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Population Density and Food Preference of the Land Snail

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Population Density and Food Preference of the Land Snail J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., Vol. 4 (11): 887 - 893, 2013 POPULATION DENSITY AND FOOD PREFERENCE OF THE LAND SNAIL, Monacha cantiana (MONTAGU) TO CUCURBIT VEGETABLE CROPS AND USING PLANT EXTRACTS FOR ITS CONTROL Shahawy, Wafaa A. Harmful Animals Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out at Farag El-Shamy, El-Riad region, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during two successive seasons; 2012 and 2013 to study the population density, food preference and evaluation of some plant extracts on Monacha cantiana on some cucurbit vegetables. Data showed that the most attractive vegetable crop to snail was water melon (120.36 and 122.27 snails) while the cucumber was the least preferred with (63.64 and 64.55) snails during two seasons, respectively. The highest population density of M.cantaina were 51.75, 47.5, 43.25, 41.5 and 40.25 snail /m² while the least number were 15.75, 9.5, 10.0, 8.75 and 7.0 snail /m² on water melon, squash, snake melon melon and cucumber in two seasons respectively. Geranium extract exhibits the highest toxic effect (84.5%) reduction while the lowest was neem oil (56.0 %) reduction on water melon. INTRODUCTION Land snails are considered one of the most destructive agricultural pests causing economic damage to a wide variety of plants including horticulture and field crops. In Egypt, land snails have been located mostly in the northern Governorates of Delta region, attacking various crops causing great damage to the soft vegetative parts of the plants. Land snails are dangerous agricultural pests causing great damage to field and vegetable crops in addition to horticultural vegetation such as citrus, guava, pear and date palm as well as ornamental plants, as the plant parts (Shahawy, 2005). The land snail, Monacha cantiana (Montagu) became an important agriculture pest causing a great damage to crops in deferent localities in Egypt as previously mentioned. It was recorded with relatively high population density on major economic crops at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. Using mollusicides in high concentration has a toxic effect on man and livestock and cause environmental pollution, El-Wakil and Radwan (1991). In recent years, many researchers tried to find new mechanical, ecological and biological control methods that are safer, cheaper, and more readily available. An experiment was carried out at Farag El-Shamy, El-Riad region, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during two successive seasons; 2012 and 2013. Aim of the work to study the population density, food preference and non- preference and evaluation of some plant extracts on the most common snail, Monacha canaiana (Montagu) at this region infesting the following five plant species: melon, Cucumis melo L.; cucumber, Cucumis sativum L.; snake Shahawy, Wafaa A. melon, Cucumis sativaus L.; water melon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) and squash, Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin). MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Preference and non-preference of snail, Monacha cantiana (Montagu) to five cucurbite species: An experiment was carried out at Farag El-Shamy, El-Riad region, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate under field conditions during the two successive seasons; 2012 and 2013 to study the preference and non-preference of the snail, M. cantiana infesting branches and leaves of melon, Cucumis melo L.; cucumber, Cucumis sativum L.; snake melon, Cucumis sativaus L.; water melon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) and squash, Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin). An area of half feddan (2100 m2) was prepared, and then seedlings of the plant species were transplanted in alternative rows at 35cm spaces between them and width of 175 cm between rows in the plots from April 1st during the two seasons. Weekly samples were taken randomly from each plant species on April 15th to Jun. 26th. Each sample was obtained from one m2 and replicated four times. 2. Evaluation of some aqueous and oil plant extracts on the infestation with Monacha cantiana (Montagu) snail on water melon: 2.1. Collection and preparation of the plant extracts: Five aromatic plant species (sweet basil, geranium, spearmint peppermint and clove) were collected from the Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh. The plants were dried naturally on laboratory benches at room temperature for 7 days, to become crisp dry. Further drying was practiced in the oven at 40 °C for 24 hrs, and then the plant parts were crushed to fine powder using a laboratory grinder. Table (1): Aromatic plant species used to control Monacha cantiana. Arabic English name Scientific name Part used Family name Sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. Leaves Lamiaceae الريحان Geranium Pelargonium graveolens L. Leaves Geraniaceae العتر Spearmint Mentha viridis L. Leaves Lamiaceae النعناع البلدى Peppermint Mentha piperita L. Leaves Lamiaceae النعناع الفلفلي Clove Eugenia aromatic (E.a) Flower buds Myrtaceae القرنفل 2. 