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After Clearing Phreatophyt Gila River Flood Plain, Graham County

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Evapotranspiration After Clearing Phreatophyt %*-#?^ -J*- *f Gila River Flood Plain, Graham County, Arizona GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROfESSIO N A L PAPER 655-rP Evapotranspiration Before and After Clearing Phreatophytes, Gila River Flood Plain, Graham County, Arizona By R. C. CULLER, R. L. HANSOM. R. M. MYRICK, R. M. TURNER, andf. P. KIPPLE GILA RIVER PHREATOPHYTE PROJECT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 655 P UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1982 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Evapotranspiration before and after clearing phreatophytes, Gila River Flood Plain, Graham County, Arizona (Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-P) Bibliography: p. P50-P51. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:655-P 1. Evapotranspiration Arizona Gila River watershed Measurement. 2. Phreatophytes Arizona Gila River watershed. 3. Water balance (Hydrology) Arizona Gila River watershed. I. Culler, R. C. (Richard Carlton), 1912- . II. United States. Geological Survey. III. Series. QC915.7.U5E9 551.57'2 81-607801 _____________________________________AAGR2__________ For sale by the Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 PREFACE This report is the last of the U.S. Geological Survey Jones, J. E., 1977, Calculation of evapotranspiration using color- Professional Paper 655 Series describing the hydro- infrared photography: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-O, p. O1-O45. logic and environmental studies associated with the Leppanen, O. E., 1980, Barren area evapotranspiration estimates Gila River Phreatophyte Project. The following is a generated from energy budget measurements in the Gila River list of the publications originating from this project: Valley of Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1003, 31 p. _____1981, Evapotranspiration from rapidly growing young salt- SURVEY PUBLICATIONS cedar in the Gila River Valley of Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-485, 26 p. Culler, R. C., and others, 1970, Objectives, methods, and environ­ .1981, Evapotranspiration from forage grass replacing native ment Gila River Phreatophyte Project, Graham County, vegetation in the Gila River Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-A, Survey Open-File Report 81-1018, 38 p. p. A1-A25. Park, D. M., Culler, R. C., and Turner, R. M., 1978, Management of Burkham, D. E., 1970, Precipitation, streamflow, and major floods flood-plain vegetation, 1967 to 1972, San Carlos Indian Reser­ at selected sites in the Gila River drainage basin above vation, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report Coolidge Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 78-412, 21 p. Paper 655-B, p. B1-B33. Culler, R. C., Hanson, R. L., Myrick, R. M., Turner, R. M., and Burkham, D. E., and Bawdy, D. R., 1970, Error analysis of Kipple, F. P., 1982, Evapotranspiration before and after clear­ streamflow data for an alluvial stream: U.S. Geological Survey ing phreatophytes, Gila River flood plain, Graham County, Professional Paper 655-C, p. C1-C13. Arizona: U.S Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-P Weist, W. G., Jr., 1971, Geology and ground-water system, Gila (this paper). River Phreatophyte Project: U.S. Geological Survey Profes­ sional Paper 655-D, p. D1-D22. BASIC DATA COMPILATION McQueen, I. S., and Miller, R. F., 1972, Soil-moisture and energy relationships associated with riparian vegetation near San Myrick, R. M., Kipple, F. P., Culler, R. C., and Hanson, R. L., 1975, Carlos, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Basic hydrologic data for the Gila River Phreatophyte Project, 655-E, p. E1-E51. Graham County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Basic-data Hanson, R. L., 1972, Subsurface hydraulics in the area of the Gila compilation, 13 p. and 400 p. of tables. Available for inspection River Phreatophyte Project: U.S. Geological Survey Profes­ at the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, sional Paper 655-F, p. F1-F27. Tucson, Arizona. Data are also available on magnetic tape in Burkham, D. E., 1972, Channel changes of the Gila River in WATSTORE, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. Safford Valley, Arizona, 1846-1970: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-G, p. G1-G24. JOURNAL ARTICLES Turner, R. M., 1974, Quantitative and historical evidence of vegeta­ tion changes along the upper Gila River, Arizona: U.S. Geologi­ Culler, R. C., 1965, The Gila River Phreatophyte Project: Arizona cal Survey Professional Paper 655-H, p. H1-H20. State Land Department Ninth Annual Arizona Watershed Burkham, D. E., 1976, Flow from small watersheds adjacent to the Symposium