NO. 163 2020

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

ƒƒ OCEAN VIEW: PLOTTING THE COURSE 2

ƒƒ HISTORIC BLUEFIN FISHING OFFERS Wild HOPE FOR TOMORROW 3 ƒƒ TWO MACKERELS, TWO COUNCILS, ONE AGENCY AT ODDS WITH ITSELF AND AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT CONUNDRUM 4

ƒƒ TURNING THE TIDE: WILD OCEANS NEWS AND ACTIVITIES 6

ƒƒ TF PUBLISHING'S MARINE LIFE The Horizon CALENDAR SUPPORTS WILD OCEANS 8

ATLANTIC MENHADEN ERPS ADOPTED, FULL IMPLEMENTATION WILL TAKE TIME ASMFC Moves the Line for Menhaden but is Not Ready to Get Behind It by Pam Lyons Gromen, Executive Director

Atlantic menhaden management has reached a critical Atlantic Menhaden ERP Target & Threshold milestone. On August 5th, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission’s (ASMFC) Atlantic Menhaden Lower fishing mortality Management Board voted unanimously to adopt eco- means more menhaden logical reference points (ERPs) as the basis for setting in the water annual catch levels. The vote was cause for celebration up and down the At- lantic Coast. Wild Oceans along with a broad coalition of fishermen and conservationists have fought for decades to protect menhaden’s role as forage. Numerous predators — from bluefish and striped bass to ospreys and humpback whales — depend on menha- den, and the new reference points are designed to ac- count for menhaden’s critical role in the food web. Menhaden ERP Target

ERPs are similar to traditional fishing reference points in Biomass BassStriped Biomass/ Target Menhaden Single-Species Target that both set targets (where you aim to be) and thresh- Menhaden ERP Threshold olds (where you want to avoid) to meet management Menhaden Single-Species Threshold objectives. The important difference is that ERPs are designed to Menhaden Fishing Mortality meet ecological objectives. In this case, menhaden fish- ing mortality (F) is set to maintain the striped bass popu- lation. When striped bass needs are accounted for, the menhaden target and threshold are lower than tradi- tional “single-species” reference points that are based solely on menhaden biology, leaving more menhaden in the water as forage.

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P.O. Box 180721, Tallahassee, FL 32318 WildOceans.org Ocean View

Plotting the Course As mentioned in our last edition of the to assist us. The primary tool to accom- tices and bycatch reduction were nearly Horizon, Wild Oceans has embarked plish this was an online questionnaire as equally important as climate change. upon a strategic planning process to distributed to nonprofit conservation With continued advancements in tech- help guide us into the future. All busi- organizations and trade groups, fisher- nology, wider use of fish aggregating nesses, including nonprofits, should be ies management entities/agencies, se- devices and the growing global demand operating with clear and measurable lect leaders in the field, and academics. for commercially harvested fish, the goals. Developing or updating a stra- A total of 83 individuals received the problem is only getting more compli- tegic business plan every three to five questionnaire, of which 60 participat- cated. It reaffirms that now more than years is a great way to ensure this. By ed, an impressively high response rate. ever, we need to keep identifying new, putting effort into developing a well- The results were quite interesting. cleaner gear types and continue tran- thought-out plan, we will be able to sitioning to more sustainable ways to Respondents indicated that fishery is- demonstrate the value and effective- fish — something that has been a basic sues related to climate change is by ness of our efforts, and our organiza- tenet of our organization for decades. far the single most important emerg- tion’s ability to sustain and continue ing issue. If you follow fisheries at all, Our past success at Wild Oceans has delivering on our mission. It is also you have undoubtedly heard how ris- come by remaining small, focusing on important that we not duplicate the ing ocean temperatures and increas- a few key issues, developing expertise efforts of others, but rather capitalize ing acidity are presenting challenges to around those issues, and forging coali- on our unique talents and assets devel- fish, fishermen and those who manage tions to get results. This approach has oped over the past 47 years. them. Distribution, forage fish availabil- allowed us to stick with issues over the Prior to initiating our effort to develop ity, productivity and species composi- years and sometimes even decades, yet a new plan, our Board of Directors de- tion of fisheries is changing, and both still remain nimble enough to change cided that it would be beneficial to bet- fishermen and fisheries managers alike focus when emerging threats or oppor- ter understand the current landscape in are scrambling to adapt. tunities arise. Our future success will which we operate and how we fit into depend on maintaining this characteris- When questioned specifically about that landscape. To do this, we enlisted tic as well. large marine fish, respondents were the aid of two highly respected veterans clear that gear impacts, fishing prac- – Rob Kramer, President in the world of marine fish conservation

