Color , vivid and harmonious color, vibrant with life and action, is first seen by the visitor to the Arizona Department of Library and Archives in the west wing of the State Capitol-one of Arizona's flnest architectural achievements. This color is produced in eight historical murals which decorate the department's foyer and main office. Placed in a setting of high white panelled walls, otherwise unadorned, designed to give them maximum elfect, the fame of these unusual paintings, and that of the" young artist, Jay Datus, whose work they are, has spread across the nation. Four of the murals, following the early-day theme of the Apache Indians, tell the story of Arizona's progress in the smoke signal language of the aborigines without overdoing this realistic phase of history, Working in co"njunction with Mulford _ ·Winsor, Director of the Department , who planned the murals and ~hecked them for accuracy as to period and detail, artist Datus spent many months in research. Perhaps on; of the most interesting phases of this was the interview with· real Apache scouts of Arizona's Indian war days. Mr. Winsor, who was the flrst incumbent of the office of Arizona Historian-in 1909-had collected extensive information on smoke signals. He arranged with the late Dan R. vVilliamson, former U. S. Commis­ sioner in Globe, Arizona, territorial day Indian agent and long time friend and confldant of the Apaches, to interview, with Datus present, Mike Nelson and Belvado, ex-Apache scouts from the San Carlos agency. near Globe. From these time and weather-wrinkled "old men" of the Apache tribe. the muralist learned that the Apaches used many mountains as '\make signal" mountains. Most used, however, were the Tucson mountains near Tucson; Pinal Peak, 18 miles south of Globe; Mt. Turnbull, near ·Bylas in eastern Arizona; Stein's Peak on the Arizona-New Mexico line; Helen's Dome in Apache Pass near old Fort Bowie; Dos Cabezos in the Chiricahuas, south of Willcox; Cochise Stronghold in the Dra­ goons north of Douglas, and the Santa Rita mountains east of Tucson . Significantly. at various times, various branches of the Apache tribe lived on or near these mountains . Based on information given in the interview by ex-scouts Nelson and Belvado, and from additional research in reports of the Bureau of Ethnol­ ogy and other historical records covering the Apache tribe, the muralist formulated and planned the panels, starting with the Apache's flrst contact with the European during ·the missionary ~ra, when the Padres penetrated into the Southwest. In the first panel in the Smoke Signal theme, two Apache braves in the foreground watch two padres as they trek across the foothills. There is no hostility · in the attitude of the natives, only curiosity. From the summit of Mount Turnbull in the distance arises a single graceful column of smoke, signifying no threat or menace but "attention" merely.

Safford Primary School, Tucson, Named for Anson Pacely Killen Safford, Early Day ·Governor and . ·,:·• Father of Public School System. /

I

s

Storr by Charles Lambert Mann

"We have fought one war with Mexico to acquire as well as several schools, and to be the father of Ari ­ adobe huts. The greater part of Tucson's population . free public schools and argued that children growing up Arizona, and we ought to have another to compel her zona's public school system . This was his greatest o[ was Mexican and the English language was spoken in illiteracy and an atmosphere of lawlessness would to take it back." This was the way General Sherman many contributions to the territory . only when two Americans were together. soon create an adult element worse than th e Apache. felt about Arizona when he visited it. Perhaps if we But he had many other pressing problems before him. John Wasson , who was surveyor general of Arizona He gave credit to S. C. Rogers, "schoolmast er a t could see Arizona as it looked then , we would feel the The federal government, exhausted from its recent Civil at the time, has left this revealing statement r egarding Prescott ," and also to the "Sisters of St. Joseph in their -same way the General did . Wa r struggle, could not , or at least did not, handle the the problems before Governor Safford: "He found the recently founded school at Tucson , already enrolling 130 But there was an oth er man who saw Arizona in <\ military end of the Indian situation, and roving bands territory almost in a state of anarchy; many officers girls." But he made it plain to the legislatur e that it different light. He even ha9- the queer notion that of Apaches raided and murdered here and there over refused to obey the laws; th e payment of tax es was re­ was the duty of the territory to provid e "fr ee· public schools could be and should be established in -this vast, · the territory. Prescott was a little village about six sisted by some ." schools." sparsely settled land of mining camps, outlaws , settlers, years old and the tiny settlement of Phoenix was started However , in the face of all this the able governor had However , there were few who would list en to the Indians and Mexicans. He was Anson Pacel y Killen only two years before. There were a few Mormon set ­ the courage to start a crusade for schools. When he governor's pleading. Great mines were being opened , Safford who arrived in Tucson on June 30, 1869. He tlem ents in the northern part of the territory and R came to Tucson there was only one public school in fortunes were made, there was the Indian nightm are, was destined to hold office longer than any oth er ter­ sprinkling of rough, wild and almost lawless mining the territory, at Prescott, which probably was main­ outlaws-education, indeed , seemed something for an ­ ritorial governor of Arizona and to be one of the best camps over the area. Even Tucson, that had been a tained by a small local tax, for there was no public other world. After a hard fight , and with the aid of a territorial governors that Arizona had . Also he was place of habitation for over three centuries, was mer,aly school system here then . The governor urged upon the prominent Mexican pioneer of th e time, Estevan Ochoa , destined to ha ve a city of Arizona named in his honor, a small Mexican town with crooked, dusty streets and territorial legislature the nec essity of providing good th e governor secured the passing of his school bill in (Continued on Page 14)

