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Xiv CONTENTS Contents Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) THE EARTH AND THE SEA 1 AGRICOLA [GEORG BAUER] (1494-1555) THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH AND THE FORCES WHICH CHANGE THE EARTH 7 GEORGE OWEN (1552-1613) THE COURSE OF ROCK SEAMS IN PENBROKSHIRE 12 RENK DESCARTES (1596-1650) RATIONAL BASIS FOR HYPOTHESIS OF CREATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM 14 THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 14 ATHANASIUS KIRCHER (1602-1680) THE SUBTERRANEAN WORLD 17 PIERRE PERRAULT (1611-1680) THE SOURCE OF WATER IN SPRINGS AND RIVERS 20 BERNHARD VARENIUS (1622-1650) THE FIRST PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 24 ROBERT BOYLE (1627-1691) CONDITIONS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA 27 ROBERT HOOKE (1635-1703) EARTHQUAKES 28 NICOLAUS STENO (1638-1687) OF SOLIDS NATURALLY CONTAINED WITHIN SOLIDS 33 GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ (1646-1716) THE EARTH ORIGINALLY MOLTEN 45 BENOIT DE MAILLET (1656-1738) STRATA FORMED BENEATH THE SEA 47 xiii xiv CONTENTS PAGE John Woodward (1665-1722) EARTH HISTORY AND THE DELUGE 49 John Stracbey (1671-1743) OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRATA IN THE SOMERSETSHIRE COAL FIELDS S3 Lewis Evans (c. 1700-1756) THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE BRITISH COLONIES IN AMERICA 55 Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) THE COLLISION HYPOTHESIS OF EARTH ORIGIN 58 EPOCHS OF THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH 65 GIOVANNI TARGIONI-TOZZETTI (1712-1784) VALLEYS FORMED BY STREAM EROSION 74 GIOVANNI ARDUINO (1713-1795) ORIGIN OF MARBLE AND DOLOMITE 76 JEANNE ETIENNE GUETTARD (1715-1786) MAP SHOWING THE ROCKS THAT TRAVERSE FRANCE AND ENGLAND 77 THE FLUVIATILE ORIGIN OF THE PUDDINGSTONES [CONGLOMERATES] OF THE PARIS BASIN 78 JOHN MICBELL (1724-1793) THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES 80 THE EARTH COMPOSED OF REGULAR AND UNIFORM STRATA 84 IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) A NATURALISTIC HYPOTHESIS OF EARTH ORIGIN 88 NICOLAS DESMAREST (1725-1805) THE VOLCANIC ORIGIN OF BASALT 90 AGE DETERMINATION IN A VOLCANIC REGION 91 JAMES HUTTON (1726-1797) THEORY OF THE EARTH 92 LAZARRO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799) ON BASALTIFORM LAVAS AND THE ROLE OF GASES IN VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 101 HENRY CAVENDISH (1731-1810) EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE DENSITY OF THE EARTH 103 JEAN BAPTISLE LOUIS ROME DE L'ISLE (1736-1790) LAWS OF CRYSTALLIZATION 108 RUDOLPH ERIC RASPE (1737-1794) COLUMNAR JOINTING IN BASALTIC LAVA ILL CONTENTS xv PACE Horace Benedicte de Saussure (1740-1799) ALPINE GEOLOGY 114 Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811) MOUNTAINS OF VARIOUS AGES 123 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) LITTORAL AND PELAGIC BEDS 126 Abbi Rent Just Hauy (1743-1822) A BASIS FOR A SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY 129 Jobn Playfair (1748-1819) PROOFS OF THE HUTTONI AN THEORIES 131 Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817) THE AQUEOUS ORIGIN OF BASALT 138 THE NEW THEORY OF VEINS, AND OF THE MODE OF THEIR FORMATION 140 Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749-1847) THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS 143 Guy S. Tancride de Dolomieu (1750-1801) RHYOLITI C LAVAS 1S1 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE AUVERGNE VOLCANICS AND THE GRANITE ON WHICH THEY REST 152 ON THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN DOLOMITE AND LIMESTONE .... 