For the Future of Fishing Wild Oceans is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to keeping the oceans wild to preserve fishing opportunities for the future. Our Goals: Officers and Staff: Board of Directors: ●● preventing overfishing and restoring Tim Choate, Chairman Mary Barley (Islamorada, FL) depleted fish populations to healthy Tim Ervin, Vice Chairman Bill Boyce (Saugus, CA) levels Rob Kramer, President C. J. Bright, Jr. (Kailua-Kona, HI) ●● promoting sustainable use Pam Lyons Gromen, Executive Director Tim Choate (Coral Gables, FL) policies that balance commercial, recreational and ecological values Theresa Labriola, Pacific Program Director Stephanie Choate Oppenheimer (Tulsa, OK) Tim Ervin (Onekama, MI) ●● modifying or eliminating wasteful fishing practices Ken Hinman (Lovettsville, VA) ●● improving our understanding of Contact Us: Frankie Labriola (Misquamicut Beach, RI) fish and their role in the marine Wild Oceans Peter Truslow (St. Petersburg, FL) environment P.O. Box 180721 Directors Emeritus Tallahassee, FL 32318 ●● preserving fish habitat and water Stanley Arkin (New York, NY) quality office: 727.677.8127 web: wildoceans.org John Heyer (Sedona, AZ)

