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Supplement of Boundary| Time| Surface: Assessing a Meeting of Art and Geology Through an Ephemeral Sculptural Work

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Supplement of Boundary| Time| Surface: Assessing a Meeting of Art and Geology Through an Ephemeral Sculptural Work Supplement of Geosci. Commun., 3, 249–262, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-249-2020-supplement © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Supplement of BoundaryjTimejSurface: assessing a meeting of art and geology through an ephemeral sculptural work Sydney A. Lancaster and John W. F. Waldron Correspondence to: Sydney A. Lancaster ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4.0 License. 1. Introductory and didactic displays from Gros Morne National Park Discovery Centre gallery exhibition. Incorporates images from the following public domain sources: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Sedgwick-a1.jpg?uselang=en-ca (Sedgwick) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg?uselang=en-ca (Darwin) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Anning_painting.jpg (Anning) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y9093VVQhcc/Ua4r_ldwc8I/AAAAAAAAI1o/QQXGveI2aok/s1600/P015041.jpg (Lapworth) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg?uselang=en-ca (Curie) http://www.367ture.dk/media/5900/dictyonema-web1200.jpg?upscale=false&format=jpg&quality=75&width=1200 &height=1200&mode=max (Rhabdinopora) Lapworth, C.: On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks, Geological Magazine, new series, 6, 1–15, 1879. Early Geologists Mapped Boundaries in Time Les premiers géologues cartographient les limites du temps Surveyor William Smith L’arpenteur William Smith Geologists have been dividing time into periods, like “Cambrian”, produced the first geologic a produit la première carte Au début des années 1800, les géologues divisent le map in 1815, showing géologique en 1815, “Ordovician” and “Jurassic” since the early 1800s. the layers of rock laquelle montrait temps en périodes, comme le Cambrien, l’Ordovicien et le (strata) beneath les couches de Adam Sedgwick, the founder of the Cambrian, became professor much of roche (strates) Jurassique. England and reposant sous in Geology at Cambridge University in 1818. Soon afterwards, Wales. une bonne Adam Sedgwick, fondateur du Cambrien, devient profes- partie de he became friends with Scottish geologist Roderick Murchison. l’Angle- seur de géologie à l’Université Cambridge en 1818. Peu terre et du Together, Murchison and Sedgwick set out to map unknown parts Pays de après, il se lie d’amitié avec le géologue écossais Roderick of the geology of England and Wales. Galles. Murchison. Ensemble, Murchison et Sedgwick cartogra- phient les parties inconnues de la géologie de l’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles. Adam Sedgwick was the son of a clergyman Adam Sedgwick est le fils d’un ecclésias- from the north of England. At Cambridge, he tique du Nord de l’Angleterre. À Cambridge, became known as a popular and charismatic Sedgwick devient un conférencier populaire, lecturer. Sedgwick purchased newly discovered réputé pour son charisme. Il achète de la reptile fossils from collector Mary Anning, collectionneuse Mary Anning des fossiles which expanded the university collection and de reptiles récemment découverts, qui helped develop the association between fossils enrichissent la collection de l’université et and geological time. In 1831 Adam Sedgwick contribuent à l’établissement de liens entre lectured student Charles Darwin, and these les fossiles et les ères géologiques. En 1831, lectures stimulated Darwin’s Adam Sedgwick enseigne à l’étudiant Charles William Roderick Impey Murchison Roderick Impey Murchison work, which led Darwin et ses présentations stimulent Smith had been an officer in the est un officier de l’Armée eventually to the le travail de Darwin, qui aboutira British Army. Upon his britannique. Lorsqu’il prend publication of à la publication de L’origine des retirement after the defeat of sa retraite après la défaite de On the Origin espèces en 1859. Napoleon in 1815, he took Napoléon en 1815, il entre- of Species up geology and became a prend des études en géologie in 1859. famous pioneer of the new et devient un grand pionnier science. de cette nouvelle discipline scientifique. Charles Darwin Adam Sedgwick Roderick Murchison Le Cambrien, le Silurien et une dispute! Mary Anning Sedgwick propose le nom Cambrien pour désigner les plus anciennes roches qu’il trouve dans le Nord du The Cambrian, The Silurian, and an Argument! Pays de Galles, d’après l’ancien nom romain du Pays de Galles. Murchison nomme Silurien des couches Sedgwick proposed the name Cambrian for the oldest rocks he rocheuses légèrement plus jeunes, d’après le nom d’une found in North Wales, after the ancient Roman name for Wales. ancienne ethnie des côtes galloises. En 1835, ils publient Murchison named slightly younger layers Silurian, after an ancient ensemble leurs résultats. tribe in the Welsh borders. In 1835 they published their results Dans les années 1800, on croyait que les périodes du together. temps