DOCSLIB.ORG

Simulation of Near-Field Generated by S-Band Rectangular Horn Antenna Array for Hyperthermia Therapy Applications Using 4Nec2 Software

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Simulation of Near-Field Generated by S-Band Rectangular Horn Antenna Array for Hyperthermia Therapy Applications Using 4Nec2 Software SIMULATION OF NEAR-FIELD GENERATED BY S-BAND RECTANGULAR HORN ANTENNA ARRAY FOR HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY APPLICATIONS USING 4NEC2 SOFTWARE Dwija Reddy Aloori B.Tech, J N T University, India, 2008 Sandhya Ramagiri B.Tech, J N T University, India, 2008 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degrees of MASTER OF SCIENCE in COMPUTER ENGINEERING and ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO FALL 2010 SIMULATION OF NEAR-FIELD GENERATED BY S-BAND RECTANGULAR HORN ANTENNA ARRAY FOR HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY APPLICATIONS USING 4NEC2 SOFTWARE A Project by Dwija Reddy Aloori Sandhya Ramagiri Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Preetham B. Kumar, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Russell Tatro, M.S. ___________________________ Date ii Students: Dwija Reddy Aloori Sandhya Ramagiri I certify that these students have met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the Project. ___________________, Department Chair _________________ Suresh Vadhva, Ph.D. Date Department of Computer Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering iii Abstract of SIMULATION OF NEAR-FIELD GENERATED BY S-BAND RECTANGULAR HORN ANTENNA ARRAY FOR HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY APPLICATIONS USING 4NEC2 SOFTWARE by Dwija Reddy Aloori Sandhya Ramagiri This project will focus on the application of advanced electromagnetic simulation software 4nec2, for the near-field characterization of a 3-element S-band array of horn antennas, operating at the ISM frequency of 2.4 GHz. Previous modeling efforts have shown a significant difference between simulated and measured data. The key effort in this project will be to minimize the difference between simulated and measured data using 4nec2 software. This study has useful application in the area of clinical hyperthermia, which is defined as the therapeutic treatment of tumors in the body by heating caused by focused RF or microwave radiation. The 3-element array consists of a central focusing element and two surrounding directing elements. The focusing element can be axially adjusted and surrounding elements are fixed to focus the beam of a required point, which is necessary in hyperthermia treatment. , Committee Chair Preetham B. Kumar, Ph.D ______________________ Date iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Man has made language to express his feelings. Yet, we find ourselves short of words when it comes to thanking all those who have rendered necessary help for the completion of this project. First and foremost we would like to express our gratitude and thanks to our advisor, committee chair and graduate coordinator Dr. Preetham Kumar, for his expert guidance and constant support throughout this project. His openness and enthusiasm have taught us correct way of working with new technologies and have improved our knowledge of the subject. We are extremely thankful to Mr. Russell Tatro our second reader, for reviewing this work and for his valuable suggestions in improving the same. It is our duty to recognize the efforts of Computer Engineering and Department and the management for creating an interactive atmosphere for learning. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank the considerate faculty and staff of Computer Engineering Department who have been encouraging us throughout our curriculum. At the end we would like to extend our thanks to our parents for their constant encouragement and to all those who have played a small but important role in this project but could not be individually named here. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 2. HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS .................................. 3 2.1 Introduction to Hyperthermia .....................................................................................3 2.2 Types of Hyperthermia ..............................................................................................4 2.3 Risks of Hyperthermia ...............................................................................................6 2.4 Effects of Hyperthermia .............................................................................................7 2.5 Future Scope of Hyperthermia ...................................................................................8 3. NUMERICAL ELECTRO MAGNETICS CODE(4NEC2) ........................................... 9 3.1 Introduction to 4NEC2 ...............................................................................................9 3.2 Additional Features of 4NEC2 .................................................................................10 3.3 4NEC2 Project Flow ................................................................................................10 3.4 Configuration ...........................................................................................................11 3.5 Steps for drawing a geometrical model ....................................................................11 4. DESIGN AND SETUP OF S-BAND RECTANGULAR HORN ARRAY ................. 17 4.1 Measurement of near field of single horn antenna along the axis of the antenna ....18 4.2 Measurement of Z-axis near field of three element horn antenna array ..................19 vi 5. SIMULATION RESULTS OF S-BAND RECTANGULAR HORN ARRAY ........... 