2 COUNTRIES AGREE TO MAINTAIN BLUEFIN QUOTAS Historic Bluefin Fishing Offers Hope for Tomorrow by Theresa Labriola Pacific Program Director This year brought another round of record-breaking recreational Pacific bluefin tuna opportunities to Califor- nia. Scattered schools started show- ing in late February before pushing into Northern California. The record 364-pound tuna landed at Newport Landing in October was not an outlier, as large bluefin continued to reward patient anglers. Of course, this has fishermen wondering: Have bluefin tuna recovered from the historically low levels of just 4 years ago? What’s keeping the big fish in California? How long will they stay, and what impact are we having on the future of the Photo courtesy of Bill Boyce population? Scientists are still piecing together but a slow growth to around 28,000 steady until we see at least a mini- the life history of Pacific bluefin tuna. metric tons (mt) in 2018, a 3000 mt mal stride towards rebuilding. At the The Sea of Japan is the only known increase from 2016. This puts us on Northern Committee meeting of the spawning ground for Pacific bluefin. track to reach the first internation- Western and Central Pacific Fisheries At a year of age, some bluefin jour- ally agreed upon rebuilding target Commission held in October, bluefin ney 5,000 miles across the Pacific to of about 7% spawning stock biomass fishing nations agreed and rolled over the California coast where they spend (SSB) or 41,000 mt in 2021 —far from the 2020 catch limits to 2021, giving us several years feeding and growing. the ultimate goal of 20% of spawning hope that bluefin tuna will continue to Scientists do not know the percentage biomass by 2034. We’ll need to see rebound. many more cycles of big fish heading of young bluefin that travel east, but The next few years are critical for Pa- west, reproducing and sending small once mature, they return to the coast cific bluefin. Recruitment may wane. fish back our way. of Japan to spawn. If a high number of Shifting climate may shift migration. Pacific bluefin make the trans-Pacific Albert Einstein’s advice, “Learn from Recruitment patterns may blur. For journey to our shores, then catch lim- yesterday, live for today, hope for to- the past decade, the reported U.S. its in the eastern Pacific — the United morrow. The important thing is not recreational landings have regularly States and Mexico — have a greater to stop questioning,” inspires us to exceeded 400 mt, exceeding the U.S. impact on the spawning biomass as ev- consider whether greater numbers of commercial fleet landings and even ery fish caught off of California has not spawning bluefin correspond with a Taiwan's. While this represents a had a chance to reproduce. Catching a more resilient population that can re- small piece of the pie, it’s still impera- high number of juvenile fish can have bound in a changing ocean and also a tive that we consider our impact on a greater impact on future spawning greater chance that yearlings will make the long-term health and growth of stock biomass than catching the same their trip to the California Current. bluefin. Remembering that every fish weight of larger mature fish. That’s one reason we opposed the we catch in California has not had a While we’re witnessing seemingly his- recent Japanese proposal to increase chance to reproduce, to replace itself toric bluefin schools, the most recent Pacific bluefin tuna quota by 20% in in the population, we would be remiss stock assessment doesn’t point to an 2021. We supported the U.S. Delega- to ignore the impact of taking our explosion in the spawning population, tion’s decision to hold the catch limits small piece of the pie.  3 MENHADEN, continued from p. 1 Striped bass were chosen for the ERPs to set total allowable catch (TAC) for 2021 While a motion was put forward for a 50% because they are more sensitive to men- and 2022. TAC options were presented risk with an eloquent rationale about the haden abundance than most predators. based on the probability of exceeding precedent-setting nature of the decision, When there are enough menhaden to the new ERP fishing mortality target. Ex- what ultimately passed was a 10% reduc- satisfy striped bass needs, the needs of ceeding the target means that we have tion from the current TAC (194,400 mt), other predators are likely met as well, missed the mark of where we want to be resulting in a 58.5% and 52.5% risk of ex- according to a multi-species model that in order to satisfy predator needs. In the ceeding the new ERP target in 2021 and was approved for management use ear- words of one of ASMFC's stock assess- 2022, respectively. The concept behind lier this year. ment scientists, "If you consistently fish the approved motion was a phase-in of Of course, for the new ERPs to make a menhaden above the ERP F target, then the ERPs. The Board was not ready to difference on the water, the Menhaden you are going to jeopardize the recovery fully stand behind the ERPs this year. Management Board must do more than of striped bass to their target." Until TACs are set again in 2022, we can- adopt them, it must implement them. Wild Oceans and our many partners in the not be assured of the Board's commit- This is the real test of the Commission's menhaden fight advocated for no more ment to managing with ERPs and wheth- resolve to manage menhaden with an than a 50% probability of exceeding the er the phase-in approach will be effective. ecosystem-based approach. new target, a standard of risk that is ap- What is certain is that Wild Oceans will be All eyes were on the Menhaden Manage- plied to many fisheries, including those there to advocate for the ecosystem.  ment Board when it met on October 20th managed by the ASMFC. FORGING A PATH TO CONSERVE UNMANAGED BULLET AND FRIGATE MACKEREL AS FORAGE Two Mackerels, Two Councils, One Agency at Odds with Itself and an Ecosystem-based Management Conundrum On September 17th, the South Atlan- and frigate mackerel in the final rule im- Under advice from the NOAA Fisheries tic Fishery Management Council voted plementing the UFOA, citing a lack of a Southeast Regional Office, the South unanimously to approve Amendment 12 connection to a MAFMC-managed preda- Atlantic Council decided the best course to the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) tor, the Mid-Atlantic Council turned to of action would be for the MAFMC to for the Dolphin Wahoo Fishery of the the South Atlantic Council for assistance. take up regulatory measures, believing Atlantic, a plan that ranges from Maine The predator-prey link between wahoo that the EC designation would help the to the Florida Keys. Amendment 12 adds and bullet and frigate mackerel is strong; MAFMC’s justification for protecting the bullet mackerel (Auxis rochei) and frigate the mackerels comprise between 30-50% species under the UFOA. mackerel (Auxis thazard) to the FMP as of the wahoo diet. (Blue marlin and yel- That plan does not seem to have the ecosystem component (EC) species to lowfin tuna are managed by NOAA Fish- support of the NOAA's Greater Atlantic recognize the mackerels' critical role as eries Highly Migratory Species Division, Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO) to the forage for wahoo. and the agency claims that is does not north, leaving stakeholders baffled as to Diet studies on large migratory fish con- have the authority to conserve the mack- why the two NOAA offices are not on the ducted in the U.S. Atlantic have shown erels under its HMS plan.) same page. When the MAFMC Executive that bullet mackerel and frigate macker- After initiating public comment on the Committee convened on October 5th to el are key prey for these offshore preda- issue of designating and protecting bul- discuss work priorities for 2021, GARFO's tors, especially for wahoo, blue marlin let and frigate mackerel as EC species, Regional Administrator spoke against and yellowfin tuna. Understanding the the South Atlantic Council received over- including a bullet and frigate action that mackerels' ecological significance to whelming support from the fishing pub- would follow on to the South Atlantic economically-valuable highly migratory lic, its Scientific and Statistical Commit- Council's work. The Executive Commit- species (HMS) fisheries, the Mid-Atlantic tee, and its Dolphin Wahoo and Habitat tee decided that additional information Fishery Management Council (MAFMC) Advisory Panels. is needed and will revisit the issue with sought to include both mackerels in Although regulatory measures can be the full Council in December. the its 2017 Unmanaged Forage Omni- put in place to protect the role of EC It's a perplexing problem that demands bus Amendment (UFOA), an action that species in the ecosystem, the South At- a solution — applying ecosystem ap- would have safeguarded the unmanaged lantic Council stopped short of including proaches across regional boundaries to mackerels from becoming targets of these measures in its plan after analyses better manage our migratory fish that do high-volume commercial fisheries oper- indicated that the mackerels have largely not stay within the lines we have drawn ating in the Northeast. Current landings been landed commercially in the Mid-At- in the ocean. Wild Oceans is committed are low and are likely incidental catch. lantic region with gear types not allowed to forging this path.  When NOAA Fisheries excluded bullet under the dolphin wahoo plan. 4 Help us Keep the Oceans Wild Photo courtesy of Bill Boyce

