April-June 2017 Volume 26: Number 2 Book Review The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, by Richard Rothstein Brian Knudsen

When Frank Stevenson came to other stories to portray the immense holds that this governmental promo- work in Richmond, California during costs and profound consequences of de tion of housing segregation—occurring World War II, he found that little ap- jure segregation on African Ameri- at federal, state and local levels—rep- petite existed for residential racial in- cans. De jure segregation, defined as resents a continuing violation of the tegration. The white residents of rural segregation by racially explicit law and U.S. Constitution’s Fifth, Thirteenth Milpitas,California got wind in 1953 policy, is a complex system con- and Fourteenth Amendments. Finally, that the Ford Motor Company plant structed over decades to perpetuate— Rothstein agrees with past Supreme employing Stevenson and 250 other and in some instances to initiate—the Court precedent (e.g. Milliken v. Brad- African Americans would be relocat- spatial separation of whites and Blacks. ley, Parents Involved in Community ing to their town, and they quickly The Color of Law argues that this type Schools v. Seattle School District, etc.) snapped into action. In a scene that of residential segregation over the that the enactment of legal constitu- played out in many locales across the course of the twentieth century defined tional remedies requires showing that U.S. during the last century, the citi- where whites and Blacks could live and segregation had governmental origins. zens of Milpitas incorporated their city denied African Americans access to However, whereas Court decisions and passed an emergency exclusionary middle-class neighborhoods, with ef- found no evidence of such state in- zoning ordinance banning apartment fects continuing to the present. Fur- volvement, Rothstein sets out in the construction and allowing only single- thermore, Rothstein provocatively (Please turn to page 2) family homes. Federal Housing Ad- ministration (FHA) approval, neces- sary to finance construction of low-cost CONTENTS: subdivisions in Milpitas and elsewhere, explicitly prohibited home sales to Richard Rothstein’s The Color of Law ...... 1 Blacks. With no apartments to rent and Brian Knudsen. A book review. excluded from the single-family mar- Segregation: A Persistent Public Health Challenge ...... 3 ket, for twenty years Stevenson en- Robert Hahn. A major information gap for health dured a daily six-hour round-trip com- agencies needs a response. mute to and from his residence in Rich- This Green and Pleasant Land ...... 5 mond California’s Black ghetto. Bryan Greene. Harlem at a crossroads in the summer of ‘69. In his new book, The Color of Law, Essay: The Fight to be Public ...... 7 Richard Rothstein recounts this and Tyler Barbarin. Reimagining the Community Benefits Agreement. PRRAC Update ...... 10 Brian Knudsen, bknudsen@prrac. Resources ...... 15 org, is Research Associate at the Pov- erty & Race Research Action Council.

Poverty & Race Research Action Council • 1200 18th Street NW • Suite 200 • Washington, DC 20036 202/906-8023 • FAX: 202/842-2885 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.prrac.org Recycled Paper (COLOR OF LAW: Cont. from page 2) housing segregation in the United the book infers that contemporary pat- States. terns of segregation are directly and book to remove any doubt that such Moreover, The Color of Law is pub- singularly caused by governmental acts acts took place. Constitutional rem- lished at an opportune moment. That from decades prior. However, such edies can be placed on the public this book appears in the midst of an links between past and present need to agenda, he contends, only after “we emerging zeitgeist of race-conscious be more methodologically and analyti- arouse in Americans an understanding scholarship and activism is propitious, cally demonstrated than what can be of how we created a system of uncon- and Rothstein clearly intends to con- discerned from Rothstein’s historical stitutional state-sponsored, de jure seg- tribute to and build upon this new descriptive account. Similarly, regation, and a sense of outrage about work. Following authors such as Ta- whereas The Color of Law pins all of it….” Nehisi Coates, Jeff Chang, Keeyanga- its explanatory weight to a single fac- The core chapters of The Color of Yamahtta Taylor, and Michelle tor, complex phenomena—like resi- Law provide a descriptive historical ac- Alexander, Rothstein’s book demands dential segregation—are instead usu- count of de jure segregation. Rothstein that we explicitly and openly grapple ally multi-causal. Future work should separately discusses each element of de with race, with our society’s sordid strive to incorporate other causal ele- jure segregation, including govern- history of past racial injustices, and ments into our understanding of present ment enforcement of racially restric- with the way that race continues to in- patterns and conditions, including tive covenants, the use of zoning or- form and shape our fraught contem- empirically modeling and measuring dinances for exclusionary purposes, porary moment. As Coates writes in the magnitudes of the relative contri- segregation of public housing, The Case for Reparations, an “America butions of different sets of factors. redlining, and explicit racial require- that asks what it owes its most vulner- Furthermore, what explains de jure ments in the Federal Housing able citizens is improved and humane.” segregation? Was it a reflection of the Administration’s mortgage insurance racist sensibilities of the majority of program. While these topics (and the Race continues to Americans at the time? Or, was it elite- others included in the book) have been shape our fraught driven? For instance, on some occa- frequently treated separately in prior contemporary moment. sions Rothstein draws attention to gov- research, perhaps never before now ernmental responsiveness to the racist have they been so accessibly joined views of the citizenry whereas else- together in this way. This is an im- Furthermore, all of these scholars where he suggests that government portant innovation. Amassing all of (as well as activists such as the Move- policies undid integrated communities this material together portrays in vivid ment for Black Lives) call us to put in which Blacks and whites were co- fashion how all-encompassing and aside colorblind approaches to racial existing. Finally, The Color of Law multi-varied were the governmental and social justice and to once again omits any discussion of class and its efforts to spatially separate the races, heed the words of Justice Thurgood relationship to race, racism and segre- and therefore to exclude Blacks from Marshall that “class-based discrimina- gation. Is there any political-economic equal participation in the society, tion against [Blacks]” necessitates basis for racism and/or segregative acts economy and polity. We also learn “class-based remedies.” The Color of or are these expressions of attitudinal from Rothstein’s research—so ably Law does all of this, but also makes a deficiencies? Answers to these kinds presented in colorful examples and sto- novel contribution by focusing race- of questions would merely build upon ries—that this diverse process played conscious scholarship upon housing, Rothstein’s contribution, and help to out over many decades and in innu- whereas much of the contemporary lit- flesh out even more our understand- merable locations, both small and erature has centered on criminal jus- ing of these relationships. large. Overall, the reader leaves the tice reform and mass incarceration. The Poverty & Race Research Ac- book moved and overwhelmed with Several questions remain unan- tion Council has been exploring the the knowledge of the magnitude and swered by the book, hopefully to be historical roots of segregation for some creativity of past efforts to enforce taken up by future researchers. First, time, including in three Ford Founda- tion sponsored studies that trace the de- velopment of federal housing and Poverty & Race (ISSN 1075-3591) is published four times a year by the Poverty and transportation policies in relation to in- Race Research Action Council, 1200 18th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036, creasing housing and school segrega- 202/906-8052, fax: 202/842-2885, E-mail: info@ prrac.org. Megan Haberle, editor; tion in American metropolitan areas. Tyler Barbarin, editorial assistant. Subscriptions are $25/year, $45/two years. Foreign postage extra. Articles, article suggestions, letters and general comments are welcome, (“Housing and School Segregation: as are notices of publications, conferences, job openings, etc. for our Resources Section- Government Culpability, Government —email to [email protected]. Articles generally may be reprinted, providing PRRAC Remedies” PRRAC 2004). The Color gives advance permission. of Law is a powerful addition to an © Copyright 2017 by the Poverty and Race Research Action Council. All rights historical understanding of govern- reserved. mental contributions to segregation. ❏

