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A History of CRISPR-CAS
JB Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 22 January 2018 J. Bacteriol. doi:10.1128/JB.00580-17 Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 History of CRISPR-Cas from encounter with a mysterious Downloaded from 4 repeated sequence to genome editing technology 5 6 Yoshizumi Ishino,1, 2,* Mart Krupovic,1 Patrick Forterre1, 3 7 http://jb.asm.org/ 8 1Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Département de 9 Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France, 2Department of 10 Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, on March 9, 2018 by UNIV OF COLORADO 11 Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. 3Institute of Integrative Cellular Biology, Université 12 Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, Cedex France 13 14 15 Running title: Discovery and development of CRISPR-Cas research 16 17 * Correspondence to 18 Prof. Yoshizumi Ishino 19 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 20 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 21 Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan 22 [email protected] 1 23 ABSTRACT 24 CRISPR-Cas systems are well known acquired immunity systems that are 25 widespread in Archaea and Bacteria. The RNA-guided nucleases from Downloaded from 26 CRISPR-Cas systems are currently regarded as the most reliable tools for 27 genome editing and engineering. The first hint of their existence came in 1987, 28 when an unusual repetitive DNA sequence, which subsequently defined as a 29 cluster of regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), was http://jb.asm.org/ 30 discovered in the Escherichia coli genome during the analysis of genes involved 31 in phosphate metabolism. -
OKAZAKI Fragment Memorial Symposium: Celebrating the 50Th Anniversary of the Discontinuous DNA Replication Model Sakata and Hira
OKAZAKI Fragment Memorial Symposium: Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the discontinuous DNA replication model Sakata and Hirata Hall, Nagoya University December 17 - 18, 2018 Organizing committee: Tsuneko Okazaki (Chair) Fuyuhiko Tamanoi (Kyoto University) Kunihiro Matsumoto Ikue Mori Takumi Kamura Michio Homma (secretariat) Program committee: Hisao Masai (Chair, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science) Katsuhiko Shirahige (The University of Tokyo) Takehiko Kobayashi (The University of Tokyo) Preface One of the mysteries of DNA replication after the proposal of semiconservative replicaiton model and discovery of DNA polymerase was how the double-stranded DNA consisting of two antiparallel chains can be replicated by an enzyme which can extend DNA chains only in one direction from 5' to 3'. The late Dr. Reiji Okazaki and his wife Tsuneko proposed that on the lagging strand DNA is discontinuously synthesized as short DNA fragments and that the fragments are ligated to become mature, longer DNAs, on the basis of their analyses on the nascent DNA fragments produced in E. coli infected with T4 phage. This short lagging strand DNA fragment was named "Okazaki fragment" and this name is still used worldwide today. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the discontinuous synthesis of lagging strand through Okazaki fragments was conserved through bacteria to animal cells, and has become one of the most basic principles on DNA replication. Reiji died of leukemia at the age of 44 in 1975, due to radiation exposure in Hiroshima when he was a second year student at a junior high school. Tsuneko took over Reiji’s wishes and continued to work on DNA replication at Nagoya University, clarifying further details of lagging strand DNA synthesis. -
Introducing Your Students to Gene Editing with CRISPR
WORKSHOP: Introducing Your Students To Gene Editing With CRISPR 1.800.EDVOTEK • www.edvotek.com • [email protected] WORKSHOP: Introducing Your Students To Gene Editing With CRISPR Background Information The gene editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 was developed by bacteria at the beginning of evolutionary history as a defense against viral attacks. It was created by nature, not human beings, but we discovered it in the late 1980s. We figured out how it worked in the early years of this century, and have now made it into a valuable part of our efforts to improve human health, make our food supply hardier and more resistant to disease, and advance any arm of science that involves living cells, such as biofuels and waste management. The CRISPR-Cas System in Action In 1987 Yoshizumi Ishino and colleagues at Osaka University in Japan were researching a new microbial gene when they Figure 1: Bacterial CRISPR Region. discovered an area within it that contained five identical segments of DNA made up of the same 29 base pairs. The segments were separated from each other by 32-base pair blocks of DNA called spacers, and each spacer had a unique configuration (Figure 1). This section of DNA didn’t resemble anything microbiologists had seen before and its biological significance was unknown. Eventually these strange segments and spacers would be known as Clustered Regu- larly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – or CRISPR. Scientists also discovered that a group of genes coding for enzymes they called Cas (CRISPR-associated enzymes) were always next to CRISPR sequences. In 2005, three labs noticed that the spacer sequences resembled viral DNA and everything fell into place. -
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ISSN 2409-4943. Ukr. Biochem. J., 2021, Vol. 93, N 1 T HEE HHISTORYISTORY OFOF BBIOCHEMISTRYIOCHEMISTRY doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/ubj93.01.113 PROS PECTS OF GENOME EDITING USING CRISPR/CAS OR HOW TO MASTER GENETIC SCISSORS. NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2020 S.S V. KOMI ARENKO, S. I. ROMANIUK Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv; e-mail: [email protected] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 was awarded to two researchers in the field of molecular biology - the French Emmanuelle Charpentier, who now heads the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, and the American Jennifer Doudna from the University of California, Berkeley - for the ‘development of genome editing method’. A press release of the Nobel Committee states that the winners discovered one of the most powerful genetic technology tools - CRISPR/Cas9, or so-called ‘genetic scissors’. This method has contributed to many important results of basic research. In particular, plant researchers have managed to create crops resistant to mold, pests and drought. As for medicine, clinical trials of new cancer treatment techniques are underway, and a dream of curing hereditary diseases is about to become a reality. Genetic scissors have brought the life sciences to a new stage of development and greatly contributed to the benefit of mankind. K e y w o r d s: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna, genome editing, CRISPR /Cas9. n October 7, 2020, in Stockholm, as part of specialized in quantum dots, microscopic semicon- the 119-th Nobel Week, the Nobel Commit- ductors with special spectroscopic properties. -
Using Statistics to Explore Attitudes Towards Gene-Editing
Curriculum Units by Fellows of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute 2019 Volume III: Human Centered Design of Biotechnology Using Statistics to Explore Attitudes Towards Gene-Editing Curriculum Unit 19.03.05 by Aparna Shyam Rationale This unit plan is intended to prepare AP Statistics students in the New Haven Public Schools district for the rigorous free response section of the AP Statistics exam. This section of the exam consists of six open-ended questions that require students to interpret statistical results clearly and accurately in the context of data. Many students enrolled in AP Statistics at the school where I teach struggle to communicate statistical results in a coherent manner and use statistical vocabulary in an appropriate context. This might be because historically, students have not had as much experience writing in mathematics courses as they have had in other core academic courses. Regardless of the reason, students have to overcome obstacles related to writing in order to pass the AP Statistics exam. At this stage in their academic careers, students begin to express concerns about how they will pay for higher education. Students who will be dependent on merit- based financial aid could potentially have their financial burdens eased by performing well on the exam. If a student scores a 3 or higher on the AP Statistics exam, one could potentially receive college course credit, avoid excessive tuition fees, increase one’s chances of being admitted to a university, or be eligible for college scholarships. The free response questions on the AP exam typically prompt students to use statistical results to defend arguments.