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OSI Model -3.2 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر تألیف و گرد آوری:میثاق نوازنی ویرایش اول مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com هوالعالم سرشناسه : نوازنی، میثاق عنوان و نام پدیدآور: مفهوم و کاربرد شبکههای کامپیوتر / تالیف و گردآوری میثاق نوازنی مشخصات ظاهری: 163 ص شابک :978-600-04-2507-4 وضعیت فهرست نویسی: فیپا موضوع: شبکههای کامپیوتری موضوع: شبکههای کامپیوتری – معماری رده بندی کنگره: 73191م9ن/TK5305/5 رده بندی دیویی:004/6 شماره کتابشناسی ملی: 1714280 2 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com فهرست مطالب: مقدمه:....................................................................................................7 8....................................................................................... : Network history 33................................................................................ : Networking Basics-3.0 32......................................................................... : Network communication-3.3 16....................................................................................... :OSI model -3.2 55............................................................................................ :TCP/IP-3.1 65................................................................................... :Network cables-2.3 76..................................................................... :Network Interface Adapters-2.2 80.................................................................................... :Network Hubs-2.1 84........................................................................... :Network Connections-1.0 86......................................................................................... :Switching-1.3 301.......................................................................................... :Routing-1.2 309........................................................................... : Networking Software-4.0 333............................................................................... :Operating Systems-4.3 336............................................................................... :Directory Services-4.2 321..................................................................... : Data-Link Layer Protocol-5.0 325.......................................................................................... :Ethernet-5.3 3 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com 319...................................................................................... :Token Ring-5.2 364........................................................................... :Wireless Networking-5.1 370................................................................................... : network layer-6.0 372.................................................................................................. :ip-6.3 376....................................................................................... : ip address-6.2 383............................................................................... : ip address classes-6.1 386..................................................................................... :subnetmask-6.4 388............................................................................................. :ARP-6.5 393............................................................................................ :ICMP-6.6 392............................................................................................ :IGMP-6.7 391................................................................................... :transport layer-7.0 394...............................................................................................:TCP-7.3 204............................................................................................. :UDP-7.2 208........................................................................................... :routing-8.0 209.......................................................................................... : routing-8.3 233................................................................................ :Routing Protocol-8.2 234............................................................................ :TCP/IP Applications-9.0 235............................................................................................ :DHCP-9.3 4 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com 223............................................................................................. :DNS-9.2 210.............................................................................................. :FTP-9.1 243............................................................................................ :HTTP-9.4 255......................................................................................... :HTTPS-9.5 258........................................................................................... :IMAP-9.6 260............................................................................................ :POP1-9.7 266........................................................................................... :SMTP-9.8 270........................................................................................... :SOAP-9.9 276................................................................................... :SSH VS FTP-9.30 279............................................................................................. :SSL-9.33 285................................................................................ :TCP/IP Utilities-30.0 287............................................................................................. :Ping-30.3 288.............................................................................. :Tracert/traceroute-30.2 290......................................................................................... :ifconfig-30.1 292........................................................................................... :netstat-30.4 291.......................................................................................... :Telnet-30.5 298..................................................................................... :NSLookup-30.6 102........................................................................Remote Network Access-33.0 5 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com 104................................................................... : Using Remote Connections-33.3 111.................................................................................. :SLIP and PPP-33.2 117.................................................................................wan technology-33.1 143............................................................................... :Network Security-32.0 141........................................................................................ :Firewall-32.3 149.............................................................................................. :ids-32.2 160............................................................................. :Security Protocols-32.1 منابع...................................................................................................167 6 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com مقدمه قصد داشتم مقدمه ایی بنویسم اما بعد از دیدن این مقدمه در کتابی دیگر... مرا مجبور به مقدمه گویی و مقدمه نویسی و مقدمه خوانی و هر آنچه مقدمه ای می طلبد مکن ! من خیلی وقت است هر چه می کشم از همین "من "است . اما چه می شود کرد ؟ نمی شود جایگزینی برای این کلمه ی دو حرفی سرشار از تهی یافت که دلیل بر وجود کسی باشد که خیلی خیلی شبیه درونیات یک نفر که باز هم می شود "من" باشد. با من مثل خدا " تا " نکن که هر واجبی را برایش مقدمه ی واجبی بگذاری . آن که خدا گفت شرط فرض است و آنچه تو از باب مقدمات می طلبی شرط دل دادگی است . آدم دل داده شاید " من" گفتنش پا برجا باشد اما دلش می لرزد به هر نگاهی که یار بر قد و قامتش بیندازد اما حساب و کتاب " من " با مقدمه های واجب ِ واجب الوجود توفیر دارد! او مقدمه ای را از باب وجوب موخره اش واجب کرده ولی راه را باز گذاشته که میخواهی عبادت احرار را داشته باشی یا تجار ! به حال او فرقی نمی کند نخ ِ کدام مقدمه را بگیری و به کدام واجب برسی . واجب الوجود فقط نخ ِ مقدمه می دهد که پای " من " را به وادی عبادت بکشاند. این هم از کریمانه بودنش است . اما تو وقتی نخ ِ مقدمه می دهی من هی یاد " من "می افتم و یاد سر به سر گذاشتن ... بگذر از این بحث مقدمات ... من مات من العشق فقد مات شهیدا! 7 مفهوم و کاربرد شبکه های کامپیوتر www.misaghnavazeni.com : Network history در سال3957 نخستین ماهواره، یعنی اسپوتنیک توسط اتحاد جماهیر شوروی سابق به فضا پرتاب شد. در همین دوران رقابت سختی از نظر تسلیحاتی بین دو ابرقدرت آن زمان جریان داشت و دنیا در دوران رقابت سختی از نظر تسلیحاتی بین دو ابر قدرت آن زمان جریان داشت و دنیا در دوران جنگ سرد به سر می برد. وزارت دفاع امریکا در واکنش به این اقدام رقیب نظامی خود، آژانس پروژه های تحقیقاتی پیشرفته یا آرپا (ARPA)را تاسیس کرد. یکی از پروژه های مهم این آژانس تامین ارتباطات در زمان جنگ جهانی احتمالی تعریف شده بود. در همین سال ها در مراکز تحقیقاتی غیر نظامی که بر امتداد دانشگاه ها بودند، تﻻش برای اتصال کامپیوترها به یکدیگر در جریان بود. در آن زمان کامپیوتر های Mainframe از طریق ترمینال ها به کاربران سرویس می دادند. در اثر اهمیت یافتن این موضوع آژانس آرپا (ARPA)منابع مالی پروژه اتصال دو کامپیوتر از راه دور به یکدیگر را در دانشگاه MIT بر عهده گرفت. در اواخر سال3960 اولین شبکه کامپیوتری بین چهار کامپیوتر که دو تای آنها درMIT ، یکی در دانشگاه کالیفرنیا و دیگری در مرکز تحقیقاتی استنفورد قرار داشتند، راه اندازی شد. این شبکه آرپانت نامگذاری شد. در سال 3965 نخستین ارتباط راه دور بین دانشگاه MIT و یک مرکز دیگر نیز برقرار گردید.در سال3970 شرکت معتبر زیراکس یک مرکز تحقیقاتی در پالوآلتو تاسیس کرد. این مرکز در
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