24 5.1 4NEC2 Setup, simulation and array parameters ......................................................24 5.1.1 All array elements in the same line ...............................................................25 5.1.2 Center array element is 5.08cm behind the other two elements ...................30 5.1.3 Center array element is 10.16cm behind the other two elements .................35 5.2 Comparison of measured and simulated array performance ....................................40 6. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK ................................................43 References ..........................................................................................................................45 vii LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Table 5.1 Comparison of Measured and Simulated data……………………………41 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Figure 3.1 Main window ............................................................................................. 12 2. Figure 3.2 Geometry edit window .............................................................................. 13 3. Figure 3.3 Geometry edit window showing voltage source at a point ........................ 13 4. Figure 3.4 Geometry edit window showing frequency/ground selection .................... 14 5. Figure 3.5 Geometry edit window showing conductivity and dielectric constant ...... 15 6. Figure 3.6 To calculate the NEC output data .............................................................. 15 7. Figure 3.7 Window showing selection of pattern ....................................................... 16 8. Figure 3.8 Window showing near field pattern and its equivalent values .................. 16 9. Figure 4.1 Photograph of 3-element horn array set up in Lab .................................... 17 10. Figure 4.2 Experimental set up for single element antenna ...................................... 18 11. Figure 4.3 Axial near-zone electric field of single horn antenna ............................. 19 12. Figure 4.4 Experimental setup for 3-element horn array with 3 elements in line ... 20 13. Figure 4.5 Experimental setup for 3-element horn array with central element 5.08 cm behind outer directing elements ............................................................. 21 14. Figure 4.6 Experimental setup for 3-element horn array with central element 10.16 cm behind outer directing elements .............................................. 22 15. Figure 4.7 Consolidated beam focusing demonstration for 3-element horn array .... 23 16. Figure 5.1a 4NEC2 schematic when the center waveguide is in line with other two elements ................................................................................................. 25 17. Figure 5.1b 4NEC2 input .nec file when all array elements are in the same line .... 26 ix 18. Figure 5.1c Electric field intensity when all waveguide elements are in line .......... 27 19. Figure 5.1d Rectangular plot of near field pattern when all array elements are in line ......................................................................................................... 28 20. Figure 5.1e Electric field along a YZ plane at the highest field point ...................... 29 21. Figure 5.1f 4NEC2 schematic when the center element is 5.08cm behind the other two elements .......................................................................................... 30 22. Figure 5.1g 4NEC2 input .nec file when the center element is 5.08cm behind the other elements ....................................................................................... 31 23. Figure 5.1h Electric field intensity when the center
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Application of Metamaterials for the Microwave Antenna Realisations*
    SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2012, 1-7 UDK: 621.396.67:66.017 DOI: 10.2298/SJEE1201001A Application of Metamaterials for the Microwave Antenna Realisations* Tatjana Asenov1, Nebojša Dončov1, Bratislav Milovanović1 Abstract: In this paper, the application of left-handed metamaterials for the realisation of microwave antennas has been considered. Special emphasis is placed on lens antennas based on gradient-index metamaterials, and their advantages and enhanced features in comparison with conventional microwave antennas are highlighted. Keywords: Metamaterials, Gradient-index metamaterials, Lens antennas. 1 Introduction Artificial structures whose electromagnetic (EM) characteristics do not depend on the chemical composition but on the geometry of the structure units have sparked great interest among scientists in the first decade of the 21st century. These EM structures, known as metamaterials (MTM), exhibit highly unusual properties, such as extreme values of effective permittivity and permeability, phase and group velocity antiparallelism, etc. Metamaterials, particularly left- handed metamaterials (LH MTM) characterised by a simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability as well by a negative refractive index, have been proposed for the realisation of many different types of microwave components having advanced characteristics and small size [1, 2]. Heretofore a numerous MTM applications have been developed. They are novel full-space scanning fan/pencil-beam leaky-wave antennas, resonant antennas, conical-beam radiators, high-directivity arrays, smart multiple-input multiple-output systems, real-time spectrum analyzers, to name but a few [3]. As one of the potential LH MTM-based applications, the composite right- left handed (RH/LH) structures with graded refractive index profile (GRIN MTM) have been studied intensively both theoretically and experimentally in recent years [4 – 6].
