Table of Contents
Preface...... xxii
Volume I
Section 1 Fundamental Concepts and Theories
Chapter 1 Gender Differences in Relation to Organization Sources of Power: An Exploratory Research of Individuals and Contextual Issues...... 1 Ebtihaj Al-A’ali, University of Bahrain, Bahrain Ralla Mohammed Alazali, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
Chapter 2 A History of How U.S. Academics, Laws, and Business Have Created the Current Approach to Organizational Diversity: Visual, Innovative, and All-Inclusive Multiculturalism...... 20 Ben Tran, Alliant International University, USA
Chapter 3 Second Order Divide in Internet Usage in Developing Countries: An Overlooked Issue?...... 38 Aparna Purushothaman, Aalborg University, Denmark Lone Dirckinck Holmfeld, Aalborg University – Copenhagen, Denmark Moly Kuruvilla, University of Calicut, India
Chapter 4 Women’s Commuting Environment in Public Buses in Dhaka City: A Case of Men’s Perspectives.... 52 Arunima Kishore Das, Western Sydney University, Australia
Chapter 5 Barriers to Success: Disadvantages of Gender Normative Language to Women in STEM...... 77 Melissa M. Haswell, Davenport University, USA
Section 2 Development and Design Methodologies
Chapter 6 Gender Equality Policy, Elites and Women Empowerment in Higher Education Institutions...... 96 Joshua Mugambwa, Makerere University, Uganda Susan Mwebaza, Makerere University, Uganda Bridget Namubiru, Makerere University, Uganda
Chapter 7 Who’s Represented in Canadian Teaching and Learning Centres?...... 114 Danielle Gabay, University of Toronto, Canada
Chapter 8 Workforce Diversity in Volunteerism and the Peace Corps...... 141 Ashwini Esther Joshua-Gojer, University of North Texas, USA Jeff M. Allen, University of North Texas, USA Tai-Yi Huang, University of North Texas, USA
Chapter 9 Organizational Diversity: From Workforce Diversity to Workplace Inclusion for Persons With Disabilities...... 160 Ben Tran, Alliant International University, USA
Chapter 10 Women’s Representation in Selected Ethiopian Electronic Media and Its Implication for Sustainable Development...... 192 Wubalem Arefaine Hagos, Ethiopian Civil Service University, Ethiopia
Chapter 11 A Trans*+ Media Literacy Framework for Navigating the Dynamically Shifting Terrain of Gender in Media: Considering Assessment of Key Competencies...... 213 Steven S. Funk, Montana State University – Billings, USA
Chapter 12 Chaotic and Complex Situations in Girls’ Education: Problems and Solutions...... 237 Mehmet Özbaş, Erzincan University, Turkey
Chapter 13 Creating Spaces for Critical Literacy for Bilingual Learners: Korean Kindergartners’ Discussions About Race and Gender...... 245 So Jung Kim, University of Texas at El Paso, USA
Chapter 14 Designing an E-Learning Curriculum...... 264 Susan Gwee, English Language Institute of Singapore, Singapore Ek Ming Tan, English Language Institute of Singapore, Singapore Mingfong Jan, National Central University, Taiwan
Chapter 15 Crafting the Edge: Gender Intelligence to Increase Productivity...... 286 Mambo G. Mupepi, Grand Valley State University, USA Jean C. Essila, Northern Michigan University, USA Abigail Opoku Mensah, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Sylvia C. Mupepi, Grand Valley State University, USA
Chapter 16 An Investigation of the Adoption of Online Game Technologies in Indonesia...... 307 Bernardinus Harnadi, Assumption University, Thailand
Chapter 17 The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation: Evidence From Aggregated and Disaggregated Panel Data of Developing Countries...... 336 Banu Demirhan, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey Erdal Demirhan, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Chapter 18 Diversity in the Workplace: How to Achieve Gender Diversity in the Workplace...... 355 Carola Hieker, Richmond, The American University in London, UK Maia Rushby, Diversity-in-Leadership, UK
Chapter 19 Increased Workforce Diversity by Race, Gender, and Age and Equal Employment Opportunity Laws: Implications for Human Resource Development...... 380 Shani D. Carter, Wagner College, USA
Chapter 20 Women’s Political Empowerment: Lessons for Subnational Levels of Government – Nepal, Pakistan, Rwanda, and Indonesia...... 406 Roberta Ryan, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Ronald Woods, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Chapter 21 Revisioning the Engineering Profession: How to Make It Happen!...... 427 Judith Gill, University of South Australia, Australia Mary Ayre, University of South Australia, Australia Julie Mills, University of South Australia, Australia
