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A Taxonomic Revision of Podocarpus Macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet and Its Related Taxa (Podocarpaceae)

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A Taxonomic Revision of Podocarpus Macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet and Its Related Taxa (Podocarpaceae) Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 38(3), pp. 121–130, August 22, 2012 A Taxonomic Revision of Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet and its Related Taxa (Podocarpaceae) Shinobu Akiyama1* and Hideaki Ohba2 1 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan 2 Department of Botany, the University Museum, the University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan * E-mail: [email protected] (Received 16 May 2012; accepted 26 June 2012) Abstract Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet forma macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) is a cultivated form. The wild form is here named, Podocarpus macrophyllus f. spontaneus H. Ohba & S. Akiyama. Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. is a superfluous name for P. macrophyllus f. macrophyllus. Key words : Japanese flora, lectotypification, Podocarpus, Siebold collections. Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae) consists ca. 100 ies by the length and width of leaves: leaves of species spreading in the tropical and subtropical var. macrophyllus are 7–12 cm long, (5–)7– regions worldwide and also in temperate regions 10 mm wide, those of var. maki are 1.7–7 cm in the Southern Hemisphere. In the latest revision long, 5–7 mm wide. following Buchholz and Gray (1948), Laubenfels Fu and Mill (1999) considered var. maki to be (1985) proposed an infrageneric classification of possibly native in Japan, Taiwan and N Myan- the genus that recognized two subgenera with 18 mar, and possibly also being native in Guang- sections. The only representative in Japan, Podo- dong and Zhejiang, China. carpus macrophyllus, is classified in section In Japan there are two principal forms of Polystachyus (type: P. polystachyus R. Br.) in Podocarpus, called Inu-maki (or Kusa-maki) and subgenus Foliolatus. According to Laubenfels Rakan-maki in Japanese. Inu-maki applies to P. (1985), section Polystachyus consists of nine macrophyllus var. macrophyllus, and Rakan- species ranging from Japan and S China through maki to P. macrophyllus var. maki [sensu Siebold Malaya to W New Guinea and NE Australia. & Zucc.] (e.g. Yamazaki, 1995). Podocarpus Laubenfels distinguished P. macrophyllus from P. macrophyllus var. macrophyllus, thought to be chinensis (Roxb.) Wall. ex J. Forbes by differ- indigenous, is also cultivated as an ornamental ences in the shape and size of the leaves; P. mac- tree in Japan. Although var. maki was reported as rophyllus has leaves “with revolute margins, nar- being wild in western Shizuoka Pref. (Kurata, rowing gradually at the base”, and those of P. 1964), it appears to be an ornamental plant culti- chinensis are “narrowing gradually at the base, vated in western Japan. less than 7 mm wide” and “at least 4 cm long, and The differences between vars. maki and mac- at least 10 times as long as wide.” Fu and Mill rophyllus mentioned by Laubenfels (1985) and (1999) reduced P. chinensis to synonymy under Fu and Mill (1999) are ambiguous. We are aware P. macrophyllus and treated it as var. maki [sensu that the authors, identity and type specimens of Siebold & Zucc.]. They distinguished the variet- P. macrophyllus, P. chinensis, and their infraspe- 122 Shinobu Akiyama and Hideaki Ohba cific taxa including var. maki, also are unclear. of variation among these taxa in both length This paper aims to provide data on the varia- (6.4–19.5 cm) and width (4.5–15.8 mm) makes it tion of size of the leaves, the identity of original difficult to divide them clearly into different spe- material including types, and the correct authors cies. The criteria used by both Laubenfels (1995) of the various names. and Fu and Mill (1999) cannot be used to sepa- rate P. macrophyllus vars. macrophyllus and 1. Variations in the size of leaves maki from P. chinensis sensu Laubenfels. Except The length and width of the leaves of Podo- for the differences in the size of the leaves, P. carpus macrophyllus, its infraspecific taxa, P. macrophyllus and P. chinensis sensu Laubenfels japonicus Siebold ex Endl., and P. makoyi Blume (1995) share almost all features and is better (Fig. 1) were obtained from the longest leaves on united as a single species, P. macrophyllus. each specimen. The samples were collected from A tendency for cultivated plants to have specimens of both wild and cultivated plants of extremely shorter and narrower leaves, less than P. macrophyllus (including vars. macrophyllus 8 cm long and 8 mm wide, is noticeable (● in and maki) collected in Japan, mainland China Fig. 1). Plants expressing this range of measure- and Taiwan. Leaves of the type specimens of P. ments (Rakan-maki) may be distinguished at the macrophyllus var. macrophyllus, var. angustifo- rank of forma. lius Blume, var. maki [sensu Siebold & Zucc.], P. Plants with