2 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation as a Root Social Determinant of Public Health and Health Inequity: A Persistent Public Health Challenge in the United States Robert A. Hahn

Introduction. access to healthy food, water, sanita- is the “dissimilarity index”—the pro- Segregation as a tion, recreation, transportation and portion of comparison racial and eth- Fundamental Public employment, housing, the justice sys- nic populations that would have to tem, education, health care, and other switch regions in order to make pro- Health Issue services (Braveman and Gottlieb portions equal in both regions. The dis- 2014). This article summarizes the similarity index varies from 0 (identi- There is a great and urgent need multiple, interrelated ways in which cal proportions of each population in for public health practitioners to bet- RERS in the United States continues both regions, i.e., no residential seg- ter understand the association of racial regation) to 100 (all of one population and ethnic segregation with ill-health in one geographic region, all of the and to collaborate with other agencies “ . . . Your longevity may other population in the second region, to address the underlying causes. This be more likely to be i.e., total residential segregation) essay provides a synthesis of research influenced by your zip (Massey and Denton 1988). Dissimi- on health and segregation and proposes code than by your larity rates of 30–60 are considered collaborative work between public moderate, rates >60 are considered health and other agencies to jointly genetic code.” Frieden (2013) high. Another common measure, “ex- address this persistent problem. posure,” is the likelihood that a mem- While some forms of residential and ber of one group encounters a mem- ethnic residential segregation (RERS) to harm minority populations; the ber of the other group. Exposure is a can promote community and health magnitude, trends and sources of matter of the relative proportions of (Cutler and Glaeser 1997; Fullilove RERS; public health burden of RERS; each group in the regions rather than 2001), far too much RERS in the and opportunities for redressing pub- the evenness of their distribution across United States is the consequence of lic health harms in order to promote regions (Massey, White et al. 1996). poverty and restricted choice and the public health and health equity (Will- root of substantial poor health (Cut- iams and Collins 2001; Kramer and ler, Glaeser et al. 1997). Yet, there is Hogue 2009). Segregation as a Social extensive evidence that federal, state, Determinant of Health and local governments have been ac- tive participants in the promotion of Measuring Segregation Segregation is associated with pub- RERS at least since the end of Recon- lic health harm and inequity through struction (Rothstein 2017). We know Racial and ethnic residential segre- several pathways (Figure 1, p. 6). that where a person lives is a major gation (RERS) is “the isolation of poor While the multiple associations of determinant of his or her health and and/or racial minorities that live in RERS with factors related to poor well-being because it affects exposure communities and neighborhoods sepa- health are described separately, these to both threats to and resources for rated from those of other socioeco- factors likely interact and compound health (Diez Roux 2001). Harmful lo- nomic groups” (Li, Campbell et al. each other in a system (Reskin 2012) cal exposures may include pollutants, 2013). There are multiple dimensions that reinforces and perpetuates segre- toxins, and pathogens as well as inter- of segregation—evenness, exposure, gation itself in a feedback loop. personal and institutional racism, vio- concentration, centralization, and clus- a. Environment and sanitation: lence, and physical hazards (Williams tering—each with a specific statistical Minority and segregated communities and Collins 2001; Reskin 2012). Lo- definition (Massey, White et al. are commonly located closer to sources cal resources for health may include 1996); when a population in an area of environmental toxic exposures than has high levels on several dimensions, other communities (Lopez 2002; Robert A Hahn, rahahn5@gmail. it is said to be “hypersegregated” and Mohai and Saha 2007; Jacobs 2011). com, is an Adjunct Associate Profes- may suffer multiple forms of depri- b. Safety: Violent crime not only sor in the Department of Anthropol- vation (Massey and Tannen 2015). harms the local population physically, ogy at Emory University. The most common measure of RERS (Please turn to page 4)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • 3 (HEALTH: Continued. from page 3) often inadequate (Sanchez, Stolz et al. Truman 2015). It is estimated that the 2003). Nevertheless, greater propor- cognitive skills of children whose fami- but also instills fear and may deter so- tions of minority populations rely on lies have lived in poor neighborhoods cial interaction and physical activity public transportation than do whites, for two generations are diminished by (Gordon-Larsen, McMurray et al. and minority populations spend greater the equivalent of between two and four 2000). proportions of their incomes on trans- years of schooling(Sharkey 2013). c. Housing: Housing is a basic hu- portation (Bureau of Transportation h. Nutrition, alcohol, and substance man need that provides shelter and, Statistics 2003). abuse: Segregated neighborhoods of- with home ownership, investment and e. Employment: The residential seg- ten have reduced access to full-service, security. Overall, Black home owner- regation of Blacks and Hispanics is as- relatively less expensive supermarkets ship in the United States is 25% lower sociated with diminished employment (Powell, Slater et al. 2007), high con- than that of whites and the gap in- opportunities, lower wages, and their centrations of fast-food and less nutri- creased slightly from 1970 to 2001; multiple health consequences, a phe- tious food (Powell, Chaloupka et al. trends are similar for all income lev- nomenon referred to as “spatial mis- 2007), and higher densities of alcohol els except those with the highest in- match,” i.e., the spatial separation of outlets (Powell, Slater et al. 2007). come in which the gap decreased from residence and employment oppor- These conditions are associated with 13.9% to 11.9% during this period tunities (Turner 2008). obesity (Corral, Landrine et al. 2011) (Herbert 2005). In addition, more f. Cost of living: For the same qual- and higher rates of alcohol- and drug- Blacks and Hispanics live in crowded ity goods, residents in low-income and related harms (Campbell, Hahn et al. and lower quality housing (with prob- segregated neighborhoods pay more 2009). lems of heating, plumbing, etc.) than those living outside of such neigh- i. Health Care: Residential segre- which contributes to poor mental and borhoods, an excess referred to as the gation is also associated with reduced physical health (Changing America; “poverty” or “ghetto tax” (Karger access to health care services Evans and Saegert 2000; Jacobs 2011). 2007; Pager and Shepherd 2008). (Smedley, Stith et al. 2003; White, d. Transportation: Transportation g. Education: The segregation of Haas et al. 2012) and lower utiliza- provides passage to employment and minority communities is associated tion (Gaskin, Dinwiddie et al. 2011). other resources and may also be a with lower quality schooling (Ong and While access and utilization have source of pollution and injury. Public Rickles 2004; Bohrnstedt 2015), with greatly increased with the Affordable transportation resources for low-in- substantial long term health con- Care Act (Long, Kenney et al. 2014), come and minority communities are sequences (Johnson 2011; Hahn and (Please turn to page 10)

Figure 1. How Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation Harms Well-Being and Promotes Health Inequity

