines to determine the range of coal particle sizes found in dust samples collected from the mine entries. Due to advancements in technology and modern coal mining techniques, the current coal dust particles in intake airways are significantly finer than those found in the mines in the 1920s. -
Combustible Dust
Combustible dust SS-957 March 2019 Combustible dust Table of contents What are the risks? ..................................................................................... 2 Know the dust fire and explosion pentagon ................................................ 4 Avoid the secondary dust explosion ............................................................ 4 Learn from serious accidents ...................................................................... 5 National emphasis program ........................................................................ 9 Review your hazards and controls ............................................................ 11 Resources ................................................................................................. 16 SS-957 | ©SAIF 03.19 Page | 2 Combustible dust What are the risks? Combustible dust explosion hazards exist in a variety of industries, including food (such as candy, starch, flour, and feed), plastics, wood, rubber, furniture, textiles, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, coal, metals (such as aluminum, chromium, iron, magnesium, and zinc), and fossil-fuel power generation. The vast majority of natural and synthetic organic materials, as well as some metals, can form combustible dust. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Industrial Fire Hazards Handbook states: “Any industrial process that reduces a combustible material and some normally noncombustible materials to a finely divided state presents a potential for a serious fire or explosion.” The primary factor -
!History of Lightingv2.Qxd
CONTENTS Introduction 3 The role of lighting in modern society 3 1. The oldest light sources 4 Before the advent of the lamp 4 The oldest lamps 4 Candles and torches 5 Further development of the oil lamp 6 2. Gaslight 9 Introduction 9 Early history 9 Gas production 10 Gaslight burners 10 The gas mantle 11 3. Electric lighting before the incandescent lamp 14 Introduction 14 Principle of the arc lamp 15 Further development of the arc lamp 16 Applications of the arc lamp 17 4. The incandescent lamp 20 The forerunners 20 The birth of the carbon-filament lamp 22 Further development of the carbon-filament lamp 25 Early metal-filament lamps 27 The Nernst lamp 28 The birth of the tungsten-filament lamp 29 Drawn tungsten filaments 30 Coiled filaments 30 The halogen incandescent lamp 31 5. Discharge lamps 32 Introduction 32 The beginning 32 High-voltage lamps 33 Early low-pressure mercury lamps 34 The fluorescent lamp 35 High-pressure mercury lamps 36 Sodium lamps 37 The xenon lamp 38 6. Electricity production and distribution 39 Introduction 39 Influence machines and batteries 39 Magneto-electric generators 40 Self-exciting generators 41 The oldest public electricity supply systems 41 The battle of systems 42 The advent of modern a.c. networks 43 The History of Light and Lighting While the lighting industry is generally recognized as being born in 1879 with the introduction of Thomas Alva Edison’s incandescent light bulb, the real story of light begins thousands of years earlier. This brochure was developed to provide an extensive look at one of the most important inventions in mankind’s history: artificial lighting. -
Humphry Davy and the Arc Light
REMAKING HISTORY By William Gurstelle Humphry Davy and the Arc Light » Thomas Edison did not invent the first electric BRILLIANT light.* More than 70 years before Edison’s 1879 MISTAKES: Humphry Davy, incandescent lamp patent, the English scientist chemist, inventor, Humphry Davy developed a technique for produc- and philosopher: ing controlled light from electricity. “I have learned Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was one of the more from my failures than from giants of 19th-century science. A fellow of the my successes.” prestigious Royal Society, Davy is credited with discovering, and first isolating, elemental sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, barium, and strontium. A pioneer in electrochemistry, he appeared between the electrode tips, Davy had to also developed the first medical use of nitrous oxide separate the carbon electrodes slightly and care- and invented the miner’s safety lamp. The safety fully in order to sustain the continuous, bright arc lamp alone is directly responsible for saving of electricity. Once that was accomplished, he found hundreds, if not thousands, of miners’ lives. the device could sustain the arc for long periods, But it is his invention of the arc lamp for which we even as the carbon rods were consumed in the heat remember him here. Davy’s artificial electric light of the process. consisted of two carbon rods, made from wood Davy’s arc lamp of 1807 was not economically charcoal, connected to the terminals of an enormous practical until the cost of producing a 50V-or-so collection of voltaic cells. (In Davy’s day, thousands power supply became reasonable. -