During these trying times in which we now find ourselves, I wanted to take a moment to reach out to you and say how extremely grateful we are for your support. Despite the impacts of the current pandemic, we have been able to make great strides in eliminating destructive gear like drift gill nets, garnering greater international attention and support for the Pacific’s largest predatory fish, like striped marlin and bluefin tuna, and protecting critical forage fish stocks in the Atlantic, like menhaden and herring. But these accomplishments have only been possible because of the past generosity of you and others. We have much planned for 2021. The Wild Oceans team will be working to: yy Rebuild Pacific bluefin tuna & striped marlin through participation in international fishery management bodies. yy Prevent the development of commercial fisheries on bullet and frigate mackerels that are important forage for species like wahoo, tunas and marlin. yy Keep longlines out of the Pacific and restore longline closures in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. yy Address climate change impacts and forage fish management within the next reauthorization of the Magnuson- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Your donation today will help ensure Wild Oceans continues to play a leading role in keeping the oceans wild for the future of fishing. Thank you and wishing you a healthy and safe Holiday season and 2021.

Rob Kramer, President

I want to help Wild Oceans continue to fight for the future of fishing!

Donation Amount: $______Name: ______Street: ______Wild City:______State:______Zip:______Email Address: ______I would like to subscribe to Wild Oceans email news and updates. (Check box if applicable.) Make checks payable to Wild Oceans and mail to: Wild Oceans, P.O. Box 180721, Tallahassee, FL 32318, or pay by VISA/MC on our website, WildOceans.org /Donate. Turning the Tide Wild Oceans News and Activities