154 Jean Louis Giraud, Abbi Soulavie (1752-1813) METHODS OF DETERMINING THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF ROCKS 155 Sir James Hall (1761-1832) MARBLE FROM LIMESTONE IN THE LABORATORY 158 RESULTS OF THE SLOW COOLING OF MELTED ROCK 161 THE ROLE OF HEAT IN THE CONSOLIDATION OF STRATA 165 William Maclure (1763-1840) OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES 168 Ernst Friederieb, Baron von Scblottbeim (1764-1832) ON THE USE OF FOSSILS IN GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 174 WILLIAM NICOL (C. 1768-1851) THE NICOL PRISM 176 THE PREPARATION OF THIN SECTIONS 177 Friedrieb Heinrieb Alexander, Baron von Humboldt (1769-1859) VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN MEXICO 179 EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES IN THE AMERICAS 182 χ vi CONTENTS PACE Liopold Cbritien Fr'ediric Dagobert Cuvier (1769-1832) REVOLUTIONS AND CATASTROPHES IN THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH. 188 Liopold Cbritien Fridiric Dagobert Cuvier (1769-1832) and Alexandre Brongniart (1770-1847) STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PARIS BASIN 194 William Smith (1769-1839) THE STRATA OF ENGLAND 201 John Macculloch (1773-1835) METAMORPHIC AND IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE WESTERN ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND 205 Leopold von Bucb (1774-1852) THE IGNEOUS ORIGIN OF BASALT 208 THE RAISED COASTS OF SWEDEN 209 THE UPHEAVAL OF VOLCANOES 210 THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS 212 Pierre Louis Antoine Cordier (1777-1862) THE CRYSTALLINE NATURE OF VOLCANIC ROCK 214 THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT OF THE EARTH'S INTERIOR 216 Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius <THalloy (1783-1875) THE SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS .... 220 Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873) THE METAMORPHISM OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 222 ON THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE LOWER PALEO- ZOIC ROCKS OF ENGLAND AND WALES 227 Louis Constant Privost (1787-1867) A NEW VOLCANIC ISLAND NOT UPHEAVED 230 Francis Walker Gilmer (1790-1826) THE NATURAL BRIDGE OF VIRGINIA A RESULT OF EROSION 233 Jean Renk Constant Quoy (1790-1869) and Joseph Paul Gaimard (c. 1790- 1858) THE FORMATION OF CORAL ISLANDS 235 Charles Babbage (1790-1871) THE TEMPLE OF SERAPIS 237 Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871) THE SILURIAN SYSTEM 244 THE PERMIAN SYSTEM 247 CONTENTS xvii PACE Edward Hitcbcock (1793-1864) FOOT MARKS ON NEW RED SANDSTONE IN MASSACHUSETTS .... 250 METAMORPHISM OF THE NEWPORT CONGLOMERATE 252 Bernard Studer (1794-1887) MET AMORPHIC MESOZOIC ROCKS DISTINGUISHED FROM PALEOZOIC. 2S7 Henry Thomas De la Becbe (1796-1855) THE DRAFTING OF GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS 260 Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) UNFORMITARIANISM 263 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE TERTIARY EPOCH 268 George Poulett Scrope (1797-1876) VOLCANOES 274 THE ORIGIN OF VALLEYS 278 Abraham Gesner (1797-1864) THE GEOLOGY OF GRAND MANAN 280 Ebenezer Emmons (1798-1863) THE TACONIC SYSTEM 284 Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce £lie de Beaumont (1798-1874) THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF MOUNTAIN BUILDING 288 Sir William Edmond Logan (1798-1875) and Thomas Sterry Hunt (1826— 1892) GEOLOGIC OUTLINE OF CANADA 291 Sir William Edmond Logan (1798-1875) HURONIAN AND LAURENTIAN DIVISIONS OF THE AZOIC ROCKS . 295 A PRE-CAMBRIAN FOSSIL 296 Heinrieb Georg Bronn (1800-1862) THE PLAN OF CREATION IN THE SERIES OF GEOLOGICAL AGES . 299 George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) INFLUENCE OF THE FOREST ON FLOODS 305 HUGH MILLER (1802-1856) A QUARRY LABORER AS A GEOLOGICAL OBSERVER 313 Sir Riebard Owen (1804-1892) THE ARCHEOPTERYX FROM SOLENHOFEN 317 Daniel Sbarpe (1806-1856) THE RELATION BETWEEN DISTORTION AND SLATY CLEAVAGE 321 xviii CONTENTS PAGE Reinhard Bernhardt AN HYPOTHESIS OF EXTENSIVE GLACIATION IN PREHISTORIC TIME . 