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The Political Thought of William Tyndale University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1972 The Freedom of Obedience: The Political Thought of William Tyndale Bernard Emile La Berge University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation La Berge, Bernard Emile, "The Freedom of Obedience: The Political Thought of William Tyndale. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1972. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3245 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Bernard Emile La Berge entitled "The Freedom of Obedience: The Political Thought of William Tyndale." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. Richard Marius, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Paul J. Pinckney, Sarah R. Blancher, Galen Brooks, R. B. Edwards Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) July 31, 1972 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Bernard Emile La Berge entitled "The Freedom of Obedience·: The Political Thought of William Tyndale." I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , with a maj or in History. �ci�J Maj or Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its ce: Accepted for the Council: Vice Chancellor for Graduate Studies and Research THE FREEDOM OF OBEDIENCE : THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF WILLIAM TYNDALE A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of The University of Tennessee In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Bernard Emile La Berge August 1972 ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the political thought of William Tyndale and its relationship to other important expressions of political thought during the �nglish Reformation. The first three chapters are devoted to a detailed analysis of certain aspects of Tyndale 's political thought: his discussion of the origin and nature of authority; his theory of law in its political sense; and his consideration of the problem of church and state. The four remaining chapters of this dissertation clarify the relationship of Tyndale's political thought to the revival of ' Lollardy ; to the thought of one Henrician apologist ; to the intellectual current of Renaissance humanism as represented by the Utopia of Thomas More; and finally to the thought of one commonwealth man and Puritan, Robert Crowley . Tyndale discussed questions such as the nature of authority and the problem of church and state by applying his theology to his vision of politics . Thus , his earlier treatment of these topics was greatly influenced by Luther 's thought. Tyndale's sense of authority was Lutheran in inspiration and Pauline in content. Likewise, his theory of law as expressed in his Obedience of � Christian � was decidedly Lutheran. Tyndale always remained heavily indebted to the German reformer for his concept of law in its political sense. His preferred sense of natural law was also Luther's. Tyndale borrowed from other reformers as well as from Luther to formulate his political thought . When he wrote his Practyse of Prelates , ii iii be looked to Vadianus and used his work of I! old God and the� extensively in his discussion of the problems of church and state. How­ ever, after 1530, Tyndale began to apply his own theology and his own ecclesiology to the political problems of the Reformation. With regard to the problem of church and state, Tyndale's new-found definition of the word "church" which be offered to More in his Answere to More's dialoge meant that be no longer considered this problem in terms of institutions , but rather in terms of individuals . After 1530, the church appeared to Tyndale as a multitude of professing Christians , and be became more interested in the relationship of the individual Christian to the temporal regiment. With regard to his vision of government , after 1533, Tyndale viewed government as a covenant between God and man in which God gave man his ability to maintain a political organization in return for obedience to all temporal laws . Tyndale bad applied his own unique covenant theology to his vision of the Christian commonwealth. Tyndale participated in the general revival of Lollardy during the sixteenth century , and Chapter IV of this study explores the politi­ cal thought of Tyndale, Wyclif and the Lollards . Tyndale viewed his own career in light of those "unknown men" who bad gone before him and on several occasions be resurrected Lollard complaints against the established church . The relationship of Tyndale's political thought to the intellectual current of Renaissance humanism as expressed by Thomas More in his Utopia is the subject of Chapter V of this study . Tyndale's failure to be affected by humanism and conciliarism meant that his iv vision of government was drastically different from that of his arch rival , Thomas More. Chapter VI considers the relationship of Tyndale 's thoughts to the thought of one Henrician apologist, Christopher St. German. In the past, Tyndale has been styled as a Henrician apologist, yet the degree and type of royal control over the church which he advocated fell far short of St. German's ideas on this question. As royal control of the church forms the essence of the thought and arguments of the Henrician apologists , the usual description of Tyndale as a Henrician apologist is certainly questionable. Robert Crowley also participated in the revival of Lollardy during the sixteenth century through his activities as a printer, but there are more significant links between the thought of this vocal Puritan and the thought of Tyndale. It has been shown elsewhere that Tyndale was a pioneer in the procedure of applying Christian principles to the totality of a Christian society and that Crowley and the common­ wealth men followed in the footsteps of the man who gave English Puritanism its first theological expression. This connection is dis­ cussed in Chapter VII of this dissertation. However , Chapter VII also reveals that Crowley was indebted to Tyndale for several of his arguments concerning the all-important question of the king 's authority over the church. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION . 1 I. WILLIAM TYNDALE AND THE PROBLEMS OF AUTHORITY • 7 The Problem of Political Authority 9 On the Duty of the Christian Prince • 13 The Problem of the Limitation of Authority 20 The Problem of Authority and the Church . 31 II. WILLIAM TYNDALE AND THE LAW •• 52 Tyndale and the Theory of Law • . 54 Tyndale, the Christian, and the Law • • • 74 III. TYNDALE AND THE PERDURABLE PROBLEM OF CHURCH AND STATE 85 Church and State: The Problems of Definition • • • . 90 On the Temporal Authority and the Institutional Church of History . 96 The King , the Church , and the Problem of Positive Religious Reform • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 108 The King , the Temporal Regiment , and the True Church • 116 Church and State in Retrospect • • • 123 IV . TYNDALE, WYCLIF, AND THE LOLLARDS 127 Introduction . • • • • • 127 On Dominion • . • 133 On the Powers of the Pope . • 148 The King , the Church, and the Heretics . • 161 v vi CHAPTER PAGE V. WILLIAM TYNDALE AND THE UTOPIA OF THOMAS MORE • 181 Tyndale and More: Political Theory and Political Science • . • 182 Tyndale and the Vision of Actuality • . • • 187 Tyndale and More: On Royal Authority • . • • 201 Tyndale, More, and the Theory and Practice of Law • • • 207 The Problems of a Christian Society • • • 219 VI. WILLIAM TYNDALE AND A TUDOR LAWYER • • 233 The Problems of Authority • • • • • • • 237 Tyndale and St. German : The King and the Church • • 245 Tyndale, St. German and the Law • • 270 VII. A COMMONWEALTH MAN IN RETROSPECT : WILLIAM TYNDALE AND ROBERT CROWLEY . •••285 Tyndale, Crowley , and the Problems of Authority • • • 289 Tyndale, Crowley, and the Christian Commonwealth • • 298 Tyndale and Crowley : The King and the Church • • • • • 316 VIII. CONCLUSION . • 328 BIBLIOGRAPHY . • • 357 • VITA • • • • • . 366 INTRODUCTION William Tyndale was one of the more elusive figures of the Reformation. Even today there are large dark places in his life which plague the mos t competent biographer. Tyndale left us with no precise record of his movements and at times during his life he even attempted to conceal his identity . Like many of the reformers , he was a hunted man . Still there are numerous biographies of Tyndale and for the most part they discuss his role as a trans lator. This was probably the way in which Tyndale thought of his own career, although once again he left no precise record telling us that this was the case. But his works do speak for themselves , and his ab ilities as a translator form the basis of his importance in English history . By the time of his death in 1536 at the hands of the Imperial authorities , Tyndale had written a series of influential tracts in English and a translation of the Bible into the vernacular . His translation became the basis of the Matthew Bible of 1537. Large portions of his translation were also incorporated into the famous King James Version of 1611. Unknowingly , Tyndale contributed greatly to the Englishmen 's sense of scripture and to the development of their language .
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