Protecting Critical Habitat biomass since 2011, Pacific blue- international and domestic catch of • This past October, Wild Oceans Presi- fin tuna have not yet reached the striped marlin. The Hawaii longline dent Rob Kramer worked with several initial rebuilding target of about fishery is responsible for more than other recreational angling groups to 7% spawning stock biomass (SSB), 95% of U.S. striped marlin landings. petition the Florida Fish and Wildlife leaving scientists to advise WCPFC • From October 14-16, Theresa par- Conservation Commission to imple- to take a precautionary approach to ticipated in a meeting of the Per- ment new protections for an im- management, especially in relation manent Advisory Committee to the portant multi-species spawning ag- to the timing of increasing catch U.S. Delegation to the WCPFC. She gregation site 12 miles southwest of levels, until the stock rebuilds to was able to gain unanimous sup- Key West known as the Western Dry higher biomass levels. port for recommendations that in- Rocks. Protecting spawning aggre- Theresa joined the WCPFC North- cluded annual striped marlin catch gation areas such as the Western Dry ern Committee (NC) meeting on limits and practical conservation Rocks is a scientifically proven meth- October 5, 6 and 7. In response to and management measures, such od to maintain sustainable fisheries. the uptick in bluefin tuna biomass, as the required use of circle hooks Several recreationally and/or com- Japan proposed to increase bluefin in all longline fisheries, to ensure mercially-valued species have been di- quota. The United States discour- annual catch limits are not exceed- rectly or indirectly observed forming aged any increase until the initial ed and to increase the survivability aggregations in this area, including rebuilding target is met, and the NC of released striped marlin. permit, several species of snapper, recommended continuing the cur- • Proposals to experiment with long- spadefish and black grouper. While rent management measures. line gear off California continue. permit are already prohibited from • Theresa attended the Inter-Amer- On August 27th, Theresa attended being harvested during the proposed ican Tropical Tuna Commission a public meeting regarding NOAA closure of April-July, research has (IATTC) meeting of the Scientific Fisheries notice of intent to prepare shown that depredation from sharks Advisory Committee (October 26- an environmental impact state- is exceptionally high, thereby reduc- 28) where scientists reviewed the ment to analyze the issuance of ex- ing the efficacy of a catch and release Pacific bluefin tuna stock assess- empted fishing permits to fish with fishery. Implementing a no entry clo- ment and provided IATTC managers longline gear off the West Coast. In sure during these four months will with conservation advice consistent public comment, she urged NOAA add much-needed protection while with the WCPFC-SC. For more on Fisheries to focus on authorizing still allowing anglers access in the fall bluefin, see Historic Bluefin Fishing deep-set buoy gear and exploring and winter. Offers Hope for Tomorrow, p.3. other sustainable swordfish gear. Bringing Back the Big Fish • Theresa has participated in a bun- Recreational fishermen and ocean conservationists overwhelming op- • Pacific bluefin tuna have continued dle of meetings with Western and pose longline fishing off the Pacific to grab the attention of domestic Central North Pacific Ocean striped Coast. On September 23rd, Wild and international managers again marlin on the agenda. Last year, Oceans joined the Coastal Conserva- this year. From August 12-19, Wild the WCPFC adopted an interim re- tion Association of California, the Oceans Pacific Program Director The- building plan for striped marlin that International Game Fish Associa- resa Labriola attended the Western aims to rebuild the stock to 20% SSB tion and the American Sportfishing and Central Pacific Fishery Manage- by 2034. Theresa attended a series Association in a meeting with the ment Commission (WCPFC) meet- of Western Pacific Fishery Manage- California Department of Fish and ing of the Scientific Committee (SC) ment Council and Scientific and Sta- Wildlife to oppose longline experi- where scientists discussed the mer- tistical Committee meetings, June mentation and to ask the depart- its of the 2020 Pacific bluefin tuna 9-11, 23-25 and September 9-10, 15- ment to take a stand against the stock assessment. While there has 17, where managers and scientists use of longlines off California. been a slow increase in the stock discussed alternatives for reducing 6 Promoting Ecosystem-based the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries and shad caps were set for the mack- Approaches to Management Commission (ASMFC) Shad & River erel fishery, and Pam testified in sup- • On July 16th, Wild Oceans Executive Herring Management Board on Au- port of strengthening conservation th Director Pam Lyons Gromen attended gust 4 , when it was approved for measures because of the bleak 2020 a special meeting of the Mid-Atlantic management use. Shad remain