Two :J.'hree comprises forty buildings on a beautiful campus in the heart of rsit I Tucson is the home of the University of Arizona. A of their apathy. Land was slow in materializing, and city of over 65,000, Tucson lies in a broad valley at an it was not until 1887 that a contract to build University alt itud e of Z,400 feet and is surrounded by rugged Hall , now known as "Old Main ," was awarded. mountains. The University campus, comprising 75 acres , Classes for students , larg ely of the preparatory grade, is laid out in drives, lawns and gardens, with num er­ were opened in 1891. Meanwhile, the school of mines ous palm, olive, ash, umbrella, pepper , cottonwoo d, cedar, had grown to a uni versity through the addition of a cypress, juniper, eucalyptus and arborvitae trees. college of agriculture under provisions of the federal Out of somewhat distra ·.t and hesitant beg inning s the land grant college act. An amount slightly over $3Z,000 University of Arizona, projected as the west's lead in g had been spent to comp lete the initial building; and the school of mines, has grown to an institution of high er university was on its way to the international reputa­ lea rni ng whose properties are valued at more th an six tion it now holds. million dollars; its normal ann ual student enro llm en t Growt h of the physical plant and in the student body approaching 3,000. was slow until World War I. Shortly before the war, Arizona's universit y was accepted slow ly by many of new steps were taken in the increas ed extension of the the residents of the community in which it was to grow univ ersity's research and academic offerings, particu­ and eventually play a major role. The original appro­ larly in agriculture, to the state. The national educa­ priation of $Z5,000 by the territorial legislature in 1885 tional impetus following the war reached th e Arizon a for a college of mines bui lding was nearly lost because university. A good many of its principal buildings were (Continued on Page 6)

TO ARIZONA HIGHWAYS_PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AR IZONA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT IN THE INTEREST OF GOOD ROADS AND DEVOTED THE STORY OF OUR LAND OF ROOM ENOUGH AND TIME ENOUGH . ALL COMMUNICATIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO ARIZONA HIGHWAYS CLASS PHOENIX. ARIZONA. SUBSCR I PTION RATE T wo DOLLARS PER YEAR . SINGLE COPY TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. ENTERED AS SECOND . SEPTEMBER, 1g44 , NO . g, BERT CAMPBELL, EDITOR . MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE. PHOENIX. ARIZONA, UNDER THE ACT OF MARCH 3, 187g, VOL XX, "Civilization Follows the Improved Highway." Five Th e University of Arizona is a beautiful and modern institution, one of the nation's leading educational facilities . It was founded in 1885.

