DOCSLIB.ORG

Poverty, Inequality and a Modern Social Contract Relevant for a Changing World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poverty, Inequality and a Modern Social Contract Relevant for a Changing World DISCUSSION PAPER Poverty, inequality and a modern social contract relevant for a changing world Julia Unwin Julia Unwin is Chief Executive Officer of the Joseph © Reichstein Foundation and Rowntree Foundation and the Joseph Rowntree Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2014 Housing Trust. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) The Joseph Rowntree Foundation was established Head Office a century ago in the United Kingdom and is a very The Homestead significant philanthropy, known for its high quality 40 Water End research and advocacy work. The associated Joseph York Rowntree Housing Trust is a major social housing YO30 6WP provider with 2500 units under management. Tel: +44 (0)1904 629241 The Foundation searches out the underlying http://www.jrf.org.uk/ causes of poverty and inequality, and identifies https://www.facebook.com/ and demonstrates solutions – through research, JosephRowntreeFoundation developing and running services, stewardship of land and buildings, innovating and supporting others to innovate. It influences positive and lasting change, and brings people together to share ideas. Previously Julia was a member of the Housing Corporation Board for 10 years and a Charity Commissioner from 1998-2003. She was Deputy Chair of the Food Standards Agency, worked as an independent consultant and previously was chair of the Refugee Council from 1995 until 1998 and is currently a member of the University of York Council. Her most recent book, Why Fight Poverty?, was published in November 2013. Joseph Rowntree and his philanthropy The Joseph Rowntree Foundation was created over 100 years ago by Joseph Rowntree, a wealthy Quaker businessman. His chocolate making enterprise was guided by providing fair pay and working conditions for direct employees. It also benefitted from Britain’s global ascendency in trade and economic relations at that time. The firm created significant personal wealth for Today, JRF and JRHT combines this twin heritage Rowntree and his family. In leaving his considerable in our mission of securing lasting social change. fortune to philanthropy he urged his trustees not Together, we search out the causes, demonstrate to fund a soup kitchen in York, as it could readily the solutions, and invest quite considerably in raise money but instead to ‘find out the causes of influencing policy change. Both sides of the social evil’. With all the confidence of the turn of organisation represent both the greatest risk, the century, he clearly believed that if only sufficient and the greatest opportunity, to each other. But effort were applied, social evils could be remedied. fundamentally if someone is working as a laundry He pioneered a form of early corporate social assistant in one of our care homes, a gardener in our responsibility, both running his factory in ways very beautifully landscaped grounds, or a research that even today might be deemed progressive, and manager running a multi-million programme, they building New Earswick, the model for garden villages are part of that purpose – achieving lasting positive across the world, as a housing estate for his workers. social change. Green and pleasant housing replacing the slums of late Victorian York. This twin legacy continues to this day. The Joseph We search out the causes, Rowntree Foundation funds a major programme of demonstrate the solutions, and social research, and provides housing, and retirement communities, as well as a mix of care, in the north invest quite considerably in of England. This deep intellectual heritage means influencing policy change. that we continue to study and count the numbers of people in poverty: publishing annual reports, and using publicly available data to share in an accessible way the information about poverty, about housing, and about changing demography (data.jrf.org.uk). And we continue to run housing and care operations, building a 21st century version of New Earswick of 540 homes, to a very high environmental standard, building and supporting a mixed community. 1 Discussion Paper This presents us with both challenge In each of these areas, and countless others we have and opportunity: sought to combine the intellectual capability, the networks and the power of philanthropy, with the We pay the Living Wage to all our staff because actions, services and developments of the housing association. Our additional investment has been in • Our research tells us that without a decent making sure that together these add up to more income level no one can have an acceptable than the sum of their parts, and that the potential standard of living; for achieving lasting social change is realised. • Our employee data tells us that we have reduced our sickness and our turnover; The Rowntree family of philanthropy • Our residents value continuity of care and service – Joseph Rowntree gave his name to a group we want both them and our staff to feel valued; of Trusts, all of which bear his name, and work • Doing so enables us to influence employers closely together, but only the Housing Trust and and other key stakeholders about our agenda Foundation share Trustees, staff and mission. about poverty. See www.josephrowntree.org.uk. We