Combustible Dust Flame Propagation and Quenching in Pipes and Ducts
TECHNICAL NOTES Combustible Dust Flame Propagation and Quenching in Pipes and Ducts FINAL REPORT BY: Alexander Ing National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA. December 2018 © 2018 Fire Protection Research Foundation 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7417, USA Email: [email protected] | Web: nfpa.org/foundation ---page intentionally left blank--- —— Page ii —— FOREWORD A technical basis is required for determining when pipes or ducts are too small in diameter to permit the propagation of combustible dust deflagrations. This must be evaluated considering the characteristics of the equipment system (pipe/duct diameter and length), properties of the combustible dust, and operating conditions (pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc.). The knowledge will permit establishing rational protection requirements in NFPA’s various combustible dust fire and explosion prevention standards. There is also a lack of knowledge around conditions influencing the explosion propagation through piping, especially small diameter piping. Having a clear understanding of experimental testing data would allow analysis to see what conditions and parameters will affect the explosion propagation and also point out where there are knowledge gaps. This comprehensive literature review project seeks to identify the parameters affecting flame propagation involving combustible dusts within pipes and ducts, and seeks to determine the conditions under which a combustible dust flame will not propagate (i.e., will quench) within a piping or ductwork system. The following tasks have been carried out for this project: 1) Identify the conditions under which combustible dust deflagration will not propagate within a piping or duct work system. 2) Identify the factors (pipe diameter, pipe length, dust type, and dust concentration) affecting the explosion propagation through pipes from relevant literatures. -
Explosibility of Coal Dust
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOKGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 425 THE EXPLOSIBILITY OF COAL DUST BY GEORGE S. RICE WITH CHAPTERS BX J. C. W. FRAZER, AXEL LARSEN, FRANK HAAS, AND CARL SCHOLZ WASHINGTON GOVERN M E N T P K I N T IN G OFFICE 1910 CONTENTS. Page. Introd uctory statement...................................... ............ 9 The coal-dust, problem................................................ 9 i Acknowledgments.................................................... 10 Historical review of the coal-dust question in Europe ....................... 11 Observations in England prior to 1850................................. 11 Observations by French engineers prior to 1890........................ 12 Experiments in England between 1850 and 1885........................ 12 Experiments in Prussia............................,.............:..... 14 Experiments in Austria between 1885 and 1891......................... 16 Views of English authorities between 1886 and 1908.................... 17 German, French, and Belgian stations for testing explosives............ 19 Altofts gallery, England, 1908......................................... 21 Second report of Royal Commission on Mines, 1909...................... 21 Recent Austrian experiments.......................................... 22 Historical review of the coal-dust question in the United States.............. 23 Grahamite explosions in West Virginia, 1871 and 1873.................. 23 Flour-mill explosion at Minneapolis, 1878............................. -
Preventing Grain Dust Explosions
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA1092 Preventing Grain Dust Explosions Introduction The National Safety Council Sammy Sadaka, defnes dust as solid particles derived Ph.D., P.E. Combustible dust explosion from crushing, grinding, rapid Associate Professor - hazards are prevalent in various impact and detonation of organic or Extension Engineer industries including, but not limited inorganic materials such as rocks, to, agriculture grain, food, chemicals, metal, wood or grain. Dust originates fertilizer, tobacco and pesticides. The from operations of dry and powdery Kingsly Ambrose, Ph.D. total number of reported agricultural Associate Professor - material such as conveying, trimming dust explosion incidents in the United of excess material, solids crushing Purdue University States reached 84 cases between 2009 and screening, sanding, tank and and 2018 (Fig. 1), resulting in 