4 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 Parks and Recreation

Bryan Greene

When people first hear about the Just as "Woodstock" and "Gimme biographer, Robert Caro, told the New 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival, they Shelter" use aerial shots to show the York Times, "[Moses] was the most ask, "Why isn't there a movie?" multitudes at those concerts, my film racist person I ever met." Caro, in his The New York Times reported that of the Harlem Festival opens with a Pulitzer-prize winning biography of the festival drew 300,000 to six Sun- helicopter over Mount Morris Park. Moses, described Moses's idea of day concerts in Harlem's Mount Mor- This would be two years before the helping Harlem residents feel at home ris Park the summer of 1969. It boasted 1969 Festival. Sitting in the helicop- in Riverside Park: he installed some of the biggest names in popular ter are two Yale men—one, the Mayor wrought-iron trellises with monkeys music—The Fifth Dimension, Sly and of New York City, John Lindsay, the on the comfort stations. the Family Stone, Stevie Wonder, The other, August Heckscher, his newly- Heckscher, meanwhile, sponsored Staple Singers, Nina Simone, B.B. the Harlem Cultural Festival. In a press King—but it is virtually unknown. Un- release, Heckscher announced that the like "Woodstock," the same summer, The most popular City had partnered with Maxwell and "Gimme Shelter," the film of the music festival you’ve House, the General Foods subsidiary, Rolling Stones' 1969 tour, there is no never heard of. to sponsor the 1969 Festival. He similar film of the Harlem Cultural stressed: "However, the City is not run- Festival, despite the pivotal moment appointed Parks Commissioner (note: ning the Festival; General Foods is not it represents in Black music, politics, They are now deceased. We will have running it. We are only supporting it. and culture. While two television net- to re-enact this). The men share a vi- The Harlem Cultural Festival belongs works aired one-hour specials with sion: to attract more New Yorkers to to Harlem. It is the expression of the festival highlights, the broadcasts left the parks, especially Blacks and His- many elements—‘soul,’ if you will— little lasting impact on the culture. Hal panics. It's March 1967, and Mayor of the diverse cultures that make up Tulchin, a TV producer whose crew Lindsay, a Republican, is swearing in the Harlem community." filmed over 50 hours of the festival, Heckscher. Tony Lawrence, a Caribbean-born reported that he was unable to interest Heckscher describes the helicopter singer and actor, was the driving force anyone in a bigger project. As a con- descent into the Harlem park in his behind the Festival. By 1969, the bud- sequence, the Festival remains, as 1974 memoir, Alive in the City: get for the three-year old Festival had documentary filmmaker Jessica grown such that Lawrence told the New Edwards calls it, "The most popular The mayor and I arrived at the York Times, "The entertainers charged ceremony by helicopter, landing me top price, and we paid it." More- music festival you've never heard of." upon the summit of Mount Morris, Someday, someone will make a film a six-acre park situated at the cen- over, he said, "We put a lot of money about the Festival, which marks its ter of Harlem. It seemed appropri- around this community. I hired as 50th anniversary in two years. That ate at that time to give emphasis to many people as possible." This in- filmmaker will have to obtain the a black community. ...As our heli- cluded money for security, advertis- rights to the concert footage that ex- copter came low I could see crowds ing, and a house band. Lawrence also ists. Past efforts have proven unsuc- of children climbing up the slopes emphasized that the television crews cessful. Many of the organizers and and steep paths to greet the mayor. included Black supervisors and train- performers have died in the interven- This was a period when John ees. The Times said the Festival "pro- ing years. To piece things together, I Lindsay's popularity was at its vided a lucrative market for enterpris- have consulted newspaper and maga- height, and he was a hero to young ing small merchants...to indulge in blacks. zine accounts, watched the footage I what Harlemites would call a 'legiti- could obtain, and interviewed Festi- Heckscher was New York aristoc- mate hustle.'" val attendees and performers. May this racy. His predecessor as Park Com- The headliner the first day (which article serve as the starting point for missioner, the legendary Robert the Times said drew 60,000) was The the filmmaker who takes on this Moses, had named a Long Island state Fifth Dimension. The group's record, project. This is my treatment for the park and Central Park's largest play- "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In," from film that will come. ground after Heckscher's grandfather the Broadway musical, Hair, was still and namesake, a German-born capi- in the Billboard Top 40, after six talist and philanthropist. Heckscher's weeks at #1 in April and May. Bryan Greene (greenebee@gmail. commitment to improve park access "Aquarius" would win "Record of the com) is a civil rights practitioner liv- for underprivileged New Yorkers stood Year" at the Grammy Awards (just as ing in Washington, DC. in stark contrast with Moses, whose (Please turn to page 6)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • 5 (PARKS: Continued from page 5) does. The song's breakdown is one of the funny thing about gospel is it the most joyful music moments on touches people and it spreads. You "Up, Up, and Away" had in 1968). film. See if it doesn't make you jump can't contain it, and why would The band's schedule was so packed that up and dance. And when trumpet you? I count myself so blessed to it's no surprise the group's founding player Cynthia Robinson introduces have been a vehicle for this message that went around the world that member, Lamonte McLemore, told "Dance to the Music," and shouts, "Get year. me he scarcely remembers the Harlem up and dance to the music! Get on up gig. They played Ed Sullivan that year. and dance to the music!" you wonder "Oh Happy Day" shaped gospel The group had just come off a tour if the revolution might very well be music for years to come but its influ- with Frank Sinatra, the only group to televised. ence went beyond that. George go on the road with him, McLemore The Festival provided a national Harrison became the first former said. They also guest-starred in showcase for Black gospel music. A Beatle to write a number-one song with Sinatra’s 1968 TV special and opened staple on radio and local TV, gospel "My Sweet Lord" in 1971. Ronnie for him during his engagement in Las took a leap forward when ABC-TV Mack sued him successfully for copy- Vegas. The group was ubiquitous. We broadcast, in primetime, highlights right infringement, citing similarities know the group played the Harlem from the Festival's "Folk and Gospel" with "He's So Fine," which Mack had Festival because CBS-TV aired high- concert on September 16, 1969. Help- written for the Chiffons. George lights of their performance in a ing whet the worldwide appetite for Harrison in his 1980 autobiography, primetime special on July 28th. Alas, "I, Me, Mine," demurred. He said, the concert footage remains in a vault. "I was inspired by the Edwin Hawkins Meanwhile, Sly and the Family Gospel took a leap for- Singers' version of 'Oh Happy Day.'" Stone's 42-minute set is on the Internet ward when ABC-TV While Hawkins was a 26-year old (with Hal Tulchin's watermark). The broadcast highlights newcomer in 1969, Mahalia Jackson band is absent from posters, which from the Festival’s was the reigning "Queen of Gospel." suggests their July 27th performance “Folk and Gospel” con- She had inherited the mantle from her was a fortuitous last-minute booking; mentor, composer Thomas A. Dorsey. they played the popular Schaefer Mu- cert. Jackson would perform with her pro- sic Festival in Central Park the day tege Mavis Staples at the festival, a before. Black gospel music was a breakout hit moment Jessica Edwards, maker of the Sly and the Family Stone deliver that summer—an arrangement of an film "Mavis!" said "very much indi- an exhilarating performance. Tulchin's old hymn by an Oakland, California cated a passing of the baton." To- footage is in brilliant color, shot by choirmaster, Edwin Hawkins. "Oh gether, Jackson and Staples sang multiple cameras, and masterfully ed- Happy Day" spent 10 weeks on the Dorsey's standard, "Take My Hand, ited. The band’s setlist is almost iden- Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #4 on Precious Lord," which Jackson sang tical to their Woodstock show two June 7, 1969. It reached #1 in France, at the funeral of Dr. Martin Luther weeks later. But the Harlem perfor- Germany, and the Netherlands. When King, Jr. The crowd, many in their mance packs more punch: it's an his- the Edwin Hawkins Singers took the Sunday best, responded enthusiasti- torical moment to see the band, sport- stage June 29th in Mount Morris Park, cally. Exiting the stage, Jackson and ing Afros, bell-bottoms, and frilled they were one of the most popular acts Staples passed the mike to their mu- jackets, play to tens of thousands in in the world. CBS featured the Sing- tual Chicago friend, civil-rights leader Harlem. If such a performance hadn't ers on the same July 28th special with Jesse Jackson. existed, you'd have to invent it. You the Fifth Dimension. The footage I saw of the Festival's can imagine an inspired Larry Graham Edwin Hawkins told me in an gospel concert is not publicly avail- inventing his trademark slap-bass tech- email: able, but Mahalia Jackson's appear- nique, on the spot, inspired by the ance at the concert is more widely appreciative crowd. You see here how That was a whirlwind year for me. documented by a New York Times pho- the band had soaked up that time's We'd recorded "Oh Happy Day" to tograph of her with Mayor Lindsay, crosscurrent of music genres—rock, raise money for our youth choir on the steps of her trailer. Lindsay was psychedelia, funk, soul—and taken it tour. It was as simple as that. A San in Harlem, campaigning for re-elec- to a new level. The hippie zeitgeist is Francisco radio station started play- tion. Jackson, with her arm around here, too. When Sly sings, "Higher" ing it, and next thing you know, Lindsay, told the assembled reporters, he tells the crowd, "When we say 500 copies weren't enough. My call- "We're really going to go for him." 'higher,' if you'd say 'higher' and ing is to spread the gospel, the good Accounts of the Festival say the em- throw the peace sign up, we'd appre- news. This song could have stayed cee introduced Lindsay to the crowd ciate it. Now it don't make you mel- in the church—which is what the that day as "our blue-eyed soul church elders preferred when the low if you don't, it don't make you brother." song showed up on the radio. But groovy if you do..." But the crowd (Please turn to page 8)