are building Derwenthorpe, a community for The Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust is non- the 21st century with 540 homes because: charitable, and supports activity on constitutional change and is a historic supporter of the Liberal • We know there is shortage of family housing in our Democrats. The Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust home city; supports a range of good causes, including those • We want to demonstrate informed, contemporary associated with the Society of Friends, with greater models of place shaping; peace and social justice as key objectives. • Housing that is environmentally advanced is also JRF and JRHT’s model of change is to search out commercially viable; the roots of injustice and demonstrate potential • At a time when housing for poor people looks solutions in order to influence social change at scale. more like slums, we want to demonstrate that we can house poor people well. In this work we are determinedly independent. Independent of political parties, obviously, but also seeking to be independent of sectors and interests. However we are not neutral. We are firmly on the Together these add up to more side of people and places in poverty. than the sum of their parts, and that the potential for achieving lasting social change is realise. We are working to develop Dementia friendly communities because: • The prevalence of dementia is growing and it can herald significant loneliness and isolation; • Communities have the tools to respond; • Without significant social interventions, this social change will be massively damaging; • There is a business case for making sure that people with dementia, and their friends and family, can continue to be engaged as citizens, visitors and customers. 2 Discussion Paper Poverty & inequality in the UK and Australia A changing, volatile Britain It is two decades since Osborne and Gaebler The context in which this work is happening matters wrote their seminal work on the role of government and has been central to the work and direction of as steering, not driving. But the message that JRF over the past century. government does not hold all the answers is well and truly established.1 Britain’s financial deficit and programme of austerity, the reality of major demographic change, the shock The view that government is too big, and the and uncertainty linked to climate change, are well assumption that it can simply withdraw, allowing rehearsed, and largely well reported. So too is a loss citizens more freedom and scope for enterprise, is of confidence in government and in public service, one held across the world, but there is no consensus a distrust of politicians, and a – frequently digitally about whether or not that should be done, how it enabled – sense of scepticism and challenge. might be accomplished, and what the implications are. What is more, there is little rigorous analysis What matters is how governments, markets and about what this means for the other partners in the communities and individuals respond. Modern social contract, and the way it should be re-drawn Britain is characterised by change, by volatility, for modern times. by shocks. The global nature of the market was amply demonstrated in 2008, and there has been little since then to suggest that – in economic terms at least – borders will be able The view that government is too do much to protect their citizens. The power and big, and the assumption that it economic efficiency of global markets, frequently can simply withdraw, allowing contrasted with the relative powerlessness of national governments, can contribute to a loss citizens more freedom and of confidence both by and in governments. scope for enterprise, is one held across the world, but there is no consensus about whether or not that should be done, how it might be accomplished, and what the implications are. In this work we are determinedly independent... However we are not neutral. We are firmly on the side of people and places in poverty. 3 Discussion Paper Poverty and inequality are features of modern and An essential feature of the advanced societies, and the debate revolves around four distinct arguments: impact of growing inequality is • Are they real? the growing power of the most • Do they matter? wealthy and the tendency to • And can anything be done about them anyway? capture tax, education and health • What are the solutions? systems to further entrench the There is a live and serious debate, which is both interests of those in the middle to theoretical and political, about the existence of the top of the income spectrum. relative poverty, and the validity of using the label ‘poverty’ when contrasting the relatively well-off lives of everyone in the global north with those leading lives of absolute and visible poverty in Australia has enjoyed the largest real increase in so many parts of the south.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SHAPING the FUTURE: Solving Social Problems Through Business Strategy
