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William W. Watts, Pioneer Midlands Geologist

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William W. Watts, pioneer Midlands geologist Helen Boynton and Trevor Ford Abstract: W. W. Watts lived from 1860 to 1947, during which time he was a leader in geological thinking and played many roles in the early development of the geological sciences. He is best known for his geological mapping and interpretation of the ancient rocks of Charnwood Forest. This biography is presented as a review of his life as a geologist closely associated with Charnwood Forest, as featured in his book Geology of the Ancient Rocks of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, which was posthumously published in late 1947. William Whitehead Watts was born at Broseley, 1897 to 1906. Lapworth was Professor of Geology and Shropshire, on 7th June 1860; thus 2010 is the 150th Physiography (broadly equivalent to geomorphology anniversary of his birth. He died on 30th July 1947. today). Lapworth and Watts jointly contributed Watts’ father was a music master and his mother (neenée much to knowledge of the geology of the Midlands, Whitehead) was a farmer’s daughter. Watts’ education particularly Shropshire. In 1906 Watts succeeded started at Bitterley School, near Ludlow, from 1869- J.W.Judd as Professor in the Royal College of Science 1870 and was continued at Shifnal Grammar School and Royal School of Mines (later Imperial College, 1871-3, before he went to Denstone College, near part of the University of London), where he remained Uttoxeter, Staffordshire; this had only just opened as until his retirement in 1931, being instrumental in one of the Woodard Schools, with a leaning towards developing the College’s courses in mining, petroleum science and mathematics. As a bright scholar, he gained and engineering geology, with specialist assistants in an Exhibition worth £40 to Sidney Sussex College, each of those fields. During World War I, Watts was an Cambridge, where he studied Chemistry under adviser to several Government Departments, ranging J.F.Walker, who persuaded him to take up geology as from Munitions and Aeronautics to Water Supplies. He part of the Science Tripos. Watts soon made geology reported on the future of coal-mining, and recognized his main subject and in due course he gained a First that concealed reserves lay beneath the Trias between Class Honours degree. While at Cambridge, Watts was the known coalfields of the Midlands. He noted the active in the formation of the students’ society known possibility of the exhaustion of coal reserves sometime as the Sedgwick Club. in the future. After graduation Watts gained valuable experience At various stages Watts served on the Councils as an Extension Course Lecturer for the many adult of the Geological Society, Geologists’ Association, education classes put on by Cambridge University Mineralogical Society, Royal Geographical Society and throughout the Midlands. He taught courses in geology, the British Association. He was elected President of the physical geography and archaeology in no less than Geological Society of London (1912), and later was 36 towns from 1881 onwards, i.e. from the age of 21. Somehow he fitted in the post of part-time science master at Denstone College, Uttoxeter. He also took on the duties of deputy professor at Yorkshire College, Leeds, (later the University of Leeds) and taught at Mason College, Birmingham (later the University of Birmingham), covering for Professor Lapworth during his illness. He taught one-term courses at both Oxford and Cambridge Universities and gave two highly popular courses in Leicester. During this busy period he continued mapping the geology of his native Shropshire, where he had already found the graptolite Dictyonema (now Rhabdopleura) flabelliforme, so confirming the presence of late Cambrian strata (Tremadocian, now regarded as early Ordovician). From 1891 onwards, Watts became involved with several leading geological institutions. Firstly, he was petrographer to the Geological Survey when they were mapping in Ireland; later he had the equivalent post at the Geological Survey’s London headquarters. He then returned to academic life as assistant to Professor Charles Lapworth at Birmingham University from W.W.Watts (Photo: BGS archives). MERCIAN GEOLOGIST 2010 17 (3) 195 Lapworth (left) and Watts (right) on the Corndon intrusion, Shropshire (Photo: Lapworth Museum, University of Birmingham). Below: Rothenstein’s 1931 portrait of Watts that hangs in Imperial College, London (Photo: Imperial College). elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was awarded in 1898 he and Watts introduced the term Charnian the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society and was for the ancient rocks there. Lapworth was also much twice President of the Geologists’ Association (1908- involved in