2. Preparation of crude extracts: Dried plant powders were extracted according to Freedman et al. (1979), 250 g of each plant sample were soaked in 750 ml of polar solvent (ethyl alcohol) and non- polar solvent (n-hexane) in a large conical flask for 72 hrs. with shaking for 3 hrs. The contents of the flask were filtered through anhydrous sodium sulphate. The extracts were concentrated by removing the solvent on water bath at 40 °C to obtain the crude extract. The obtained 888 J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., Vol. 4 (11), November, 2013 extracts were weighed and dissolved in an appropriate volume of pure acetone, and kept in the refrigerator for assaying. 2. 3. Preparation of plant aqueous extracts: Plant parts used were soaked in three volumes of water for 72 hrs. and then screened through muslin cloth (El-Samahy, 2002). 3. Preparing the field experiment: A field experiment was conducted at Farag El-Shamy, El-Riad. An area of one feddan (4200 m2) was divided into 48 plots (each plot about 87.5 m2 / replicate) in a randomized complete block design. Seedlings of melon, cucumber, snake melon, water melon and squash were transplanted at a space of 35 cm between plants and a width of 175 cm between rows in the plots on April 1st in 2012 and second season 2013. Extracts and oils aromatic plant species were applied with concentration of 0.5 %. while Metaldehyed 5 % molluscicide were applied 2 kgm /feddan on April 29th using atomizer of 2 liters to complete coverage of treated water melon plants. Snails were directly counted before treatment on leaves, branches and on soil surface from each plant in one meter. Also these samples were taken 1,3,5,7 and 10 days post treatment. The reduction in snail population due to treatments was calculated according to Henderson and Telton (1955). Duncan's multiple range test (1955) at 5% level was used to reveal the significance among the means of larvae on the evaluated plant species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Population density of Monacha cantiana (Montagu) on cucurbit crops: The population density of snail, M. cantiana was counted on the leaves, branches and soil surface of five cucurbit crops Table (2). The first observation was carried out on April 15th in 2012 and 2013 seasons. The snail, M. cantiana was recorded on all vegetable crops. The level of infestation varied from one crop to another. 1.1. Water melon: During 2012 season, population density of the snail appeared in two peaks, on April 29th and May 20th Table (2). The highest mean number of snail was 51.75 snails/m2 on April 29th. However, the lowest mean number was 15.75 snails/m2 on the last season. Population density of snails during 2013 season, showed approximately a similar trend as that in 2012 season. 1.2. Squash: During 2012 season, population fluctuation of snail, M. cantiana numbers displayed into two peaks, April 29th and May 20th. The highest mean number of the snail stages were 47.50 snail/m2 on April 29th, however, the lowest mean number of snail stages was 9.50 snail/m2 on June 25th. Population fluctuation of snail, M. cantiana during 2013 season, showed a similar trend to that of 2012 season Table (2). Table (2): Population density of snail, Monacha cantiana on five plant species during 2012 and 2013seasons. 889 Shahawy, Wafaa A. No. of snail/m2 Sampli Water Snake ng Squash Melon Cucumber melon melon Date 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 April 15 20.2 20.7 15.7 16.2 12.7 13.0 10.0 10.2 8.75 8.75 22 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 5 11.0 11.2 29 23.2 24.7 19.2 19.7 16.5 17.0 13.2 13.7 0 5 May 6 5 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 40.0 40.2 13 51.7 52.5 47.5 47.5 42.7 43.2 41.5 41.5 0 5 20 5 0 0 27.7 5 5 0 0 16.2 16.7 27 32.5 32.7 27.2 5 21.7 22.5 17.5 17.7 5 5 Jun 4 45.0 5 5 38.0 5 0 0 5 22.0 22.2 e 11 0 45.5 37.5 0 28.7 29.2 22.7 23.0 0 5 18 48.2 0 0 43.2 5 5 5 0 25.0 25.2 25 5 48.7 42.5 5 40.7 41.2 28.7 29.2 0 5 40.7 5 0 36.2 5 5 5 5 23.2 23.0 5 40.7 35.7 5 31.2 31.2 25.2 25.7 5 0 36.2 5 5 25.2 5 5 5 5 18.2 18.2 5 36.5 25.0 5 23.2 23.7 20.0 20.5 5 5 24.7 0 0 18.0 5 5 0 0 16.2 15.5 5 25.2 17.5 0 20.0 20.5 17.7 18.2 5 0 17.5 5 0 13.7 0 0 5 5 13.2 13.7 0 17.7 13.2 5 17.5 18.0 15.5 15.7 5 5 15.7 5 5 10.2 0 0 0 5 7.00 7.50 5 16.0 9.50 5 10.0 10.7 8.75 9.25 0 0 5 1.3.
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