Chapter 22 Agency, Gender Identities, and Clothing Consumption: The Discourse on Garment Workers...... 443 Fatema Rouson Jahan, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Chapter 23 Advocating the Woman Affirmative Action and Women Empowerment in Rural Cross River State of Nigeria: The Role of the Civil Society and the Media...... 460 Endong Floribert Patrick Calvain, University of Calabar, Nigeria
Chapter 24 Gender Differences in the Use of Asynchronous Discussion Forums and Quizzes for Promoting Critical Thinking Dispositions...... 476 Alcuin Ivor Mwalongo, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Volume II
Chapter 25 Gender Diversity in Board of Directors: A Content Analysis From Turkey – Women’s Presence Level in Turkey’s Boards...... 493 Meltem Akca, Istanbul University, Turkey Burcu Özge Özaslan Çalışkan, Istanbul University, Turkey
Chapter 26 Education Inequalities and Human Capital Formation in MENA Region...... 508 Ebru Caglayan Akay, Marmara University, Turkey
Chapter 27 Gender and Other Factors That Influence Tourism Preferences...... 537 Naomi F. Dale, University of Canberra, Australia
Chapter 28 A Study of Decline Ethical Values in Education System at Higher Level...... 554 Reena Singh, Government Degree College, India
Chapter 29 Women in Global Professional Services Firms: The End of the Gentlemen’s Club?...... 573 Daria Panina, Texas A&M University, USA
Chapter 30 ,Engaging Men in Women’s Economic Empowerment in Butiama District, Mara Region Tanzania...... 593 A. N. Sikira, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania T. Matekere, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania J. K. Urassa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
Chapter 31 The Internet and the Rise in Self-Empowerment of Chinese Women: A Multi-Method Analysis of Women’s Blogs...... 610 Xiao Han, University of Westminster, UK
Chapter 32 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Learners With Diverse Needs: An Action Research Approach...... 635 Lloyd Dan Tlale, University of South Africa, South Africa
Section 3 Tools and Technologies
Chapter 33 Leadership Opportunities for Managing Diversity...... 651 Norma Carr-Ruffino, San Francisco State University, USA
Chapter 34 Invariant Model Combining Geometry and Appearance for Facial Detection and Gender Classification From Arbitrary Viewpoints...... 674 Mokhtar Taffar, University of Jijel, Algeria Serge Miguet, LIRIS, Université de Lyon 2, UMR CNRS 5205, France
Chapter 35 The Online Feminine Mystique: Developing a Research Agenda for Women’s Use of Social Media...... 711 Raechel Johns, University of Canberra, Australia Dale MacKrell, University of Canberra, Australia Naomi F. Dale, University of Canberra, Australia Saif Dewan, University of Canberra, Australia
Chapter 36 The Role of Media in Perpetuating or Obstructing Gender Equality in the Context of Developing World...... 723 Prabartana Das, Jadavpur University, India
Chapter 37 Factors Affecting Women Leadership to Reach Top Management and Its Impact on the Economy: The Case of the Kingdom of Bahrain...... 734 Adel Ismail Al-Alawi, University of Bahrain, Bahrain Nehal Fareed El Naggar, Royal University for Women, Bahrain
Chapter 38 Black Parents as Achievement Socialization Agents for Black Girls: Building Bridges to Mathematics...... 762 Jemimah L. Young, University of North Texas, USA Jamaal R. Young, University of North Texas, USA
Chapter 39 Vocational Education and Training for Muslim Minorities: Opportunities in the Open and Distance Learning System...... 774 Indrajeet Dutta, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, India
Chapter 40 Self-Objectification vs. African Conservative Features in the Selfies of Black African Women: A Study of Nigerian Social Media Users...... 798 Endong Floribert Patrick Calvain, University of Calabar, Nigeria
Chapter 41 Restorative Justice and Women’s Experiences of Violence in Nigeria...... 821 Johnson Ayodele, Lagos State University, Nigeria
Chapter 42 Does Whatsapp Use by Female Students Ruin Their Morality? The Case of Junior High School Students in Cape Coast Metropolitan, Ghana...... 840 George Anderson Jr., University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Section 4 Utilization and Applications