the recognition of the thrust structures in 1910 and 1930-32), the Mineralogical Society and the Northwest Highlands of Scotland and this may have Section C (Geology) of the British Association (1903 influenced Watts’ early interpretation of the structure and 1924). He was particularly keen on promoting the of Charnwood Forest as having overfolds and thrusts field excursions of the Geologists Association as an along its flanks. essential part of the enjoyment of geology (Sweeting, In the late 1890s, as petrographer to the Geological 1958). Watts received Honorary Degrees and other Survey, Watts worked on the deformed Ordovician accolades from several universities. A complimentary rocks of the Isle of Man when the island was being dinner was held in his honour by the Geologists surveyed by G.W.Lamplugh (1897-1903). Watts Association in 1937. On his retirement the Watts Medal supported Lamplugh’s concept that the so-called was established for the best graduate student at Imperial “crush-conglomerates” were the effects of considerable College each year, and a portrait of Watts (c.1931) by tectonic deformation, though modern research has Sir William Rothenstein still hangs in the College. indicated that they are the results of submarine slumping Watts was married twice, first to Louisa Adelaide on a large scale, with later cleavage superimposed. Aitchison in 1889 but she died in childbirth only two years later. The daughter, Beatrice Mary Adelaide Watts, later married Professor W.G.Fearnsides, who established the Geology Department at Sheffield University (Fearnsides’ daughter carried on the geological hierarchy by marrying Professor O.M.B.Bulman of Cambridge University). In 1894 Watts married Rachel Turnour, and their daughter Marjorie Lilian married and later moved to Australia. In his later years, Watts lived at Sutton, Surrey, and commuted to London daily. Watts’ Contribution to Geology Watts’ first original work was on the Breidden Hills near Welshpool, where he mapped the largely shaly succession and found Trinucleus concentricus in Caradocian strata and Pentamerus oblongus in the overlying Silurian, thereby demonstrating that there was a hiatus between the Ordovician and Silurian. He also studied the graptolites and was able to determine the distinctive faunas of the Wenlock and Lower Ludlow Series. While Watts was at Birmingham he learned much from Lapworth, who had solved the controversy of the relationship of Sedgwick’s Upper Cambrian and Murchison’s Lower Silurian by establishing the Ordovician system as it is known today. Though Lapworth did little research in Charnwood Forest, 196 MERCIAN GEOLOGIST 2010 17 (3) Watts’ geological map of the Precambrian rocks of Charnwood Forest (Photo: Leicester City Museum). Charnwood Forest McIlroy et al., 1998) which has indicated that this slate, Watts’ best known contribution to geology was his the highest unit of the Charnian succession, could now mapping of Charnwood Forest which he began in be regarded as of early Cambrian age. 1896. The original of his 6 inches to 1 mile map is in In a review of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Leicester Museum and copies are lodged in the British Society’s Geology Section activities, published Geological Survey’s archives and in the Geology posthumously in 1935, Dr F.W.Bennett paid particular Department of Leicester University. His work was tribute to Watts’ inspiration: “his delightful descriptions incorporated into Fox-Strangways’ maps and memoirs clothed the story of Charnwood Forest with a garb of for the Leicester area (Fox-Strangways, 1900, 1903 romance and made this small area a source of never- and 1905). As early as 1896 Watts published an outline failing delight”. Watts led numerous excursions into account of Charnwood Forest and drew attention to the Charnwood Forest, particularly for that Society’s weathered surfaces of the pre-Triassic rocks. Though Geology Section. Watts published further short accounts of the Charnian in 1907 and 1910, he did not complete his Charnwood Watts was rather dismissive of the ring-shaped trace book until long after retirement and it was published fossils in the North Quarry of Charnwood Golf Course, posthumously in 1947. In these publications he linked now known to be important components of the late together the stratigraphy of the isolated outcrops to Precambrian (Ediacaran) fossil assemblage (Boynton construct a map which depicted both the outcrops and & Ford, 1995). Apparently he never saw the frond- inferred sub-Triassic subcrops. Together they make up shaped fossils though they were exposed in the same the striking scenery of Charnwood Forest (see Ambrose quarry. et al., 2007). Watts found that there were no reliable Following encouragement from his colleague fossils to help correlation, though his 1947 book Lapworth, Watts established the succession
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