    SHAPING THE FUTURE: Solving Social Problems through Business Strategy Pathways to Sustainable Value Creation in 2020 Based on research by McKinsey & Company ABOUT CECP Based in New York, the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy is the only international forum of CEOs and chairpersons pursuing a mission exclusively focused on corporate philanthropy. The Committee’s membership consists of more than 170 executives who lead the business community in raising the level and quality of corporate giving. CECP hosts CEO conferences, publishes best-practice articles, conducts extensive research with corporate giving data, and offers corporate giving professionals tools to help refine and expand their strategic giving programs. A current membership list and information about CECP’s events and research are available at CorporatePhilanthropy.org. Download additional copies of this report at: CorporatePhilanthropy.org/resources When referencing findings from this report, please list the source as: Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy. © 2010 Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy SHAPING THE FUTURE: Solving Social Problems through Business Strategy Pathways to Sustainable Value Creation in 2020 Based on research by McKinsey & Company Preface At the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, issues. The walls and silos that separate funders, grantees, we chose to celebrate our ten-year anniversary not by governments, multilaterals, activists, and others are looking backward, but instead by challenging ourselves falling away as each change agent instead focuses on and our membership to consider what the world—and the bringing its unique skills and resources to bear on today’s environment for corporate involvement in solving social most difficult social challenges. problems—could look like in the year 2020 if we adopt a solutions-oriented mind-set on local and global issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideological Positions of Hispanic College Students in the Rio Grande Valley: Using a Two-Dimensional Model to Account for Domestic Policy Preference
    University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV Economics and Finance Faculty Publications Robert C. Vackar College of Business & and Presentations Entrepreneurship 6-8-2018 Ideological Positions of Hispanic College Students in the Rio Grande Valley: Using a Two-Dimensional Model to Account for Domestic Policy Preference William Greene South Texas College Mi-Son Kim The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/ef_fac Part of the Finance Commons Recommended Citation Greene, William and Kim, Mi-son, Ideological Positions of Hispanic College Students in the Rio Grande Valley: Using a Two-Dimensional Model to Account for Domestic Policy Preference (October 24, 2016). Presented at the National Association of Hispanic and Latino Studies International Research Forum, South Padre Island, Texas October 24, 2016, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2859819 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Robert C. Vackar College of Business & Entrepreneurship at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economics and Finance Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ideological Positions of Hispanic College Students in the Rio Grande Valley Using a Two-Dimensional Model to Account for Domestic Policy Preference William Greene Mi-son Kim South Texas College University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
    [Show full text]
  • Why Nothing Happens
    Can Porn Set Us Free? A speech to the Sydney Writers Festival May 25th 2003 Clive Hamilton1 In Growth Fetish I argue that it has become apparent that the liberation movements of the sixties and seventies – the sexual revolution, the counter-culture, the women’s movement and the civil rights movement – have had some unforeseen and regrettable consequences. Contrary to the dreams of the young people of that era, the liberation movements did not create a society of free individuals in which each of us, released from the shackles of social conservatism, could find our true selves. While the goals were noble, the effect has been to open up to the marketers areas of social life from which the forces of commerce had previously been excluded. In a strong sense, the liberation movements of that era did the ground work for the neoliberal economic revolution of the eighties and nineties. It seems to me that the libertarian-left continues to invest so much in the freedoms won in the sixties and seventies that it has lost its capacity for discernment, an ability to recognise the social limits of individual freedoms. The ideas of the libertarian-left have become a reactionary force, for they have substituted an uncritical defence of the freedoms won in an earlier era for a real politics of social change. I’d like to develop this argument with respect to the perennial question of sex, and in particular the commodification of sexuality and what I call the pornographication of everyday life. This is a fitting topic for this Writers Festival not least because one of the overseas literary stars is Catherine Millet, author of the best-selling memoir The Sexual Life of Catherine M.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Historical Conflicts Behind Today's Violence in Assam