de- American shad assessment. Fishery Management Council when pleted to historically-low levels, and Rebuilding Striped Bass there are no strong signals to indicate final action was taken to approve an rd that the coastwide stock is recover- • On August 3 , the ASMFC Atlantic amendment to the Mackerel, Squid, Striped Bass Management Board Butterfish (MSB) Fishery Manage- ing. The Board tasked its Technical Committee (TC) with identifying po- voted to begin a new amendment ment Plan (FMP) that revises the to the Interstate Fishery Manage- plan’s goals and objectives. The revi- tential paths forward to improve shad stocks given the discouraging results ment Plan (ISMFP) for Atlantic sions include the plan’s first ecologi- Striped Bass. Pam followed work- cal objectives that recognize the im- of the stock assessment. As Chair of the ASMFC Shad & River Herring Ad- ing group meetings in July when portance of MSB to the food web and issues to include in the scoping to other fisheries that depend on MSB visory Panel (AP), Pam facilitated an th document for the new amendment as forage for their target species. AP meeting on October 26 to review the initial draft of TC recommenda- were debated. These issues in- Managing Forage Fisheries to tions. Additional meetings of the TC clude goals and objectives, biologi- Provide for Predator Needs and the AP will be held to finalize a cal reference points, management triggers, stock rebuilding, regional • At the June 10-18 Pacific Fishery Man- suite of recommendations ahead of management, conservation equiva- agement Council (PFMC) meeting, the next ASMFC meeting scheduled lency, recreational release mortal- the Council reviewed a draft Pacific for February 2021. ity, recreational accountability, and sardine plan with a range of alter- • A June benchmark assessment con- commercial quota allocation. The native for rebuilding the overfished cluded that Atlantic herring are over- scoping document (called a Pub- stock. Theresa attended the Council fished at just 29% of the established lic Information Document or PID) meeting and a meeting of Coastal Pe- biomass target. Over the summer, was reviewed at the ASMFC annual lagic Species (CPS) advisors, and she Pam followed meetings of the New meeting on October 22nd. The Man- requested the Council develop alter- England Fishery Management Coun- agement Board recommended ed- natives that are more conservative cil and its Herring Plan Development its and additions to the document, than the status quo. Team, Scientific and Statistical Com- and it will be revisited in February. During its September meeting, PFMC mittee and Herring Committee as Once approved, the document will reviewed the range of Pacific sardine catch specifications were set for the be disseminated to the public for rebuilding alternatives and unfortu- next three years (2021-2023) based on feedback, and this feedback will be nately chose to move forward with the stock assessment findings. The used to construct the amendment. status quo management. Theresa specifications package, which was ap- • Circle hooks are required when fish- expressed concern about the effects proved as Framework 8 to the Atlan- ing for striped bass with bait, no ex- of the depleted sardine population tic Herring Fishery Management Plan th ceptions. In October, the Manage- on the recreational fishery that relies on September 29 , sets catch levels ment Board affirmed the mandatory on live sardine bait, on the commer- in accordance with a control rule that circle hook provision that was ap- cial CPS fishery that has historically addresses herring's critical role in the proved last year as part of a plan to targeted sardine, and on the ecosys- food web. Wild Oceans and our part- end overfishing. Discard mortality tem and many predators that rely on ners advocated for the control rule in the striped bass fishery is signifi- sardine as forage. While status quo that was approved last year by NOAA cant. An estimated 9% of fish that management allows for more fishing Fisheries. are released alive die as a result of now, it increases the risk of continued • At the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Manage- being caught. Circle hooks can re- overfishing and could require deeper ment Council's August meeting, long- duce rates of “gut-hooking" (i.e., quota cuts down the road. fin squid specifications were set for the hook is swallowed and internal Restoring a Depleted East Coast 2021-2023, and Atlantic mackerel and organs are punctured). Maine and Forage Base butterfish specifications were decid- Massachusetts submitted propos- ed for the 2021 and 2022 fishing years. • The week of June 2-5, Pam joined the als to allow for limited exemptions Atlantic mackerel remains overfished peer review workshop webinar for from the circle hook requirement, with a new stock assessment ex- the new American shad benchmark but these were denied.  pected in 2021. The butterfish stock assessment. The assessment passed is declining steadily and is well below peer review and was presented to the target biomass. River herring 7 Wild

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