327 Louis Jean Agassiz (1807-1873) EVIDENCE OF A GLACIAL EPOCH 329 WILLIAM BARTON ROGERS (1805-1881) FOSSIL EVIDENCE OF THE EARLY PALEOZOIC AGE OF CERTAIN ROCKS IN NEW ENGLAND 336 HENRY DARWIN ROGERS (1809-1866) AND WILLIAM BARTON ROGERS (1805-1881) MOUNTAIN BUILDING FORCES EXEMPLIFIED BY THE APPALACHIAN SYSTEM 338 HENRY DARWIN ROGERS (1809-1866) AN INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGIN OF THE APPALACHIAN COAL STRATA, BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITIC 346 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809-1882) THE ORIGIN OF CORAL REEFS AND ISLANDS 354 THE SETTLING OF CRYSTALS IN MOLTEN LAVA 357 THE NATURE OF GRANITE CONTACTS 359 RECENT UPLIFT OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN COAST 361 THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD OF LIFE DEVELOPMENT 363 ROBERT EVEREST (C. 1805-C. 1875) A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF STREAM TRANSPORTATION 365 ANDREW ATKINSON HUMPHREYS (1810-1883) AND HENRY LARCOM ABBOT (1831-1927) THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT CARRIED BY THE MISSISSIPPI 367 WILLIAM H. SIDELL (1810-1873) ON CERTAIN GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA. 369 THOMAS OLDHAM (1817-1878) STREAM EROSION AND TRANSPORTATION 371 ALEXANDRE SURELL (1813-1887) TORRENTIAL STREAMS AND THEIR CONTROL 372 JOSEPH BEETE JUKES (1811-1869) DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTEMPORANEOUS AND INTRUSIVE TRAP. 378 ROBERT WILHELM EBERHARD VON BUNSEN (1811-1899) GENETIC RELATIONS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 381 Robert Mallet (1810-1881) THE DYNAMICS OF EARTHQUAKES 384 CONTENTS xix PAGE John Henry Pratt (c. 1811-1871) THE ATTRACTION OF THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS UPON THE PLUMB- LINE IN INDIA 393 THE DEFLECTION OF THE PLUMB-LINE IN INDIA AND THE COMPEN- SATORY EFFECT OF A DEFICIENCY OF MATTER BELOW THE HIMA- LAYA MOUNTAINS 395 SPECULATION ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST .... 398 George Bedell Airy (1801-1892) AN HYPOTHESIS OF CRUSTAL BALANCE 401 JAMES HALL (1811-1898) CORRELATION OF PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF NEW YORK WITH THOSE OF EUROPE 406 THE RELATION OF MOUNTAINS TO REGIONS OF THICK SEDIMENTARY ACCUMULATION 406 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN PALEOZOIC SEAS 413 James Dwigbt Dana (1813-1895) ORIGIN OF THE MINERAL CONSTITUTION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS .... 416 ON THE ORIGIN OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAIN RANGES 419 ON THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 423 Sir Andrew Crosbie Ramsay (1814-1891) MARINE DENUDATION IN SOUTHERN WALES 430 ON THE PROBABLE EXISTENCE OF GLACIERS AND ICEBERGS IN THE PERMIAN EPOCH 435 Gabriel August Daubree (1814-1896) EXPERIMENTS ON THE ACTION OF SUPERHEATED WATER IN THE FORMATION OF SILICATES 440 FRACTURES RESULTING FROM TORSIONAL STRAINS 443 EXPERIMENTS ON THE FOLDING AND FAULTING OF STRATA 445 Alpbonse Favre (1815-1890) EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF MOUNTAIN STRUCTURES BY LATERAL COMPRESSION 448 J. Peter Lesley (1819-1903) APPALACHIAN STRUCTURE AND TOPOGRAPHY 450 PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF EASTERN UNITED STATES 457 John William Dawson (1820-1899) MARINE ALLUVIAL SOILS 461 CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS OF THE JOGGINS SECTION 462 Jobn Strong Newberry (1822-1892) CIRCLES OF DEPOSITION IN AMERICAN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 465 XX CONTENTS PACE Joseph Le Conte (1823-1901) ON THE ORIGIN OF NORMAL FAULTS AND OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BASIN REGION 467 SIR WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN (1824-1907) . ON THE SECULAR COOLING OF THE EARTH 472 HERMANN STERNBERG (1825-1885) STREAM PROFILES 477 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY (1825-1895) THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE HORSE 479 HENRY CLIFTON SORBY (1826-1908) ON THE ORIGIN OF SLATY CLEAVAGE 484 ON THE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS, INDICATING THE ORIGIN OF MINERALS AND ROCKS 488 THIN SECTIONS AND THEIR VALUE TO THE GEOLOGIST 492 FERDINAND ANDRIFOUQUI (1828-1904) AND AUGUSTE MICHEL-LTOY (1844-1908) THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF FELDSPARS 494 THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF A CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS ROCK .
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