Proceedings, p. 33-38. study reach of the Gila River Phreatophyte Project, Arizona: ____1970, Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-1, p. 11-119. EOS Trans. American Geophysical Union, v. 51, no. 10, p. ___ 1976, Hydraulic effects of changes in bottomland vegetation 684-689. on three major floods, Gila River in southeastern Arizona: U.S. Culler, R. C., Hanson, R. L., and Jones, J. E., 1976, Relation of Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-J, p. J1-J14. consumptive use coefficient to the description of vegetation: 1976, Effects of changes in an alluvial channel on the Water Resources Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 40-46. timing, magnitude, and transformation of flood waves, south­ Hanson, R. L., Kipple, F. P., and Culler, R. C., 1972, Changing the eastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper consumptive use on the Gila River flood plain, southeastern 655-K, p. K1-K25. Arizona, in Age of Changing Priorities for Land and Water: Hanson, R. L., and Dawdy, D. R., 1976, Accuracy of evapotranspir- Proceedings American Society Civil Engineers, Irrigation and ation rates determined by the water-budget method, Gila River Drainage Division Specialties Conference, September 1972, flood plain, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey p. 309-330. Professional Paper 655-L, p. L1-L35. Hanson, R. L., 1973, Evaluating the reliability of specific-yield Laney, R. L., 1977, Effects of phreatophyte eradication on quality determinations: U.S. Geological Survey Journal Research, of water: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-M, v. 1, no. 3, p. 371-376. p. M1-M23. Warren, D. K., and Turner, R. M., 1975, Saltcedar (Tamarix Kipple, F. P., 1977, The hydrologic history of the San Carlos chinensis) seed production, seedling establishment, and re­ Reservoir, Arizona, 1929-1971: U.S. Geological Survey Profes­ sponse to inundation: Arizona Academy Science Journal, sional Paper 655-N, N1-N40. v. 10, no. 3, p. 135-144. CONTENTS Page Page Conversion factors............................,............._..............,.........___.......... VI Collection and conversion of basic data Continued Scientific names and common equivalents.................................... VII Basin-fill inflow............................................................................. P16 Equations ............-----,..........,.................... .. ......... .,..................... VII Ground-water movement downvalley...................................... 17 Symbols.................................................................................................... VIII Ground-water movement crossvalley ...................................... 18 Abstract............................................................................................ PI Evaluating evapotranspiration ...................................................... 18 Introduction...........,.,._._.___._........._._._..__._............__.__......._..._._._,......._...... 2 Relative significance of the water-budget components ..... 18 Personnel and acknowledgments ......................................... 3 Measurement errors in evapotranspiration .......................... 24 Description of the study area - ......,...... .....,.... .................... 3 Criteria for rejecting measured ET values............................. 26 Geology ............................................................................................ 5 Use ofET data for defining a prediction equation .............. 27 Climate ............................................................................................ 6 Evaluation of the derived evapotranspiration Vegetation................................................................................. 7 equations................................................................................... 32 Surface water.................................................................................. 8 A comparison of Blaney-Criddle method Ground water.................................................................................. 9 with other methods................................................................... 37 Man's influence.............................................................................. 9 Comparison of results with other studies .............................. 41 Method of analysis.............................................................................. 10 Effects of phreatophyte clearing on ground-water Collection and conversion of basic data ........................................ 11 levels and seepage measurements........................................ 48 Gila River streamflow.................................................................. 11 Ground-water levels ...__..........____,_.........___..___.....___,...........,.,____...
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