    [Show full text]
  • A Review Paper on Microwave Transmission Using Reflector Antennas
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 10, October-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 251 A Review Paper on Microwave Transmission using Reflector Antennas Sandeep Kumar Singh [1],Sumi Kumari[2] Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of ECE, JBIT, Dehradun [1], Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE, VGIET, Jaipur[2] [email protected][1] [email protected][2] Abstract: The conventional optimization problem of the beamed microwave energy transmission system is considered. The criterion of maximum efficiency of power intercept is parabolic function of distribution on the transmitting antenna. It is shown that under such a condition of amplitude distribution becomes more uniform than as the unconditional optimization. In this case, we can substantially increase the power radiated by the transmitting antenna losing the power intercept no more than 2%. Keywords: Parabolic Reflector Antenna, Radio Relay, Antenna Gain, Cassegrain Feed. I.INTRODUCTION limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can. Microwave radiation is generally defined as that electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths between radio waves and infrared III.ANTENNA radiation. Microwave radiation can be forced to travel in specially designed waveguides. Microwave radiation can be transmitted An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts through space or through the atmosphere in a microwave beam electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used from a microwave antenna and the microwave energy can be with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio collected with a microwave antenna. Microwave antennas are used transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to for transmitting and receiving microwave radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Microwave Antenna in Communication System
    ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Website: www.ijareeie.com Vol. 7, Issue 2, February 2018 Importance of Microwave Antenna in Communication System Shailesh Patwa1, Shubham Yadav2, Mohammad Saqib3 UG Student [BE], Dept. of ECE, Medicaps Institute of Technology and Management College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India1 UG Student [BE], Dept. of ECE, Medicaps Institute of Technology and Management College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India2 UG Student [BE], Dept. of ECE, Medicaps Institute of Technology and Management College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India3 ABSTRACT: This paper provide various types of information about microwave antenna in communication system. Antenna plays a crucial role in this communication system, which is used to transmit and receive the data. The classification of the antenna is based on the specifications like frequency, polarization, radiation, etc. In this we will observe some important point about microwave antenna in communication network, relay stations, transmission system, interconnection cable and inter-operations performing as an integrated whole. KEYWORDS: Microwave Antenna, Types of Antenna, Properties of Antenna, Applications of Antenna. I. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this research to help people know many things about microwave antenna use in communication system. Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do.
    [Show full text]
  • Microwave Antenna Performance Metrics
    Chapter 5 Microwave Antenna Performance Metrics Paul Osaretin Otasowie Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48517 1. Introduction An antenna is a conductor or group of conductors used for radiating electromagnetic energy into space or collecting electromagnetic energy from space. When radio frequency signal has been generated in a transmitter, some means must be used to radiate this signal through space to a receiver. The device that does this job is the antenna. The transmitter signal energy is sent into space by a transmitting antenna and the radio frequency energy is then picked up from space by a receiving antenna. The radio frequency energy that is transmitted into space is in the form of an electromagnetic field. As the electromagnetic field arrives at the receiving antenna, a voltage is induced into the antenna. The radio frequency voltage induced into the receiving antenna is then passed into the receiver. There are many different types of antennas in use today but emphasis is on antennas that operate at microwave frequencies. This chapter discusses the two major types microwave antenna which are the horn-reflector and parabolic dish antennas. In order to satisfy antenna system requirements for microwave propagation and choose a suitable antenna system, microwave design engineers must evaluate properly these antenna properties in order to achieve optimum performance. 1.1. Definition of microwave and microwave transmission Microwaves refer to radio waves with wavelength ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter or equivalently with frequencies between 300MHZ (0.3GHZ) and 300GHZ.