Chapter 43 Towards a More Gender-Inclusive Climate Change Policy...... 855 Farah Kabir, ActionAid Bangladesh, Bangladesh
Chapter 44 Getting “Girly” Online: The Case for Gendering Online Spaces...... 871 Jen Almjeld, James Madison University, USA
Chapter 45 Blogging Their Way Out of Disadvantage: Women, Identity and Agency in the Blogosphere...... 890 Amelia Rose Coleman, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Chapter 46 Role of Infrastructure Development to Empower Women: An Over-Determined View...... 906 Indrani Basu, Berhampore College, India
Chapter 47 Girls Building Androids and Robots: Equality in STEM With the Media Program Annedroids...... 925 Maya Götz, International Central Institute for Youth and Educational Television (IZI), Germany Diana Iulia Nastasia, Southern Illinois University – Edwardsville, USA J. J. Johnson, Sinking Ship Entertainment, Canada
Chapter 48 Critical Mass of Women Legislators and Oversight for National ICT Policy of Malawi...... 950 Frank Makoza, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Chapter 49 Overcoming Intersectional Barriers: Lessons From “Inspirational” Women in Nepal...... 971 Sara Parker, Liverpool John Moores University, UK Kay Standing, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Volume III
Chapter 50 Women-Friendly Working Environment in Bangladesh: Critical Analysis...... 994 Tania Haque, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Chapter 51 Fostering Entrepreneurship at the Spanish University: Does Gender Matter?...... 1011 Inma Pastor, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain Ana Isabel Blanco, Universidad de León, Spain Adelina Rodríguez, Universidad de León, Spain Ana Acosta, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain Paloma Pontón, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain Angel Belzunegui, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
Chapter 52 Thinking Globally, Leading Locally: Defining Leadership in Diverse Workforce...... 1041 Gursimranjit Singh, I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, India Priyanka Singh, I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, India Maninder Singh, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, India
Chapter 53 Are Women in the MENA Region Really That Different From Women in Europe? Globalization, Conservative Values, and Female Labor Market Participation...... 1055 Justina A. V. Fischer, University of Mannheim, Germany Nursel Aydiner-Avsar, Gediz University, Turkey
Chapter 54 Disparity Between Boys and Girls: Concerning Sports in Secondary Level Academic Institutions...... 1091 Afsana Islam, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Chapter 55 Migration, Muslim Women, and Social Reproduction of Gender Inequality: International Migration and Social Remittances in Gender Relations in Bangladesh...... 1106 Ishret Binte Wahid, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Mohammed Kamaruzzaman, BRAC, Bangladesh
Chapter 56 Arab Gulf Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership...... 1126 Jouharah Mohammad Abalkhail, Institution of Public Administration, Saudi Arabia
Chapter 57 Womenpreneurs in MENA Region...... 1144 Amir Manzoor, Bahria University – Karachi, Pakistan
Chapter 58 Women’s Economic Empowerment in the Developing Countries: Reengineering Patriarchy?...... 1159 Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Kalthum Hassan, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Chapter 59 The Impact of Brand Variance on Gender in FMCG Sector: With a Special Reference to Toothpaste Category...... 1175 Priya Grover, Symbiosis International University, India Sabyasachi Dasgupta, O. P. Jindal Global University, India
Chapter 60 Role of ICT in Socio-Economic Development in Kenya: Demystifying Gender Empowerment Through Mobile Telephony...... 1185 Juliet W. Macharia, Karatina University, Kenya
Chapter 61 STEM Fields and Ethnic Women in New Zealand: Issues of Sexism and Racism...... 1203 Charles Mpofu, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Chapter 62 Urban Nepali Women and Experiences of Love, Intimate Relations, and Media...... 1230 Nemu Joshi, University of London, UK
Chapter 63 Can Therapeutic Jurisprudence Improve the Rights of Female Prisoners?...... 1248 Helen Crewe, Independent Researcher, UK