16 fatal- bin feeding and storing of granular John W. Magugu, Ph.D. ities and 96 injuries cases, respectively materials, among others. Professional Assistant - (Fig. 2). There were 12 dust explosion University of Arkansas incidents in 2018 alone, the highest rate in a decade. Dust explosions in grain elevators corresponded to 51 percent of all U.S. agricultural dust ex- plosion incidents, with many of these occuring in grain milling facilities. This fact sheet presents an overview on how to help prevent dust explosions in both industrial mill facilities and producer-owned facilities. Grain Dust Figure 3. Westwego Grain Dust Explosion in Louisiana, December 1977 (Courtesy of Gambit) Figure 1. Total U.S. Agricultural Dust Explosions 14 12 Grain dust is a highly combustible 10 material, and has more combustible 8 6 power than coal dust. -
Mine Illumination: a Historical and Technological Perspective
Mine Illumination: A Historical and Technological Perspective John J. Sammarco, Ph.D. NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA Jacob L. Carr NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA ABSTRACT: Illumination plays a critical role in mining because miners depend on proper illumination to safely perform their work and to see various mine and machinery-related hazards. Open-flame lamps were used in the early days of mining, but these often caused disastrous mine explosions. During 1914, two engineers from the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) formed a new company, Mine Safety Appliances, and initiated work with Thomas Edison for an electric cap lamp. This electric cap lamp was approved in 1915 by the USBM. The seminal works in mine illumination research were dominated by the USBM. They addressed many issues in permissibility, human factors, and researched new lighting technologies. The current mine regulations and test procedures for mine illumination are based on USBM research. Today, illumination technology is drastically changing with light emitting diodes (LEDs) that could revolutionize mine illumination just as was done by the 1915 electric cap lamp. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are leading the way in the human factors and technological aspects of LED research for mine illumination to improve the safety of miners. INTRODUCTION Adequate illumination is crucial in underground coal and metal/nonmetal mine safety because miners depend most heavily on visual cues to detect hazards associated with falls of ground, slips/trips/falls (STFs), moving machinery, and other threats. For as long as underground mining has been performed, illumination has been critical to both safety and to the ability of the miners to perform their work. -
Combustible Dust Explosion Hazard Awareness
Combustible Dust Explosion Hazard Awareness Instructor Guide Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX) Professional and Regulatory Training (PRT) A Member of The Texas A&M University System OS PRT281 TR 07/09 COMBUSTIBLE DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD AWARENESS INSTRUCTOR GUIDE The Texas A&M University System Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX) Professional and Regulatory Training (PRT) COMBUSTIBLE DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD AWARENESS Copyright Information COMBUSTIBLE DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD AWARENESS © 2009 Texas Engineering Extension Service All Rights Reserved. First Edition July 2009. Printed in the United States of America Reproduction of this document, in whole or in part, requires written authorization from the Director, Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX), The Texas A&M University System, unless such reproduction is authorized or executed by the United States Government. The safety statements, procedures, and guidelines contained in this manual are current as of the publication date. Prior to using the safety statements, procedures, and guidelines contained in this manual, it is advised that you confirm the currency of these statements, procedures, and guidelines with the appropriate controlling authorities. This training is provided under Susan B. Harwood grant number 17798-08-60-F-48 awarded to the Texas Engineering Extension Service, OSHA Training Institute Southwest Education Center from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Table of Contents Class Schedule.................................................vii Explosion Dynamics ................................ 1-8 Distribution Shipping List ................................ -
(HMM) 05-01-05 Maintenance Truck Lighting