    [Show full text]
  • Inexpensive Microwave Antenna Demonstrations Based on the IEEE Presentation by John Kraus – Jon Wallace
    Inexpensive Microwave Antenna Demonstrations Based on the IEEE Presentation by John Kraus – Jon Wallace Abstract: After seeing a video of John Kraus giving a demonstration on radio antennas to the IEEE many years ago, the author was so inspired that he researched the concepts and sought to reproduce as much of the demonstration as he could. It is hoped that these demonstrations will educate and inspire others to explore as well. They cover topics which include: beam width, inverse square law, polarization, reflection, refraction, interference, absorption, gain, wave guides, diffraction, and more. The equipment used consists of a Gunn diode source with horn antenna and a WR-90 horn antenna with crystal detector, instrumentation amplifier, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) so that changes in intensity will be heard as pitch changes. Safety Although these microwave frequencies are not the ones used for cooking, they can still cause damage to eyes and sensitive areas of the body. When I started this project I searched for the most stringent safety recommendations I could find for a 10 mW transmitter at about 10 GHz. This recommendation was to keep a minimum distance of 60 cm. (2 ft.). I also designed an aluminum-screened mask that can be worn when presenting the demonstrations. It completely blocks all radiation from the transmitter. Close-up pictures and hints on making one are included at the end of this document. Stay safe! The Equipment The various demonstration devices will be described in each section and building tips are included at the end of the paper. The basic equipment consists of a transmitter (a Gunn diode device) with a larger horn and regulated 8V power supply powered by a 9V battery, a receiver with a small horn antenna, crystal detector, instrumentation amplifier, voltage controlled oscillator, and powerful speaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Communications in the New Space
    IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS (DRAFT) 1 Satellite Communications in the New Space Era: A Survey and Future Challenges Oltjon Kodheli, Eva Lagunas, Nicola Maturo, Shree Krishna Sharma, Bhavani Shankar, Jesus Fabian Mendoza Montoya, Juan Carlos Merlano Duncan, Danilo Spano, Symeon Chatzinotas, Steven Kisseleff, Jorge Querol, Lei Lei, Thang X. Vu, George Goussetis Abstract—Satellite communications (SatComs) have recently This initiative named New Space has spawned a large number entered a period of renewed interest motivated by technological of innovative broadband and earth observation missions all of advances and nurtured through private investment and ventures. which require advances in SatCom systems. The present survey aims at capturing the state of the art in SatComs, while highlighting the most promising open research The purpose of this survey is to describe in a structured topics. Firstly, the main innovation drivers are motivated, such way these technological advances and to highlight the main as new constellation types, on-board processing capabilities, non- research challenges and open issues. In this direction, Section terrestrial networks and space-based data collection/processing. II provides details on the aforementioned developments and Secondly, the most promising applications are described i.e. 5G associated requirements that have spurred SatCom innovation. integration, space communications, Earth observation, aeronauti- cal and maritime tracking and communication. Subsequently, an Subsequently, Section III presents the main applications and in-depth literature review is provided across five axes: i) system use cases which are currently the focus of SatCom research. aspects, ii) air interface, iii) medium access, iv) networking, v) The next four sections describe and classify the latest SatCom testbeds & prototyping.
    [Show full text]
  • Microwave Antenna Holography
    Chapter 8 Microwave Antenna Holography David J. Rochblatt 8.1 Introduction The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)–Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Deep Space Network (DSN) of large reflector antennas is subject to continuous demands for improved signal reception sensitivity, as well as increased transmitting power, dynamic range, navigational accuracy, and frequency stability. In addition, once-in-a-lifetime science opportunities have increased requirements on the DSN performance reliability, while needs for reduction of operational costs and increased automation have created more demands for the development of user friendly instruments. The increase in the antenna operational frequencies to X-band (8.45 gigahertz (GHz)) and Ka-band (32 GHz), for both telemetry and radio science, proportionately increased the requirements of the antenna calibration accuracy and precision. These include the root-mean-square (rms) of