géologique révélaient les chapitres de l’histoire In the 1800’s, the periods of the geologic time scale were thought naturelle de la Terre, et Murchison et Sedgwick étaient to reveal natural chapters in Earth history, so Murchison and convaincus que les limites devaient être tracées aux Sedgwick believed that boundaries should be drawn at important Charles Lapworth endroits correspondant à d’importants changements changes between rock layers. When they discovered the lower entre les couches rocheuses. Lorsqu’ils découvrent que part of Murchison’s Silurian System la partie inférieure du Silurien de Murchison chevauche overlapped with the top of Sedgwick’s la partie supérieure du Cambrien de Sedgwick, les deux Cambrian System, the two men had hommes se disputent furieusement, ce qui met un terme a furious argument that ended their à leur amitié et à leur collaboration. friendship and collaboration. The Ordovician: L’Ordovicien: un compromis et une A Compromise, and a New nouvelle période géologique Time Period Charles Lapworth est un ami de Sedgwick. Charles Lapworth was a friend of En 1879 (six ans après la mort de Sedgwick), Sedgwick. In 1879 (six years after il propose d’appeler Ordovicien toutes les Sedgwick’s death) he proposed the strates qui chevauchent le Cambrien de name Ordovician to include all those Sedgwick et le Silurien de strata in the overlap between Sedg- Murchison. Des roches wick’s Cambrian and Murchison’s de l’Ordovicien, avec des Silurian. Ordovician rocks, together strates légèrement plus with slightly older Cambrian strata, are anciennes du Cambrien, Charles Lapworth, the Charles Lapworth, fondateur de sont magnifiquement magnificently displayed at Green Point founder of the Ordovician, l’Ordovicien, étudie les roches studied rocks in the south dans le Sud de l’Écosse, qui exposées à la pointe in Gros Morne National Park. of Scotland which were ont sensiblement le même âge roughly the same age as que celles du Pays de Galles. Green, dans le parc those in Wales. He used Il utilise des fossiles appelés fossil graptolites to divide graptolites pour diviser les national du Gros-Morne. the strata. Graptolites were strates. Ces graptolites sont colonies of tiny animals des colonies de petits animaux that probably attached qui s’attachaient probablement themselves to floating au varech flottant. seaweed. Graptolite Fossils are Timekeepers for Earth History Les fossiles, gardiens du temps dans l’histoire de la Terre Quaternary/Quaternaire 0 Our understanding of time has advanced since Sedgwick, Murchison, and Notre compréhension du temps a progressé depuis Sedgwick, Murchison et Lapworth. Million d'années Lapworth. Radioactive isotopes allow geologists to estimate the ages of rocks in Les isotopes radioactifs permettent aux géologues d’estimer l’âge des roches en Neogene/Néogène millions of years. Isotopes work well for igneous rocks (formed by melting), but not millions d’années. Les isotopes fonctionnent bien pour les roches ignées (formées par with most sedimentary rocks (deposited in layers on the Earth’s surface). For sedi- fusion), mais c’est tout le contraire pour la plupart des roches sédimentaires (déposées mentary rocks, geologists often use the occurrence of new fossil species to figure en couches sur la surface de la Terre). Pour les roches sédimentaires, les géologues se out when the rocks formed. servent souvent de la découverte de nouvelles espèces fossiles pour déterminer quand Paleogene/Paléogène les roches se sont formées. Si la mer de l’Ordovicien regorgeait de vie, la terre était très différente d’aujourd’hui; il n’y avait Physicists like Marie Des physiciens comme Although the Ordovician pas de grandes plantes Curie discovered radio- Marie Curie ont découvert sea was teeming with terrestres ni de grands active elements, les éléments radioactifs, life, the land was very animaux à l’époque. Des which allowed ce qui a permis different from now; créatures ressemblant à some rocks to la datation de there were no large land des poissons, apparentées be dated in certaines plants or animals at that aux premiers vertébrés 100 millions of roches à des time. Fish-like relatives et appelées conodontes, years. millions of primitive vertebrates, vivaient dans la mer. Seules d’années. called conodonts, lived leurs dents microscopiques Cretaceous/Crétacé in the sea. Only their sont préservées en tant que microscopic teeth are fossiles. L’espèce Iapetogna- preserved as fossils. The thus fluctivagus est apparue species Iapetognathus juste avant les premiers fluctivagus appeared just graptolites abondants. before the first abundant graptolites. Iapetognathus fluctivagus Jurassic/Jurassique 200 Corrélation mondiale de l’échelle du temps En 2001, les géologues ont choisi la pointe Green dans le parc national du GrosMorne comme stratotype de la Les premiers géologues plaçaient limite entre le Cambrien de Sedgwick et l’Ordovicien de Lapworth. La limite a été placée à la première apparition du conodonte fossile Iapetognathus fluctivagus, trouvé dans des roches de cet âge partout dans le monde. L’établisse- habituellement des limites entre les ment de la limite a été marqué par une cérémonie sur le rivage.
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