6 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 Essay The Fight to be Public: Making Public Spaces Accessible to All Tyler Barbarin

An Emerging National itized groups become inherently dan- symbiotic connectivity between pri- Discussion gerous spaces. The consequence of al- vate, public and institutional spaces” lowing our public spaces to be inhab- (Harvey, 2005). Use of public spaces The public sphere is often the most ited, monitored and controlled under shapes our sense of belonging and, contentious space in our lives, but the guise of being free from labels, therefore, affects our role in the so- sometimes the least examined. What rules or constraints is that these spaces cial order. is a public space? Is there an affirma- default to regulation by stereotypes, Attention to the equitable design tive right to access public space and if misconceptions and prejudice. Those and regulation of our public spaces has so, what is that right? How do we navi- who are not white, male, hetero- been increasingly acute within the last gate situations of conflict in public normative and able-bodied often be- several years. From conflict between spaces? How do we mitigate fear and come subject to policing based on the public servants and private citizens, to discomfort during interactions? The comforts of the majority. Instances of the discussion of constitutional rights stranger that lingers too long, the body harassment, policing and altercations and gender identity and expression, that stands in the shadows, the group leading to the mistreatment and even violence and oppression, to the revived that feels just too big or too loud— movement to occupy public space for political protest—public spaces have what are reasonable expectations of Use of public spaces safety, comfort and certainty? Are mandated national conversation. “Cit- such expectations guaranteed and to shapes our sense of ies, by definition, are shared whom does the guarantee run? Too belonging and, there- spaces…The promise of our public often we see the mitigation of fear turn fore, affects our role in spaces is the assurance that we can live into the over-policing of Black, the social order. well together, creating places that we Brown, trans and disabled bodies. This can all enjoy and call our own” (Black fear manifests itself in the regulation Lives and the [Broken] Promise of and oppression of sexual orientations death of minoritized people have be- Public Space, 2016). The current con- and expressions that fall outside of the come all too frequent. Those that in- versation attempts to reconcile the need norms of the dominant culture. Across habit multiply oppressed intersectional to immediately and broadly name, re- the country public spaces have been identities, such as Black trans women, act to and address frequent and open the site of abuses of power by the pow- trans women of color, and disabled displays of oppression in public spaces erful, the control of the minoritized, peoples, are especially vulnerable to with the need to plan and strategize to and the perpetuation of damaging sys- this mistreatment. prevent such occurrences and subse- tems of oppression. The ability to safely traverse and quently transform the public space ex- In American society, there is an as- utilize public spaces affects an perience for all. sumption of neutrality in unnamed, individual’s ability to fully participate Yet the conscious decision to divide unregulated spaces. This assumption in society. Use of public spaces has a streets, section off green spaces, label creates a false comfort. America’s his- direct effect on civic and political par- areas as private and public has always tory of oppression and regulation of ticipation and affects interaction with had real and material consequences for bodies has prevented this assumed neu- the economy and economic opportu- non-majority citizens. Public spaces— trality from actualizing. Spaces that nity. David Harvey, in The Political such as sidewalks, restrooms, parks are not intentionally integrated and Economy of Public Space, chronicles and playgrounds—are part of a corner- made to be safe for the unique and this connection between the political stone of social life and have been sys- specific needs of historically minor- and economic. He writes of the con- tematically and intentionally regulated nectivity between the performance of and restricted for certain demograph- difference and the regulation of the ics in our society, as discussed by Tyler Barbarin, tbarbarin@prrac. other in public spaces with the more Harvey. org, is Administrative and Research concrete and rote control that occurs To create a society where the physi- Assistant at PRRAC. This essay is an in institutional and privatized forums: cal, mental and social well-being of excerpt from a longer work under de- “[o]n both sides, therefore, politics each citizen is protected with equal and velopment. was inflected by the experience of a (Please turn to page 8)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • 7 (PUBLIC: Continued. from page 7) the commitments to these in a way that is enforceable. Resources equitable fervor requires a concerted For CBAs to function at their maxi- Black Lives and the (Broken) effort to address and remedy the ways mum potential and these systems to be Promise of Public Spaces, Project in which minoritized peoples experi- more equitable, the process of creation for Public Spaces, 2016: ence public spaces. has to be equitable from ideation to www.pps.org/blog/black-lives- implementation. The planning process broken-promise-public-space/ should engage citizens throughout the Strengthening Solutions decision-making process, not just in a Sandy Gerber, Community ben- reflective capacity after planning is efits agreements: A tool for more Successful strategies for equitable completed. Any group charged with equitable development? public spaces require solutions borne organizing should be sure to find ways Nov. 1, 2007. Federal Re- from the empowerment of intersec- of including those who cannot actively serve of Minneapolis Blog. tional and specifically minoritized participate in the process formally— https://minneapolisfed.org/publi- cations/community-dividend/ peoples. One strategy with both prom- so no voice goes unheard. A board or community-benefits-agreements- ise and room for improvement is the coalition (tied to funds) should main- a-tool-for-more-equitable- use of Community Benefits Agree- tain oversight of the CBA with an ex- development#r1 ments (CBAs). The function of a plicit commitment to equity, justice, CBA, generally, is to create an un- and anti-oppressive systems. This board David Harvey, “The Political derstanding between developers and should be reflective of the community Economy of Public Space.” community organizations and stake- in which this CBA will actualize and Low, S. and Smith, N. (eds), The holders about the plans for land use. their role should be participatory, not Politics of Public Space, CBAs have the potential to be lever- solely supervisory. Fair and equitable Routledge, New York. 2005. aged by minoritized peoples to ensure access to public space is integral for a Available at http://davidharvey. that they are engaged and that their healthier community, requiring inten- org/media/public.pdf unique needs are included in a mean- tional creation and maintenance of ingful way throughout the approval, anti-oppressive systems and spaces planning and development processes of across the commercial, private and (es- the reinvestment in public spaces within pecially) public spheres. ❏ communities. Well known CBAs, like those or- ganized by the Los Angeles Alliance (PARKS: Continued from page 6) Mayor, Mr. Mayor!’ [Lindsay] for a New Economy (LAANE), have walked right over to her and I thought, been used to address hiring practices Lindsay had credibility among 'Oh my God.' And she began a lec- and equitable employment in corpo- Black New Yorkers because he not ture. 'We have you white politicians rations and businesses that are devel- only talked the talk; he literally walked who come up here and make all these oped in communities (Gerber, 2007). the walk—through the streets of Harlem promises. Nothing ever changes’.” As Yet the vibrancy of a community ex- and other neighborhoods, on a regu- she recited the City's failings, Grant tends far beyond the economic opera- lar basis. Richard Grant, an African- said, “The mayor stood there, batting tions. Without attention to the public American aide to Lindsay, described his eyes, looking very, very seriously sphere built into CBAs, low-income, the power of these walks during an down to the ground. When she fin- minoritized, or disabled people, are interview with me. Grant worked as ished, he said, ‘Well I have understood often still met with force, surveillance, an advance man on the 1969 cam- what you say and I'm sure we haven't judgment and harassment in public paign, so he would go ahead and scout done all we should have done and could spaces. This unequal application of the route. On this particular walk, have done, but all I can promise you protection and concern perpetuates sys- Grant observed a colorfully-dressed is that I'm going to continue to work tems of inequality. It perpetuates nar- woman who had set down at 135th and on things and I'm going to do my best ratives of criminality and therefore Lenox “with a folding chair and food,” to make some changes. The people detracts from the overall goals of the who knew a lot of people in the com- with me have taken down what you CBA. There needs to be a concrete munity, and announced, “I'm going said. And we're going to see what we framework, built into the design of to give [the Mayor] a piece of my can do to help.’ She had a very stern CBAs, which defines public spaces as mind!” Grant sent word to the Lind- look on her face...And after he fin- equitable and nonviolent spaces. This say team, “This may be a place where ished she stepped back and broke into framework, beyond providing a clear you might not want to stop.” Yet, when this wide smile and said, ‘I don't know definition of the commitments to eq- Lindsay reached this location, Grant about you. I don't know, but I think I uity that all public spaces embody, said, “This woman called out, ‘Mr. trust you.’ She shook his hand. That should also clarify ways to maintain