the main reflector surface, subreflector alignment, pointing, and amplitude and phase stability. As an example, for an adequate performance of an antenna at a given frequency, it is required that the reflector surface rms accuracy be approximately /20 (0.46 millimeter (mm) at Ka-band) and that the mean radial error (MRE) pointing accuracy be approximately /(10*D), or a tenth of the beamwidth (1.6 millidegrees (mdeg) for a 34-meter (m) antenna at Ka-band). Antenna microwave holography has been used to improve DSN performance. Microwave holography, as applied to reflector antennas, is a technique that utilizes the Fourier transform relation between the complex far- field radiation pattern of an antenna and the complex aperture distribution. Resulting aperture phase and amplitude-distribution data are used to precisely 323 324 Chapter 8 characterize various crucial performance parameters, including panel alignment, subreflector position, antenna aperture illumination, directivity at various frequencies, and gravity deformation effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Microwave Antenna Measurements
    Engineering Sciences 151 Electromagnetic Communication Laboratory Assignment 5 Fall Term 1998-99 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Microwave Antenna Measurements OBJECTIVE: To study the radiation patterns and other characteristics of a variety of electromagnetic radiators (antennas). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP: EQUIPMENT: Sweep signal generator: 8 -12 GHz, Dorado International Corp. Model G4-197 Low-noise preamplifier, Stanford Research Systems, Model SR560 60 MHz Dual-channel oscilloscope, Tektronix, Model 2213A Microwave isolator, Bomac Laboratories, Model BLF-30 Slotted line section, Hewlett-Packard, Model 809B Variable attenuator, Hewlett-Packard, Model X382A Slide screw tuner, Hewlett-Packard, Model X870A Frequency meter, FXR, Model X401B 1 See Chapter 16, Antenna Measurements, in Antenna Theory (Second Edition), Constantine A. Balanis, ISBN 0- 471-59268-4. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION PATTERNS PAGE 2 Detector mount, Hewlett-Packard, Model X485B and microwave crystal diode detectors, 1N21B or 1N23B Parabolic reflector (18 inch aperture diameter), Edmund Scientific Center-fed reflector antenna (30 cm diameter aperture), homemade Set of two small (5.4 cm x 7.3 cm) pyramidal horn antennas, Narda, Model 640 Large aperture (9 cm x 15 cm) pyramidal horn antennas, homemade Endfire helical antenna, homemade Microstrip patch antenna, homemade Three element array antenna driver, homemade Set of rotatable wooden antenna stands ), homemade Wooden frame for CATR reflector, homemade Two waveguide twist sections Flexible inspection light Sheets (24 x 24 inch) of microwave anechoic material Miscellaneous test parts including: waveguide and coax components and transistions; wire and aluminum foil;, etc.. GENERAL COMMENTS: The experimental setup, illustrated above, provides a means for studying the radiation patterns and other characteristics of electromagnetic antennas.
    [Show full text]
  • Spacecraft Reflector Antenna Development: Challenges and Novel Solutions
    ALLAN R. JABLON and ROBERT K. STILWELL SPACECRAFT REFLECTOR ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND NOVEL SOLUTIONS Spacecraft microwave systems, such as radar altimeters, high-data-rate communications systems, and angle-tracking systems, often require high-gain narrow-beamwidth antennas. In many cases, these antennas must be able to accommodate multiple frequencies and polarizations simultaneously, as well as meet stringent thermal and mechanical constraints. The parabolic reflector antenna has the potential to meet these special demands efficiently and cost-effectively, but adapting it to satisfy spacecraft antenna requirements poses unique challenges. In recent years, the APL Space Department has developed several innovative designs for spacecraft reflector antennas, along with novel numerical analysis methods for characterizing their performance. INTRODUCTION Antennas for radar altimeter and angle-tracking micro­ (Fig. lA) and in a folded-optics configuration with a wave spacecraft systems must have high gain and narrow subreflector (Fig. IB). The paraboloid, which is the beamwidth so that their energy output is confined to a three-dimensional counterpart of the parabola, is useful limited angular region in space. Often, the beam must be in electro magnetics because (1) the paraboloid reflects circularly symmetric. High-data-rate communication sys­ an electromagnetic ray emanating from the focus in a tems require high-gain antennas to meet link require­ direction parallel to the paraboloid axis, and (2) the dis­ ments. tance traveled by any ray from the focus to the paraboloid A primary function of these antennas is to control the and then to a plane perpendicular to the paraboloid axis distribution of the radiated energy in space, which is is independent of the path.