    Understanding the Historical Conflicts Behind Today’s Violence in Assam Arpita Bhattacharyya August 29, 2012 Recent violence between the Bodo tribe and immigrant minorities in the northeastern Indian state of Assam has cost the lives of at least 96 people and caused more than 300,000 residents to flee their homes for refugee camps. The violence also led to mass panic among northeastern migrants across India, when text messages and videos circulated social media sites warning of attacks on northeastern migrants in southern Indian cities such as Bangalore and Pune in retaliation for the deaths of Muslim minorities in Assam. The violence and resulting panic revealed a fragile peace in Assam and demonstrated the speed with which historical tensions can bubble over into larger confrontations that could roil the whole country. A lot of this tension could worsen with the confluence of climate change, migration patterns, and community security in Assam and India—a confluence that the Center for American Progress is examining in a series of papers and events on cli- mate change, migration, and security. Before looking at those patterns in Assam, let’s first take a look back at Assam’s history to better understand today’s conflicts. Assam’s troubled past Assam is located in the northeastern part of India and shares a border with China, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. This underdeveloped region, which is con- nected to India politically by a small land bridge, is also known as the “Seven Sisters” and includes the states Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
    [Show full text]
  • Redefining and Combating Poverty
    We are at a point in history where economic inequalities are more widespread each in social cohesion, No. 25 Trends Trends in social cohesion, No. 25 day. The situation of extreme poverty experienced by the majority of the populations in developing countries (“Third World” countries) often coincides with an absence of democracy and the violation of the most fundamental rights. But in so-called “First World” countries a non-negligible proportion of inhabitants also live in impoverished conditions (albeit mainly “relative” poverty) and are denied their rights. The European situation, which this publication aims to analyse, is painful: the entire continent is afflicted by increasing poverty and consequently by the erosion of living conditions and social conflicts. The economic and financial crisis has resulted in the loss of millions of jobs, and created job insecurity for many still working. Economic insecurity raises social tensions, aggravating xenophobia, for instance. Yet the economic and financial crisis could present a good opportunity to rethink the economic and social system as a whole. Indeed, poverty in modern societies has never been purely a question of lack of wealth. It is therefore urgent today to devise a new discourse on poverty. In pursuit of this goal, the Council of Europe is following up this publication in the framework of the project “Human rights of people experiencing poverty”, co-financed by the European Commission. www.coe.int Redefining and combating poverty The Council of Europe has 47 member states, covering virtually the entire continent Human rights, democracy and common goods of Europe. It seeks to develop common democratic and legal principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts on the protection in today’s Europe of individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Troubles and Public Issues: a Sociological Imagination of Black Athletes’ Experiences at Predominantly White Institutions in the United States
    Sociology Mind 2012. Vol.2, No.3, 261-271 Published Online July 2012 in SciRes (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/sm) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2012.23035 Personal Troubles and Public Issues: A Sociological Imagination of Black Athletes’ Experiences at Predominantly White Institutions in the United States Joseph N. Cooper Department of Kinesiology, International Center for Sport Management, University of Georgia, Athens, USA Email: [email protected] Received April 28th, 2012; revised May 28th, 2012; accepted June 7th, 2012 The purpose of this paper is to provide a socio-historical examination of Black athletes’ experiences at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) and connect these experiences with the broader social issues facing Blacks in the United States (US). Historically, the prevalence of racism within the US has contrib- uted to the oppression, discrimination, and limited upward mobility of Blacks. In the US, racist beliefs have been institutionalized formally through federal and state laws as well as informally through social practices and norms. Using Mills’ (1959) sociological imagination as a conceptual framework, the author provides a critical examination of the connection between the personal biographies of Black athletes at PWIs and the historical public issues facing Blacks in the US as documented in scholarly and relevant lit- eratures. Understanding the connection between biographies and history allows for a more holistic under- standing of the root causes of these personal troubles and public issues. Common themes in the literature that will be highlighted and addressed include experiences with racial discrimination/social isolation, academic neglect, economic deprivation, and limited leadership opportunities. Keywords: Black Athletes; Sociological Imagination; Racism; Predominantly White Institutions Introduction 2009; Edwards, 1973b; Sage, 1998; Sailes, 2010; Wiggins & Miller, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Climate Research and Climate Politics in Germany