8 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 was what was on the news at the end the very station from which Lou Reed day after the moon landing: "Yester- of the day." emerged in the Velvet Underground's day, the moon. Tomorrow, maybe Lindsay aide Sid Davidoff, in an "Waiting for The Man." Contrary to us." archival film on CUNY’s website, Reed's song, no one asked, "Hey, Two weeks after Woodstock, Jimi describes how the mayor's Harlem re- white boy, what you doin' uptown," Hendrix put on a free benefit concert lationships helped quell tensions the or accused him of "chasin' our women in Harlem. Hendrix had resided there night of the King assassination. around." Instead, Flood's presence in during his formative years (taking the Davidoff recalls "it was a very tense the park was unremarked upon. "I was top prize at the Apollo's amateur night situation on the streets," but Lindsay in the sea of black people and there in 1964). In 1969, Hendrix had been insisted on walking Harlem that night, was no tension." Flood recalled, "I playing with a loose collection of protected by the Five Percenters, a stood for hours and hours.... I took mostly Black musicians, the Band of group of former prisoners with whom the train home and I told Mom, you Gypsys. He told The New York Times Lindsay’s office had built a relation- should see what I saw, Gladys Knight why he was playing Harlem: "Some- ship. Davidoff said, ”[Lindsay] got and the Pips, Chuck Jackson, Stevie times when I come up here, people out of the car and began to walk...He Wonder..." Wonder's "My Cherie say, 'He plays white rock for white began walking and shaking hands, and Amour" was #9 on the charts and people...' 'What's he doing up here?' hugging people and saying, 'I'm Well, I want to show them that music sorry.' And meanwhile around him The Hendrix experience is universal—that there is no white rock were some really bad guys of Harlem." typified the pressure on or black rock.'" Alas, the Harlem A shoving match ensued as local po- crowd disagreed. They threw eggs at liticos jostled for position next to the black artists to ally him. Mayor. Davidoff said, "This wasn't themselves with the The Hendrix experience typified the about local politics... This was about Black Power Movement. pressure on Black artists to ally them- John Lindsay who'd been in that selves with the Black Power Move- neighborhood many times...who was ment. In many instances, musicians had coming back to say, ‘I feel your pain.’ climbing. About the free concert, to choose between commercial main- And he did feel the pain." While New Flood said, "I was struck by how much stream success and a more Black-con- York was less than peaceful that night, I was getting for nothing. What am I scious identity. Sly and the Family many credit Lindsay with sparing New missing here? Am I going to be charged Stone even faced pressure during the York the fallout other cities experi- on the way out? How is this possible?" 1970s to let go its white drummer and enced. That date, July 20, 1969, is special saxophone player. The Fifth Dimen- Lindsay was also a champion for for other reasons. For that same day, sion navigated these loyalties better Black urban communities nationwide. Heckscher's Park Commission had than some, but McLemore told me, He served as Vice Chairman of the erected giant screens in Central Park "Black people, when we first Kerner Commission, where he penned for thousands to watch one of the most started...they didn't understand what the Commission's famous conclusion historic events of mankind: the land- we were doing at all." One time, he about the cause of the mid-1960's civil ing on the moon. Why weren't the convinced the Temptations promoter disturbances: "Our nation is moving Harlem concertgoers there or glued to to let them open for the R&B group in toward two societies, one black, one their TV sets at home? Los Angeles. "We were singing our white, separate and unequal." He be- The New York Times on July 27, number-one song then, 'Go Where came the face of liberal concern for 1969 provides an answer. In a story You Wanna Go'...The audience was the fate of Blacks trapped in inner cit- headlined, "Blacks and Apollo: Most looking at us, like, 'Well, y'all better ies. Reader's Digest captured Couldn't Have Cared Less," the Times go on and get off that stage and bring Lindsay's challenge to America with reported, "An estimated 50,000 people the Temptations on! People said, its title for an August 1968 interview: flocked to last Sunday's Harlem Cul- here's a black group singing white "We can lick the problems of the tural (soul music) Festival at Mt. Mor- songs, white stuff, with a white ghetto, if we care." And so, the offi- ris Park and the single mention of the sound...And we said, How can you cial poster for the Harlem Cultural [Lunar Module] touching down color a sound? This is *our* sound. Festival boldly asked, "Do you care?" brought boos from the audience." And it's different and we ain’t gonna Anthony Flood, a 16-year old white NAACP Executive Director Roy change it. When Aquarius came out, kid from the Bronx, saw such a poster Wilkins "called the moon shot 'a cause all of a sudden, all the black people on the B27 bus. Tony cared about for shame,' and added, 'there's some- came up and said, 'We were with y'all music. "I got into The Beatles but I thing wrong with the Government's all along!'" never got into hard rock... By 1968, priority system.'" The Times article The major reason we need a film '69, I was listening to R&B." On Sun- concluded with a lament from an edi- of the Harlem Cultural Festival is to day, July 20th, Flood took the sub- torial that ran in the Amsterdam News, document a community at a cross- way to Lexington Ave and 125th St., the city's leading Black newspaper, the (Please turn to page 10)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • 9 (PARKS: Continued from page 9) roads—torn on which direction to take PRRAC Update but hopeful about where each road leads. The community was under strain, but its unity had not dissipated. • Once again, we are fortunate Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court Surely, Tony Lawrence had demon- to have a terrific group of summer decision, which officially ended the strated what was possible from a part- interns. Welcome to our Law & ban on interracial marriage in the nership among city administration, Policy Interns Jessica Smiley and United States. PRRAC board mem- corporate sponsors, neighborhood or- Julia Mizutani (both from ber (and Georgetown law professor) ganizers, and local entrepreneurs. Georgetown Law School), Policy Sheryll Cashin observes this anni- Hundreds of thousands had come out Intern Pooja Patel (Princeton Uni- versary in her book Loving: Inter- to see an unprecedented number of versity), and Communications In- racial Intimacy in America and the Black artists at the top of their game, terns Caroline Kuzel (Saint Xavier Threat to White Supremacy, explor- in pop, blues, R&B, rock, gospel, University) and Emma Stein ing challenges to traditional race jazz, soul, and funk. It was a time (Union College). boundaries and the growth of cul- when leaders like Lindsay and white tural dexterity. Congratulations to performers like Elvis were shining a • June 12th, 2017 marked the Sheryll on her new book. light on what was going on "in the 50th anniversary of the landmark ghetto," while those who dwelt there debated whether it was better to go it alone. (HEALTH: Continued. from page 4) Consequences of Segrega- In 1969, these questions and the pos- tion on Health sibilities they present come into sharp segregated populations have long had focus, just before another turn of the less access and lower quality health In all 38 Metropolitan Statistical lens takes us into the blurry 1970s. The care than higher income populations Areas (SMAs) with populations Festival did not return to Mount Mor- (Smedley, Stith et al. 2003). greater than 1 million in 1980, infant ris Park in 1970. Joseph Harris, a doc- j. Recreation: Regions with high mortality rates for Blacks exceeded tor who was a Black Panther in Harlem concentrations of minority populations those of whites (Polednak 1991). In a in 1969, told me, "The first thing they are associated with fewer opportuni- statistical regression analysis including did after '69...They said, 'We're not ties for indoor and outdoor physical female householder, poverty, median gonna have this anymore. Oh, we're activity, e.g. gyms and parks, less family income, and the segregation dis- gonna build a pool for y'all.’" Years physical activity, and high rates of similarity index, only segregation was later, a large pool complex filled in being overweight (Gordon-Larsen, a statistically significant predictor of the area where the Festival crowd had Nelson et al. 2006). excess Black infant mortality. Black gathered. The Parks Commission re- k. Justice: High rates of police infant mortality exceeded white infant named the park Marcus Garvey Park strength in U.S. cities are associated mortality by 2/1000 live births in the in 1973, a symbolic victory for the with the proportions of Blacks in the least segregated SMAs and by 9/1000 Black Power Movement, but Harris population, the degree of Black/white live births at highest levels of segre- observed, "Every central meeting racial segregation, and income dispari- gation. place in Harlem was eliminated [in the ties, independent of level of crime An analysis of U.S. metropolitan 70s]." That decade, Nina Simone, (Kent and Carmichael 2014). “Dispro- areas in 2000 indicates that, adjusted whose stirring Festival performance is portionate minority contact” is a well- for background demographics, includ- available in its entirety online, left the recognized problem referring to the ing income and education, the likeli- United States altogether. In a 1997 in- participation of minority subjects— hood of poor self-rated health was 50% terview, she said, "I left because I principally Blacks and Hispanics—in higher among Blacks than among didn't feel that Black people were go- all phases of the justice system, from whites, and that controlling for white/ ing to get their due, and I still don't." arrest to incarceration—in excess of Black segregation essentially elimi- If we had a film, we could freeze their proportion in the population nates this gap (Subramanian, Acevedo- the frame in 1969. We could watch, (Piquero 2008). Garcia et al. 2005). In the period over and over, Sly and the Family While the consequences of RERS 1989–1994, residential location is es- Stone remind us, "We've got to live are predominantly negative, RERS has timated to have accounted for between together" and celebrate, "Different also been found to promote commu- 15% and 75% (depending on age and strokes for different folks. And so on, nity empowerment which itself may gender) of the difference in Black and and so on, and scooby dooby doo." ❏ have health benefits (LaVeist 1993). white self-rated health not accounted for by individual-level characteristics