Highway Maintenance Manual Bureau of Highway Operations Chapter 05 Traffic Services and Safety July 2015 Section 01 Truck Safety Subject 05 Maintenance Truck Lighting 1.0 Authority/Statutory Provisions/Administrative Code Rules The following state statutes and administrative codes contain laws and administrative rules related to highway maintenance truck lighting requirements. State Statute 347 - Equipment of Vehicles, Lighting Equipment 347.06 - When lighted lamps are required; 347.07 - Special restrictions on lamps and the use thereof; 347.09 - Headlamps on motor vehicles; 347.10 - Headlamps specifications for motor vehicles; 347.23 - Lamps on highway maintenance equipment; 347.26 - Restrictions on certain optional lighting equipment; 347.26(6) - Warning lamps on tow trucks and service vehicles; 347.26(7) - Warning lamps on certain highway vehicles; 347.26(11) - Flashing warning lamps. Administrative Rule Trans 305 - Standards for Vehicle Equipment Trans 305.075 - Auxiliary lamps; Trans 305.08 - Back up lamps; Trans 305.09 - Direction signal lamps; Trans 305.11 - Headlamps; Trans 305.48 - Subchapter IV-Heavy Trucks. Administrative Rule Trans 327 - Motor Carrier Safety Trans 327.03 - Federal regulations adopted - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Volume I - Driver Regulations, 49CFR, Part 393 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation. 2.0 Definitions Auxiliary Lamp - means any lamp mounted on a maintenance truck with a bulb having wattage in excess of 10 watts and which is not required equipment under State Statute Ch. 347 or Trans 305, except a spotlight. Back Up Lamp - means any lamp designed to provide road illumination to the rear of a maintenance truck when the vehicle is in reverse gear. -
Coal Dust Explosion at Mitsui Miike Coal Mine November 9, 1963.In the Tunnels at Mitsui Miike in Omuta, Fukuoka
Failure Knowledge Database / 100 Selected Cases Coal dust explosion at Mitsui Miike coal mine November 9, 1963.In the tunnels at Mitsui Miike in Omuta, Fukuoka Masayuki Nakao (Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo) An explosion occurred in a m ine tunnel at Mi tsui Miike coal m ine (Figure 1) roughly 500 meters below the m ine ground-level entrance. T he blast and fla me caused roof fall in m any areas in the tunnels, which then quickly filled wi th carbon monoxide. 458 people were killed and 555 people were injured. It was the worst postwar m ine disaster . Lack of safety provisions was the primal cause. Figure 2 indicates the cross-section of the accident site. The coal beds at Mitsui Miike sloped towards Ariake Sea, and mine openings had also shifted over time towards the se a ( to the lef t in the f igure) f rom m ountainside. At the tim e, coal beds roughly 350 to 450 meters below the sea level were being mined. Saga Omuta Ariake Sea Mitsui Miike Isahaya Shimabara Kumamoto Nagasaki Peninsula Figure 1: Location of Mitsui Miike Coal Mine 1 Failure Knowledge Database / 100 Selected Cases Mitsui Miike Mine Ariake Sea 1st sloped mine 2nd sloped mine Location where the roof fell 300m horizontal run Location of original explosion 450m horizontal run Tunnel with severe explosion Mine dust pump Figure 2: Cross section of the accident site [1] 1. Event An explosion occurred in a tunnel at Mitsui Miike coal m ine roughly 500 m eters below the mine entrance. -
Potentially Explosive Dust ATEX
ATEX Potentially explosive dust ATEX ATEX derives from the French “Atmosphères Explosibles” and refers to atmospheres that are potentially explosive. EU Directive 1999/92/EU covers the health and safety of workers in such environments. All equipment marketed in the EU for use in explosive atmospheres with “inherent ignition sources” must fulfil the requirements of directive 2014/34/EU. Dust explosions occur when combustible dust is mixed with air or oxygen and is ignited in an enclosed space. For this to happen, the dust must occur in sufficiently large concentrations. Almost all substances that arise as a result of, or that are used during industrial manufacturing, are combustible and can cause explosions under certain conditions. Examples of such substances include coal, flour, cereals, wood, cotton and certain plastics. Aluminium and magnesium dusts are also particularly liable to explode. Hazardous dust deposits should be avoided through regular cleaning of any premises used for work or operations. Using a stationary central extraction system from Dustcontrol, you can extract dust, fumes, chips, oil spillages and other harmful substances, right at their source. The result is efficient production where the risk of a dust explosion is reduced to a minimum. Our mobile EX-line range features light, flexible equipment suitable for general cleaning in locations where highly portable or movable units are required. Conditions necessary for a dust explosion to occur Five conditions must be fulfilled for a dust CombustibleBrännbart explosion to occur. materialmaterial OxygenSyre Explosion • There must be a sufficiently large dust content. • The dust must be mixed with gas (ex. air) which has a sufficiently high oxygen concentration to maintain combustion.