Chapter 64 Maasai Girls’ Subjectivities and the Nexus of Gender Justice and Education Rights Discourse...... 1265 Serena Koissaba, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Chapter 65 Engineering Education for All: Increasing Access to Engineering Education for Men and Women Across the World Through Distance Learning...... 1280 Roofia Galeshi, Radford University, USA
Chapter 66 The Predictive Role of Gender and Race on Student Retention...... 1295 Gokhan Savas, Social Sciences University of Ankara, Turkey
Chapter 67 The Role of Women From a Social Media Jihad Perspective: Wife or Warrior?...... 1312 Robyn Torok, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Chapter 68 Institutions, Gender, and Entrepreneurship in Latin America...... 1334 David Urbano, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Sebastian Aparicio, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain & Fundación ECSIM, Colombia Maria Noguera, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Section 5 Organizational and Social Implications
Chapter 69 More Than Body Parts: Theorising Gender Within African Spaces...... 1357 Manase Chiweshe, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
Chapter 70 Coming Out as Transgender or Transitioning Genders: The Impact of Identity and Social Environments on Romantic Relationships and Family Dynamics...... 1376 Michael Corning, New York University, USA
Chapter 71 Gender and Self-Selection Among Engineering Students...... 1394 Maci Cook, University of Arkansas, USA Justin Chimka, University of Arkansas, USA
Chapter 72 Women Entrepreneurs in Nigeria: Where Is the Mass Media?...... 1401 Tolulope Kayode-Adedeji, Covenant University, Nigeria Oyinkansola Ige, Lagos Business School, Nigeria Thelma Ekanem, Covenant University, Nigeria
Chapter 73 Challenges and Changing Attitudes for Chinese Women Seeking PhDs...... 1419 Xi Lin, Auburn University, USA Barbara A. Baker, Auburn University, USA
Chapter 74 Women’s Participation and Equal Opportunities for Leadership in Tanzania...... 1437 Elizabeth Michael Msoka, St. John’s University of Tanzania, Tanzania Dominick Muya, Mzumbe University, Tanzania
Chapter 75 Communication Process in Family Reinforcing the Gender Differences in Bangladesh...... 1459 Sabiha Yeasmin Rosy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Md. Mynul Islam, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Chapter 76 Differences in Perceptions and Attitudes of Singaporean Female Football Fans Towards Football Marketing...... 1468 Darrel Teo, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore
Chapter 77 Challenges of Iranian Women to Change the Gender Discriminatory Law...... 1485 Fariba Parsa, George Mason University, USA
Volume IV
Chapter 78 Body Image and Wellbeing in Religious Male and Female Youth in Israel: An Educational Challenge...... 1497 Shraga Fisherman, Shaanan College, Israel
Chapter 79 Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying: The Experiences of Poly-Victimization Among Diverse Youth...... 1520 Zachary R. Myers, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Susan M. Swearer, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Meredith J. Martin, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Raul Palacios, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA
Chapter 80 Demographic Influences on E-Payment Services...... 1542 Winfred Yaokumah, Pentecost University College, Ghana Peace Kumah, Ghana Education Service, Ghana Eric Saviour Aryee Okai, Pentecost University College, Ghana
Chapter 81 Gender Differences in Motivations to Use Social Networking Sites...... 1565 Valeria Noguti, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Sonika Singh, University of Technology Sydney, Australia David S. Waller, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Chapter 82 Bahraini Women Engineers: Factors Influencing Their Career Success Ladder...... 1581 Adel Ismail Al-Alawi, University of Bahrain, Bahrain Adel Ismail Al-Alawi, University of Bahrain, Bahrain Shurooq Husamaddin, Ebdaa Engineering, Bahrain Fatema Khaled Mejeran, Ministry of Works, Bahrain Fatema Kadhem Madan, Al-Taweel Engineering, Bahrain
Chapter 83 Addressing Cultural and Gender Project Bias: Engaged Learning for Diverse Student Cohorts...... 1605 Jennifer Loy, Griffith University, Australia Rae Cooper, Griffith University, Australia
Chapter 84 Female Lecturers’ Perception of ICT Integration for Teaching and Learning in University of Ibadan, Nigeria...... 1624 Airen Adetimirin, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Chapter 85 Does Demographics Affect Purchase Frequency in Online Retail?...... 1637 Prateek Kalia, I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, India