10 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 (Do, Finch et al. 2008). Econometric exposure to other groups (Mahoney ing and residential segregation are fun- analysis of U.S. residents 20–30 years 1995; Williams and Collins 2001). damental social determinants of health, of age in the 1990 census suggests that There is evidence, for example, that the reduction of RERS is not included the elimination of the causes of RERS segregation leads to increased poverty as a primary objective of Healthy for Blacks would result in the elimi- (Teitz and Chapple 1998). In the past, People 2020. This is a critical gap. nation of white-Black gaps in employ- federal and state policies have sup- There are multiple approaches to re- ment, earnings, and high school gradu- ported segregationist principles dressing RERS, some included in ation (Cutler and Glaeser 1997). Seg- (United States Commission on Civil HUD’s Strategic Plan 2014–2018 (De- regation decreases the opportunity for Rights 1973; Rothstein 2017), and pro- partment of Housing and Urban De- children to escape from the cycle of grams such as “urban renewal” have velopment 2010). Health agencies can poverty (Chetty, Hendren et al. 2014). led to the destruction of minority com- support these strategies as well. Pub- An analysis of the U.S. adult popu- munities (Fullilove 2001). lic health personnel and policy mak- lation in the 1980s indicates that, ad- The Fair Housing Act (1968) ers can collaborate in surveillance, re- justed for family income, the annual charges the U.S. Department of Hous- search, policy, and programming, likelihood of death was 2.8 times ing and Urban Development (HUD) with personnel from housing, justice, higher for Black men ages 25 – 44 years with promoting housing and urban de- transportation, and environmental living in census tracts with >70% velopment "in a manner affirmatively agencies to advance public health. Blacks than in tracts with <10% to further the purposes of fair hous- Efforts can be made A) to address Blacks, and similarly 2.1 times greater ing” (United States Commission on and reduce RERS and, B) insofar as for Black women living in high com- RERS continues, to reduce its harms; pared with low concentration Black some strategies address both outcomes. tracts (Jackson, Anderson et al. 2000). RERS has also been Efforts to address RERS are a poten- In 1990, elevated mortality in U.S. found to promote com- tial key to the elimination of the sys- cities from heart disease, cancers, and munity empowerment tem of racial discrimination that un- homicide among Black men was asso- which itself may have derlies health inequity (Reskin 2012). ciated with segregation (measured by health benefits. isolation), and heart disease and can- cers among Black women were asso- A. Addressing and ciated with segregation; among whites, Civil Rights 1973). The Fair Housing Reducing RERS only cancer mortality among men was Act also prohibited discrimination on associated with segregation (Collins the basis of race, color, religion, or 1. Fully enforce anti-discrimination and Williams 1999). It is estimated national origin in the sale or rental of laws: Promote justice and equity by that approximately 176,000 deaths per housing, the financing of housing, or more actively enforcing the body of year are associated with racial segre- the provision of brokerage law that prohibits discrimination in gation in the United States (Galea, services"(United States Commission housing on the basis of race, ethnicity, Tracy et al. 2011). This number ex- on Civil Rights 1973). However, in and other factors. HUD’s Plan for ceeds the number of deaths attribut- the 2012 HUD survey of housing dis- 2014-8 notes that “housing discrimi- able to cigarette smoking among 35- crimination, Black interviewers were nation still takes on blatant forms in 64 year olds in the Unitd States and is informed of 17.0% fewer homes and some instances,” and includes as an approximately one third of all mortal- shown 17.7% fewer homes than oth- objective to “reduce housing discrimi- ity among Blacks and Hispanics in the erwise similar whites (Turner, Santos nation, affirmatively further fair hous- United States in 2014 (Rogers, Hum- et al. 2013). Asians were informed ing through HUD programs, and pro- mer et al. 2005; National Center for of 15.5% fewer homes and shown mote diverse, inclusive communities” Health Statistics 2016). 18.8% fewer homes than otherwise (Department of Housing and Urban identical whites. Similar rates of dis- Development 2014). Housing rights crimination were reported in 1977 enforcement actions may be brought Causes of Segregation (Wienk 1979). In the 2012 survey, His- by the Departments of Justice and panics were found not to be discrimi- HUD, or by plaintiffs claiming dis- Racism, the systematic discrimina- nated against. crimination. HUD also funds NGOs tion in attitudes, actions, and policies under the auspices of the National Fair against populations assumed to be Housing Alliance (National Fair Hous- “races,” is a root cause of segregation, Redressing Segregation ing Alliance 2015), to prosecute cases and segregation, in turn, reinforces for Health Equity of discrimination. There is evidence racism when the consequences of seg- that strong enforcement is associated regation are blamed on the segregated While HHS’s Healthy People 2020 with reduced rates of discrimination population due to a lack of understand- (US Department of Health Human (Ross and Turner 2005; Department ing of structural discrimination and Services 2010) recognizes that hous- (Please turn to page 12)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • 11 (HEALTH: Continued from page 11) Thanks for your contributions to PRRAC! of Housing and Urban Development 2010). But only a very small propor- Barbara Beck Michelle Guerrero Dennis Parker tion of instances of housing discrimi- Sydney Clemens Willis Hawley Janet Sabel nation are reported to these agencies Sierra Collins Sujin Jung Gabriela Sandoval investigated or remedied. It is esti- Lynn Cunningham Elizabeth Lassar Robert Tate mated that approximately 1,760,000 Theodore DeLaney Judith Liben Judy Viertel incidents of discrimination against Danis Gehl James Liebman Anna Blasco Wedding Black home-seekers occur annually Scott Gehl Jennifer O’Neil Maristela Zell (Simonson 2004). HUD receives re- You can also donate online at www.prrac.org ports of and investigates several thou- sand claims of racial discrimination and brings several suits each year; in 2014, the total number of claims firmatively Furthering Fair Housing Initiative supported a program to in- brought for racial discrimination was (AFFH) rule: a “legal requirement [in crease the number of supermarkets in approximately 6,000—about 0.3% of the Fair Housing Act] that federal agen- under-served communities across the estimated number of discrimina- cies and federal grantees further the Pennsylvania (http://www.thefood tory events (National Fair Housing purposes of the Fair Housing Act.” The trust.org/php/programs/super. Alliance 2015). rule requires HUD fund recipients to market.campaign.php). 2. Provide opportunities for low-in- use local data (including on “environ- 2. Promote anti-poverty programs: come populations to move: Promote mental health”) and advance fair hous- Many federal programs provide sup- housing programs such as Moving to ing and overcome prior segregation port for various aspects of life among Opportunity that have been found to (HUD 2015). It also encourages local the poor, including those living in seg- benefit their recipients—including im- regated communities (Pfeiffer). provements in housing, employment, While racial and ethnic 3. Zone for public health, for ex- and reductions in obesity, diabetes residential segregation ample, for alcohol outlet density that risk, and alcohol abuse (Fauth, persists, it is unlikely can reduce public health harm in low Leventhal et al. 2004; Ludwig, income communities (Campbell, Hahn Sanbonmatsu et al. 2011; Sanbon- that racial and ethnic et al. 2009). matsu, Ludwig et al. 2011). Under health inequities will be 4. Strengthen public services (e.g., President Obama, efforts were made eliminated. community policing, sanitation, trans- to assure that relocation programs do portation, health care) in segregated not send recipients into segregated regions, for example, The King neighborhoods (Davis and Apple- interagency collaboration. County Equity and Social Justice Stra- baum). The HUD-Department of 5. Implement education programs tegic Plan 2016-2022 (Constantine Transportation—Environmental Pro- to reduce racism and its consequences: 2016). tection Agency Partnership for Sus- A recent meta-analysis indicates that tainable Communities coordinated the many anti-prejudice programs for development of affordable housing and school-age children and youth are ef- Conclusion transportation to improve access to fective in reducing prejudicial attitudes employment and other resources and behavior that are an underlying Racial and ethnic residential segre- (E.P.A. and Office of Sustainable cause of ongoing RERS (Beelmann and gation is a fundamental social deter- Communities 2014). Heinemann 2014). minant that adversely affects the health 3. Promote the use of federal, state, of large proportions of many minor- and local governments tax incentives B. Eliminating and ity communities and is a critical source to motivate investments that encour- Reducing the Harms of of health inequity. While racial and age residential integration or allow ethnic residential segregation persists, residents to remain in their neighbor- Ongoing RERS it is unlikely that racial and ethnic hoods despite movements such as health inequities will be eliminated. gentrification (Reskin 2012), or facili- 1. Support resource development Public health leaders, researchers, and tates the renovation or construction of (e.g., healthy foods, banks, health care practitioners should collaborate in sur- housing for low income populations services, transportation) in segregated veillance, research, program and in areas of opportunity, as with the neighborhoods that can improve access policy design, evaluation, and support HUD Low-Income Tax Credit pro- to resources for health.(Austin 2004) agencies promoting housing and the gram (Hollar 2014). For example, from 2004–2010, the implementation and enforcement of 4. Implement the recent HUD Af- Pennsylvania Fresh Food Financing fair housing law. ❏