    Chapter 9 Climate Research and Climate Politics in Germany: Assets and Hazards of Consensus-Based Risk Management Carsten Krück, Jutta Borchers, Peter Weingart Department of Sociology, University of Bielefeld I. Introduction Germany's stance toward climate protection appears to be characterized by extremes. In the 1970s, and for much of the 1980s, Germany trailed developments in internationalpolitics and science, devoting little attention to the subject. Starting in late 1980s, however, climate swiftly developed into one of the main concerns of German environmentaland research policy. Germany, it seemed, converted almost overnight “from laggard to leader” (Cavender Bares et al. 1995). By the 1990s, the German climate research system had become one of the best-equipped in the world, and the country had established a reputation as one of the political pacemakers in the international arena, particularly for its ambitious goals for the reduction of CO2 emissions. On closer inspection, however, this drive towards climate protection has produced fewer results than expected. Experts expect that Germany will most likely not meet the goals for emissions reductions it has set for itself, and the measures it has adopted to reduce CO2 emissions have been almost exclusively limited to "no-regret" measures, i.e., to reaping the benefits of technological change and energy-saving initiatives undertaken for reasons other than climate Chapter 9 1 change. Contrary to its reputation as a leader on the issue, Germany appears presently unable to take climate protection beyond these limited means. The equally pronounced expansion and then retardation of the climate issue in Germany begs an explanation. In our view, both are due to the same structural factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Hustling the State
    Hustling the State Women’s Movements as Policy Entrepreneurs: Engaging the State in India Charu Bhaneja A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Charu Bhaneja (2014) ~ ii ~ Hustling the State Women’s Movements as Policy Entrepreneurs: Engaging the State in India Charu Bhaneja Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto « 2014 » Abstract This study examines the opportunities and constraints women activists confront as they pursue strategies to influence public policy in a fluctuating, diverse and complex political arena. To illustrate this, I suggest that engagement with the state can be efficacious in certain instances (violence against women) but that in those cases where women face structural constraints (women’s political representation), where the challenges are powerful, opportunity to have an impact is limited. Examining the extent to which the state has been an arena where women’s groups have been able to demand and achieve change provides significant insights into political environments that shape women’s agency and advocacy within that region. My doctoral thesis takes a multi-level approach in order to understand the impact of women’s movements on the state and its institutions. I maintain that women’s movement activity elicits state responsiveness and I analyze three factors to support my claim. First, I consider what government is in power and how open it is to engagement. Secondly, I consider how cohesive the women’s movement is on a particular issue and thirdly, I iii maintain that women’s national machinery can be an effective channel for implementing women’s interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Parallel Report of the Alliance for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Germany (Wsk-Allianz)
    PARALLEL REPORT OF THE ALLIANCE FOR ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IN GERMANY (WSK-ALLIANZ) complementing the 5th Report of the Federal Republic of Germany on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1 PARALLEL REPORT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IMPRINT ORGANISATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE REPORT: Amnesty International, Sektion der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V. Ban Ying e.V. Behandlungszentrum für Folteropfer Berlin (bzfo) Berliner Rechtshilfefonds Jugendhilfe e.V. (BRJ) BPE - Bundesverband Psychiatrie-Erfahrener e.V. Bund demokratischer WissenschaftlerInnen (BdWi) Diakonisches Werk der EKD FIAN Deutschland e.V. Forum Menschenrechte Frauenhauskoordinierung e.V. Gesellschaft zum Schutz von Bürgerrecht und Menschenwürde (GBM) Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (GEW) GEW Landesverband Bayern Humanistische Union e.V. Intersexuelle Menschen e.V. IPPNW, Deutsche Sektion der Internationalen Ärzte für die Verhütung des Atomkrieges / Ärzte in sozialer Verantwortung e.V. KOK e.V. (Bundesweiter Koordinierungskreis gegen Frauenhandel und Gewalt an Frauen im Migrationsprozess) Lesben- und Schwulenverband in Deutschland (LSVD) e.V. Unter Druck – Kultur von der Straße e.V. Zentrum für Postgraduale Studien Sozialer Arbeit e.V. Berlin (ZPSA) GROUP OF COORDINATORS: Sibylle Gurzeler, ZPSA e.V. Ute Hausmann, FIAN Deutschland e.V. Ingo Stamm, Diakonisches Werk der EKD Frank Uhe, IPPNW Michael Windfuhr, Brot für die Welt (until Dec. 31, 2010) KONTAKT [email protected] www.wsk-allianz.de TRANSLATION German into English by: Ekpenyong Ani LAYOUT: Anne Tritschler PREFACE The Alliance for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Germany (in German: WSK-Allianz) is an ad-hoc network with 20 member organization (NGOs) from various fields of work. The Alliance is mainly based in Berlin und began its work in fall 2008, according to a initiative by the German Institute for Human Rights.