Chapter 86 Gendered Representations of Fandom: How Female Fan Identity Is Constructed in Mixed-Gender Online Platforms...... 1654 Ödül A. Gürsimsek, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Chapter 87 Gender, Organization, and Change in Sudan...... 1671 Shahira O. Abdel-Hameid, Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE Elisabeth Wilson, Independent Researcher, UK
Chapter 88 Gendered Organizational Culture: A Comparative Study in Bangladesh and Thailand...... 1685 Julaikha Bente Hossain, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Chapter 89 The Relation of Gender, Behavior, and Intimacy Development on Level of Facebook Addiction in Emerging Adults...... 1706 Melanie Kimpton, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Marilyn Campbell, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Eliza Leong Weigin, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Alexandria Orel, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Kelly Wozencroft, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Chrystal Whiteford, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Chapter 90 The Impact of Institutional Factors on Female and Male Owned Firm Financing: Evidence From South Asian Countries...... 1720 Stuart Murrin Locke, University of Waikato, New Zealand Nirosha Hewa-Wellalage, University of Waikato, New Zealand
Chapter 91 Reframing Diversity in Management: Diversity and Human Resource Management...... 1740 Ashanti De León, London Metropolitan University, UK Wilson Ozuem, University of Gloucestershire, UK Jummy Okoya, University of East London, UK
Chapter 92 The Public Veil: Two Millennia of Strong Women in Politics...... 1756 Hannah Slough, Eastern Michigan University, USA David Anderson, Eastern Michigan University, USA
Section 6 Managerial Impact
Chapter 93 Diversity and Inclusion Management: A Focus on Employee Engagement...... 1771 Urmila Itam, REVA University, India Bagali M. M., REVA University, India
Chapter 94 “Female Charm”: Women’s Role in Tourism Internationalization, Innovation, and Networking Strategies...... 1789 Carlos Costa, University of Aveiro, Portugal Zélia Breda, University of Aveiro, Portugal Fiona Eva Bakas, University of Aveiro, Portugal Marília Durão, University of Aveiro, Portugal Isabel Pinho, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Chapter 95 Is Gender Equality a Reality After a Change in the Political Agenda? Dynamic Analysis for Higher Management Levels...... 1809 Nuria Calvo, University of a Coruña, Spain Maria Bastida, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Jacobo Feás, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Section 7 Critical Issues and Challenges
Chapter 96 Structuring the “Expected”: New Social Media Platforms and the Role of Women in Urban Spaces...... 1830 Devanjan Khuntia, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
Chapter 97 Gender Difference in Perception and Use of Social Media Tools...... 1845 Youmei Liu, University of Houston, USA
Chapter 98 Disaster, Vulnerability, and Violence Against Women: Global Findings and a Research Agenda for Bangladesh...... 1859 Khandakar Josia Nishat, University of Queensland, Australia Md. Shafiqur Rahman, Helen Keller International, Bangladesh
Section 8 Emerging Trends
Chapter 99 Western Female Migrants to ISIS: Propaganda, Radicalisation, and Recruitment...... 1876 Erin Marie Saltman, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, UK
Chapter 100 Emerging Concerns for Gender Equality and Role of Open and Distance Learning...... 1900 Verlaxmi Indrakanti, Anand Vihar College for Women, India
Chapter 101 Developing High Quality Public Health Services Across the Union That Are Equally Accessible to All...... 1924 Androutsou Lorena, University of Thessaly, Greece Androutsou Foulvia, University of Crete, Greece
Chapter 102 Diversity and Inclusion in Ontario Universities: A Snapshot Through the Lens of Institutional Strategic Mandates...... 1948 Emmanuel Songsore, Western University, Canada Michael Buzzelli, Western University, Canada
Chapter 103 Gender Fluidity in the Age of Technologically Mediated Environments: Implications for Fashion Industry...... 1967 Mary-Kate Hickman, Debenhams, UK Wilson Ozuem, University of Gloucestershire, UK Jummy Okoya, University of East London, UK
Index...... xxv