12 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 References: Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation

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• Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Keren Mertens Horn, and Davin Reed. "Has Falling Crime Invited Gentrification?" Health (2017). https://papers.ssrn.com/ • Benfer, Emily A. "Contaminated Childhood: The • Rothstein, Richard. The Color of Law: A Forgotten Chronic Lead Poisoning of Low-Income Children and History of How Our Government Segregated America. Communities of Color in Federally Assisted Housing." New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2017. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 2017. doi:10.2139/ ssrn.2823342. • Terry, Sabrina and Lindsay Daniels. Small Dollars for Big Change: Immigrant Financial Inclusion and • Connecting Limited-English Proficient Individuals to Access to Credit. Report. National Council of La Raza. Health Care Services: The Important Role of Community- 2017. http://publications.nclr.org/ Based Organizations. Report. Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum. 2017. www.apiahf.org/. • Traub, Amy, Laura Sullivan, Tatjana Meschede, and Tom Shapiro. The Asset Value of Whiteness: Understand • De Leon, Erwin, and Joseph Schilling. Urban Blight the Racial Wealth Gap. Report. Demos. 2017. http:// and Public Health: Addressing the Impact of Substandard www.demos.org/ Housing, Abandoned Buildings, and Vacant Lots. Report. Washington: Urban Institute, 2017. www.urban.org/ • Tribal Infrastructure: Investing in Indian Country for research/publication/urban-blight-and-public-health. a Stronger America. Report. National Congress of American Indians. 2017. http://www.ncai.org/ • Making Cancer Survivorship Care Plans More Inclusive of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Communities. Report. Asian & Pacific Education Islander American Health Forum. 2017. www.apiahf.org/.