    [Show full text]
  • BACKGROUND the Unemployment of Young People Is a Pressing
    Briefing Notes to the Expert Group Meeting and Youth Roundtable Strategies for Creating Urban Youth Employment: With a particular focus on Solutions for Urban Youth in Africa NAIROBI, 21-25 June 2004 a) BACKGROUND The unemployment of young people is a pressing economic and social issue in both developed and developing countries alike. The ILO estimates that the 74 million young women and men who are unemployed throughout the world represent roughly two-fifths of all unemployed persons globally. In general, young people are two to three times more likely than adults to be unemployed. Yet, the severity of the youth unemployment situation is understated because many of these young employed people are underemployed. In many economies, young women are particularly disadvantaged because they have higher rates of unemployment than young men. Of the young people who are employed, many are required to work long hours for low pay, often in the informal economy. An estimated 59 million young people between 15 and 17 years of age are currently engaged in hazardous forms of work. Youth unemployment, particularly in Sub Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia has reached potentially acute levels. In sub-Saharan Africa, the share of youth unemployment in total unemployment is very high, reaching as much as nearly 80 per cent of total unemployed in some countries. In the 1990s both sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa recorded the world’s highest youth unemployment and total unemployment rates. In countries where data are available, it is estimated that only 5 to 10 per cent of new entrants into the labour market can be absorbed by the formal economy, while the bulk of new jobs is generated by the informal economy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Outlawed Party Social Democracy in Germany
    THE OUTLAWED PARTY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN GERMANY Brought to you by | The University of Texas at Austin Authenticated Download Date | 4/28/19 5:16 AM Brought to you by | The University of Texas at Austin Authenticated Download Date | 4/28/19 5:16 AM THE OUTLAWED PARTY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN GERMANY, 18 7 8- 1 8 9 0 VERNON L . LIDTKE PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 196 6 Brought to you by | The University of Texas at Austin Authenticated Download Date | 4/28/19 5:16 AM Copyright © i960 by Princeton University Press ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-14311 Publication of this book has been aided by the Whitney Darrow Publication Reserve Fund of Princeton University Press. The initials at the beginning of each chapter are adaptations from Feder und Stichel by Zapf and Rosenberger. Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press, Inc., Binghamton, New York Brought to you by | The University of Texas at Austin Authenticated Download Date | 4/28/19 5:16 AM CONTENTS PREFACE V I. THE EMERGENCE AND EARLY ORIENTATION OF WORKING-CLASS POLITICAL ACTION 3 The German Social and Political Context 3 Ferdinand Lassalle and the Socialist Movement: An Ambiguous Heritage 18 Political and Social Democracy in the Eisenacher Tradition: The "People's State" 27 Principles and Tactics: Parliamentarism as an Issue of Socialist Politics 32 II. THE MATURATION OF THE SOCIALIST MOVE­ MENT IN THE EIGHTEEN-SEVENTIES 39 The Quest for Revolutionary Identity and Organizational Unity 40 The Gotha Program as a Synthesis of Traditional Social Democratic Ideas 43 Unity between Social Democratic Theory and Practice in Politics 52 The Quest for Certainty in Economic Thought 59 On the Eve of Catastrophe: Social Democrats and German Society 66 III.
    [Show full text]
  • School Shootings in America
    Running head: SCHOOL SHOOTINGS 1 School Shootings in America SCHOOL SHOOTINGS 2 School Shootings in America “Only our deep moral values and our strong social institutions can hold back that jungle and restrain the darker impulses of human nature.” ~Ronald Reagan The social issue within the realm of crime and deviance that I have chosen to present is the issue of school shootings in America. School shootings are a social problem and all Americans today are affected by this problem, whether directly or indirectly. This topic is of personal and social concern because the impacts of school shootings are widespread causing violent, unnecessary deaths of our children and school staff members, and unsuspecting community members in the surrounding areas of our schools. As a result, these senseless acts of violence cause widespread fear and feelings of insecurity, academic difficulties for the students, and mass confusion. According to the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, “students and staff that witness school shootings are likely to suffer from traumatic stress symptoms, become anxious or depressed, and have general concerns about their safety” (Prevention, 2018, para. 2). Even the students who are able to resolve these symptoms and impairments in the short-term may suffer from ‘severe distress’ which can have “profound effects on academic achievement and social and emotional growth” (Prevention, 2018, para. 2). This issue is concerning because it is a complicated, wide-reaching problem, and no one knows where or when it might happen next. It affects the very fabric of our society, and it seems to be a quite difficult problem to solve.
    [Show full text]