leaves longer than 8 cm long, are japonicus, and P. makoyi were observed. found in wild and occasionally in cultivation. As shown in Fig. 1 the extremely wide range Another tendency for comparatively narrower Fig. 1. Leaf variation of Podocarpus macrophyllus. ○ wild in Japan, ● cultivated in Japan, ▲ in Taiwan, ▲ in mainland China, ◆ original material of P. macrophyllum (T), ◆ original material of P. macrophyllum var. maki (S), ◆ original material of P. japonicus (J), ◆ original material of P. makoyi (M), ◆ original material of P. macrophyllum var. angustifolium (A). Podocarpus macrophyllus and its Related Taxa (Podocarpaceae) 123 leaves less than 8 mm wide and more than 8 cm 2. Identity of original materials long is recognized. Podocarpus macrophyllus a) Taxus macrophylla Thunb. var. angustifolius Blume falls in this range (◆ A Thunberg (1784) described Podocarpus mac- in Fig. 1). These plants, called Hosoba-inu-maki rophyllus as a species of Taxus. It has been in Japanese, is also recognized infraspecifically presumed that the original material was from as forma angustifolius (Blume) Pilg. Plants with wild growing plants (Ohwi, 1965; Yamazaki, longer and wider leaves, i.e. more than 8 cm long 1995). and 8 mm wide, are recognized as forma sponta- Juel (1918) listed two specimens in Thunberg neus H. Ohba & S. Akiyama. herbarium, one with female branches and one It is noteworthy that plants with smaller leaves with a male branch (see Kimura and Leonov, (less then 8 cm long) are found in coast of Oki- 1994, Pl. 203). Thunberg's original specimens, nawa and Kagoshima prefectures (four speci- Microfiche nos. 23781 and 23782 (Fig. 2), have mens found in TI: T. Yamazaki s.n., 13 Nov. leaves 5.9–7.5 cm long, and 6.1–7.9 mm wide, 1977; T. Yamazaki & F. Yamazaki s.n., 24 June and undoubtedly fall within the variation of 2001; S. Hatusima 18455; K. Shimabuku & K. Rakan-maki (◆ T in Fig. 1). All the original Ohgami 4484). It is not uncertain that these are material in the University of Uppsala is Rakan- genetical fixed or not. Further study is needed. maki, or P. macrophyllus var. maki [sensu Siebold & Zucc.]. Therefore Taxus macrophylla Thunb. (≡Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Fig. 2. Original materials of Taxus macrophylla Thunb. in UPS, no. 23781 (lectotype) (right) and no. 23782 (left). 124 Shinobu Akiyama and Hideaki Ohba Sweet) is concluded to be Rakan-maki and the c) Podocarpus macrophyllus β. Maki [sensu specimen with female branches (no. 23781) is Siebold et Zucc.] here designated as the lectotype. Siebold (1844) published the name “Podocar- pus macrophyllus Wall. β. Maki” Sieb. et Zucc. b) Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki without description or illustration. The name “P. Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. macrophyllus β. Maki Sieb. et Zucc.” was used Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki was not again by Miquel in Flora Japonica, vol. 2 validly published by Siebold (1844) and, Siebold (Miquel, 1870) with a description and illustration and Zuccarini (Siebold and Zuccarini, 1846), but as a variety (Tab. 134). But as mentioned above by Endlicher (1847), who cited “Sieb. et Zucc. l. Endlicher’s (1847) use of the name is earlier c. [Flor. Japon.] t. 134.” Miquel's publication of (Akiyama et al., 2012). The original material Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki in Flora of P. macrophyllus β. Maki [sensu Siebold Japonica, vol. 2 (1870) is later. & Zucc.] are three specimens deposited in When Endlicher published B. [var.] maki he Munich (M0120942) and Makino Herbarium cited “Taxus macrophylla Thunberg Flor. Japon. (MAKS1828, MAKS1829) (Fig. 3), the illustra- 276” in synonymy. The type of B. [var.] maki is tions drawn by Keiga Kawahara for Table 134 in therefore the same as for T. macrophylla. Flora Japonica, vol. 2 (Kimura and Grubov, Although Endlicher’s B. [var.] maki was a new 1994, Color pl. 206; Ohba et al., 1994, Cat. no. infraspecific name under P. macrophylla, it is 60) and Table 134 in Flora Japonica. nomenclaturally equivalent to P. macrophyllus In this description, Miquel wrote in Latin var. macrophyllus. Podocarpus macrophyllus var. “. leaves 3–2 1/2 2 poll. longa, 2–4 lin. lata” maki Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. is superfluous. and in its note in French “. cultivated one is not Fig. 3. Original material of Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki [sensu Siebold & Zucc.]. Japan, Siebold s.n. (MAKS1828) (left). Japan, Siebold s.n. (MAKS1829) (right). Podocarpus macrophyllus and its Related Taxa (Podocarpaceae) 125 more than 6.5 m high . it bears flowers and fruits Don for the author of the combination name. in its small size.” Miquel’s note is considered to Don (1832), who made the combination in Lam- be based on Siebold’s earlier note (Ohba, 2007). bert, A description of the genus Pinus, was evi- Both Inu-maki and Rakan-maki have been culti- dently unaware of Sweet’s combination (1818). vated. The Podocarpus described by Miquel with Wallich (1826) also published Podocarpus mac- leaves 3–2.2 poll. long, 2–4 lin. wide (i.e.
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