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16 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • Boarnet, Marlon G., Raphael Bostic, Danielle • Chan, Sewin, and Ingrid Gould Ellen. "Housing for Williams, Raul Santiago-Bartolomei, Seva Rodnyanksy, an Aging Population." Housing Policy Debate Vol. 27, and Andy Eisenlohr. Affordable Housing in Transit- no. 2: 167-192 (2017). www.tandfonline.com/ Oriented Developments: Impacts on Driving and Policy Approaches. Report. Price School of Public Policy, • Owens, Ann. “How Do People-Based Housing Policies University of Southern California. National Center for Affect People (and Place)?” Housing Policy Debate Vol. Sustainable Transportation Research, 2017. https:// 27, Iss. 2 (2017). Doi: /10.1080/10511482 merritt.cdlib.org/ • Pfeiffer, Deidre, Karna Wong, Paul Ong, and Melany • Bostic, Raphael W., and Arthur Acolin. The Potential De La Cruz-Viesca. “Ethnically Bounded for HUD’s Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Rule to Homeownership: Qualitative Insights on Los Angeles Meaningfully Increase Inclusion. Working paper. 2017. Immigrant Homeowners' experiences during the U.S. Prepared for “A Shared Future: Fostering Communities Great Recession.” Housing Studies Journal. Vol. 32, Iss. of Inclusion in an Era of Inequality,” a symposium 3: 319-335 (Apr 2017). organized by Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies on April 19-20, 2017 • Tseng, Phuong, Heather Bromfield, Samir Gambhir & Stephen Menendian. Opportunity, Race, and Low Income • Challenging Race as Risk: Implicit Bias in Housing. Housing Tax Credit Projects: An Analysis of LIHTC Report. Washington: Kirwan Institute, 2017. Developments in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society, University of • Deluca, Stefanie, and Peter Rosenblatt. "Walking California, Berkeley. (2017). http:// Away From The Wire: Housing Mobility and Neighbor- haasinstitute.berkeley.edu/ hood Opportunity in Baltimore." Housing Policy Debate 27, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 519-46. doi:10.1080/ 10511482.2017.1282884. Immigration

• Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Davin Reed, and Michael Suher. • Bloemraad, Irene, and Els De Graauw. "Working "Trickle Down or Crowd Out? The Effects of Rising Together: Building Successful Policy and Program Demand for College Graduates on the Consumption, Partnerships for Immigrant Integration." Journal on Housing, and Neighborhood Conditions of Less Edu- Migration and Human Security 5, no. 1 (2017): 105-23. cated Households." (2017) www.lincolninst.edu/ doi:10.14240/jmhs.v5i1.76.

• Ellen, Ingrid Gould. "Fiscal Federalism and Middle- • Taylor, Marylee, Maria Krysan, and Matthew Hall. Income Housing Subsidies." Cityscape: A Journal of “The Uncertain Impact of Anglo/Latino Contact on Policy Development and Research 19, no. 1 (2017). Anglos’ Immigration Policy Views: Awareness of Latinos’ www.huduser.gov Problems is the Key.” Du Bois Review. (2017).

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 2 • April-June 2017 • 17 PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD

Dolores Acevedo-Garcia Maria Krysan Brandeis Univ. Univ. of Illinois, Chicago

Raphael Bostic Fernando Mendoza Univ. of Southern California Dept. of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ. Sol Price School of Public Policy Roslyn Arlin Mickelson Camille Zubrinsky Charles Univ. of No. Carolina-Charlotte Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Pedro Noguera Regina Deil-Amen New York Univ. School of Education Univ. of Arizona College of Education Paul Ong Stefanie DeLuca UCLA School of Public Policy Johns Hopkins Univ. & Social Research

Ingrid Gould Ellen Gary Orfield New York Univ. UCLA Civil Rights Project Wagner School of Public Service Ann Owens Lance Freeman University of Southern California Columbia Univ. School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Patrick Sharkey New York Univ. Dept. of Sociology John Goering Baruch College, City Univ. of New York Gregory D. Squires Dept. of Sociology, George Washington Univ. Heidi Hartmann Inst. for Women’s Policy Research (Wash., DC) William Trent Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Rucker C. Johnson Univ. of California-Berkeley Margery Austin Turner Goldman School of Public Policy The Urban Institute

Jerry Kang Margaret Weir UCLA School of Law Dept. of Political Science Univ. of California, Berkeley William Kornblum CUNY Center for Social Research David Williams Harvard School of Public Health

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CHAIR John Brittain Demetria McCain Philip Tegeler Olatunde C.A. Johnson University of the District of Inclusive Communities President/Executive Director Columbia Law School Columbia School of Law Project New York, NY Washington, DC Dallas, TX Megan Haberle Sheryll Cashin S.M. Miller Director of Housing Policy VICE-CHAIR Georgetown University The Commonwealth Institute Editor, Poverty & Race José Padilla Law Center Cambridge, MA Gina Chirichigno California Rural Legal Washington, DC Dennis Parker Director, Education Policy Assistance Kristen Clarke American Civil Liberties San Francisco, CA Lawyers’ Committee for Union LaKeeshia Fox Civil Rights Under Law New York, NY Policy Counsel, Housing SECRETARY Washington, DC Gabriela Sandoval Michael Hilton john a. powell Craig Flournoy The Utility Reform Network Policy Counsel, Education Haas Institute for a University of Cincinnati San Francisco, CA Fair and Inclusive Society Cincinnati, OH Anthony Sarmiento Kimberly Hall University of California- Rachel Godsil Senior Service America Communications & Berkeley Seton Hall Law School Silver Spring, MD Partnerships Manager Berkeley, CA Newark, NJ Theodore M. Shaw Brian Knudsen Damon Hewitt University of North Carolina Research Associate TREASURER Open Society School of Law Spence Limbocker Foundations Chapel Hill, NC Jessica Smiley Neighborhood Funders New York, NY Brian Smedley Julia Mizutani Group David Hinojosa National Collaborative Law & Policy Interns Annandale, VA Intercultural Development for Health Equity Research Association Washington, DC Pooja Patel Anurima Bhargava San Antonio, TX Justin Steil Policy Intern Open Society Foundations Camille Holmes Massachusetts Institute of Tyler Barbarin Washington, DC National Legal Aid & Technology, Dept. of City Administrative & Research John Charles Boger Defender Assn. and Regional Planning Assistant University of North Carolina Washington, DC Cambridge, MA School of Law Elizabeth Julian Caroline Kuzel Chapel Hill, NC Inclusive Communities Emma Stein Project Communications Interns [Organizations listed for Dallas, TX identification purposes only]