    [Show full text]
  • Metamaterials and Their Applications on Antenna Gain Enhancement
    College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences WNCC Research Centre Metamaterials and their Applications on Antenna Gain Enhancement Author: ROOHOLLAH HAGHPANAHAN Supervised by: Dr. RAJAGOPAL NILAVALAN Professor HAMED AL-RAWESHIDY June 2015 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Systems Engineering Submitted for examination Abstract This thesis is devoted to potential applications of metamaterials in antenna structures as well as metamaterials behaviour, characterisation, structure design, simulation and extraction of parameters. The focus of this work is on the practical application of metamaterial structures for antenna performance enhancement. This thesis comprises three key parts; In the first part, theory of metamaterials is investigated including fields, polarisation, effective and average parameters, parameters extraction and transmission line (TL) model. In part two, zero index metamaterials (ZIM) theory is studied. The use of ZIM to form a highly directive medium is illustrated. A comparative study between different ZIM structures is conducted with a special attention to their operational bandwidth. ANSYS HFSS is used to model ZIM structures where simulation results show a bandwidth between 7.4% and 14.0%. Then two novel ZIM structures with a bandwidth of up to 33% are proposed. The first proposed ZIM is used to form a highly directive shell. Four directive shells are designed and placed around the dipole antenna where a gain increase of up to 6.8 푑퐵푖 is obtained along the desired direction. Further, proposed ZIM cells are integrated with a quasi-Yagi antenna in order to increase its gain. Simulation results demonstrate gain enhancement for frequencies over which the proposed structure expresses ZIM properties.
    [Show full text]
  • FCC-12-87A1.Pdf
    Federal Communications Commission FCC 12-87 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Amendment of Part 101 of the Commission’s ) Rules to Facilitate the Use of Microwave for ) Wireless Backhaul and Other Uses and to Provide ) WT Docket No. 10-153 Additional Flexibility to Broadcast Auxiliary ) Service and Operational Fixed Microwave ) Licensees ) ) Petition for Rulemaking filed by Fixed Wireless ) Communications Coalition to Amend Part 101 of ) the Commission's Rules to Authorize 60 and ) RM-11602 80 MHz Channels in Certain Bands for Broadband ) Communications ) ) SECOND REPORT AND ORDER, SECOND FURTHER NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING, SECOND NOTICE OF INQUIRY, ORDER ON RECONSIDERATION, AND MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Adopted: August 3, 2012 Released: August 3, 2012 By the Commission: Chairman Genachowski and Commissioners McDowell, Clyburn, Rosenworcel and Pai issuing separate statements. Comment Date: [30 days after publication in the Federal Register] Reply Comment Date: [45 days after publication in the Federal Register] TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………......................................1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………….……...3 III. BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………….…...4 IV. SECOND REPORT AND ORDER…………………………………………………….……..9 A. Smaller Antennas in the 6, 18, and 23 GHz Bands……………………………….………9 1. Background…………………………………………………………………….……..9 2. Discussion……………………………………………………………………….…..18 B. Updating Efficiency Standards…………………………………………………….…….22
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the RF Path TABLE of CONTENTS
    Understanding the RF path TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction: Welcome to RF communications 3 Chapter 2 The solutions, practices and trends: Cell site development 8 Chapter 3 Getting the signal across: Base station antennas 19 Chapter 4 Working within the limits: Co-siting solutions 44 Chapter 5 Talking and listening at the same time: Transmission and receiving isolation systems 59 Chapter 6 Getting from the air to the network: Cables and connectivity 76 Chapter 7 Clearing the connections: Overcoming passive intermodulation (PIM) 97 Chapter 8 Getting the most from every cycle: Spectrum management 105 Chapter 9 The infrastructure behind the call: Backhaul 115 Chapter 10 The next RF architecture evolution: C-RAN 137 Chapter 11 The energy of communications: Powering wireless networks 147 Chapter 12 Successfully planning against failure: Reliability in wireless systems 172 Chapter 13 Extending the network indoors: DAS, C-RAN antenna systems, and small cell solutions 187 Chapter 14 Finding safer ground: Lightning protection 196 Biographies 210 | Appendix A 214 | Glossary 219 www.commscope.com 2 Introduction: Welcome to RF communications Chapter 1 www.commscope.com 3 Introduction: Chapter 1 Welcome to RF communications Microwave backhaul The use of microwave communications to networks. It encompasses indoor wireless solutions that For decades, CommScope has grown up aggregate and transmit allow a mobile user to find a clear connection from alongside the science of communication with cellular voice and data anywhere in a vast building complex, aboard an aloft practical solutions. We have been dedicated to and from the main airliner or from a bullet train zipping through a tunnel network.
    [Show full text]