four general departments , seven divisions of research and Administration. War service classes for civilians have extension, an annual summer session; and four federal been running continuously and concurrently since the or state agencies have affiliated departments on the early activities of the nation in the war . Numerous campus. classes of th e latter type have b een estab lish ed through­ Newest of the university's colleges are agric ultur e, out the state by the univ ersity. education, engineering , fine arts, law, liberal arts, min es, • In President Alfred Atkinson 's Annual Report of th e and graduate study. To these general colleges are at­ Univ ersity of Arizona he states : "Soon after the dec­ tached the schools of music and home economics. laration of war the Boar d of Regents approved a policy General departments are the school of military sci­ of all-out co-operation with ·the defense agencies along ence and tactics , the departments of physical education with the continuance of University teaching and re­ recognized the truth of College of Business and for men and women, and the student health service . search services. This university Public Administration, The university operates• the agricultural experiment Pr esident Roose velt's statement: University of Arizona, station, agricultural extension service , the state bureau " 'War is not a matter of ~rmies and navies alone . one of several colleges of mines, Arizona State Museum , laboratory of tree­ War is something in which everyone participates; every of literature, arts and ring research, Steward Observatory , and the university institution contributes to it; a · university above most sciences on the campus. extension division . other institutions gives of its · resources in staff and fa ­ The Univ ers ity of Arizona's first graduating class cilities to train men for the responsibilities which highly of three students in 1893 is posed against one of nearly trained personn el must carry in winning the war.' 400 as a peak. In the 58 years of its existence the uni­ "During the year , forty-seven members of the fac­ versity has granted a total of 6 ,948 bachelor , masters , ulty were granted leaves of absence to serve with th e doctors , juris doctors, and professional degrees . defense forces and in war-supporting agencies . Forty­ academic schedules two per cent of the floor space in th e buildings on th e erected, and its student enrollment grew from a few The university's student body, approximately 80 per The university has maintained full and the pressures of putting its full campus was diverted to use of the defense services. . . hundred to near the 2,000 figure within a few years. cent of Arizona high school graduates, was in excess despite ·the war, effort insofar "Vacancies resulting from the leaves of absence were In the reconstruction period following the economic of 2,900 in annual registration shortly before the out ­ staff and research facilities into the war aid. First of wartime filled with temporary appointees . . . the loss of floor reversals of 1929-30, additional structures were erected break of World War II. In the present academic year, as they have been suited to federal reach the campus was the navy's far space and other facilities led to rather serious diffi­ on the campus costing in excess of ·$2,500,000. Feder al 1943-44, the annual enrollment is down approximately armed agencies to officers. Other culties in schedule-making and required the intensive funds were used in part . At present, the campus of 75 men; and there has been an in ­ west ern indoctrination school for student 1,000 students, largely use of classrooms and labor ator ies that were available. acres holds 41 structures. ·women stu­ groups to train on the campus have been the engineer­ crease of several hundred in the number of However, all problems were met and the regular work Experimental farms are maintained in the Salt dents. ing trainees of the Army Specialized Training Program; of the University went forward without disturbing in­ re­ and naval flight instructors and combat pilots in ground River and Yuma valleys and near the experiment sta­ The university's principal objectives, teaching, terruptions." tion at Tucson, providing other physical holdings. search, and extension, are carried on in nine colleges, school training under direction of the Civil Aeronautics

Siz Seven New buildings, added to the splendid plant already in operation at Arizona State College , have greatly enhanced the beauty of the large campus.

of teachers for the elementary and secondary schools Believing that trammg for teaching or any other of Arizona. To the highest extent possible , Arizona has profession should have a broad cultural base giving the a right to demand that all pupils in the state shall be student a ' knowledge and an appreciative understand ing taught by teachers possessing high mentality , a broad of various phases of human relations so essential in this background of general education , high ideals of citizen­ C0mplex machine age , the College attempts to care for ship, thorough scholarship , vigorous health , fine profes­ these needs by requiring that all freshmen and sopho­ sional training and spirit , culture and efficiency in social mores give a fair portion of their time to the back­ relations , and sound character . ground or so-ca !led cultural courses .

Beautiful campus of Arizona State College, fully accredited school, located at Tempe near Phoenix, in the heart of 'the Valier of the Sun. e e oil e

Situated in the heart of the far-famed "Valley of sire was fulfilled in March, 1925, and the institution be­ the Sun," Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe pos­ came Tempe State Teachers College , with the power sesses a campus of rare beauty, attractively landscaped to establish a four-year college curriculum in education, with expansive lawns, trees, shrubs and flowers. No and the authority to confer upon its graduates the de­ finer location could be planned for a college as Tempe gree of Bachelor of Education. is essentially a residential town nine miles from Phoe­ An act of the Ninth Legislature changed the name nix , the capital city . The climate at this altitude of of the college to read, Arizona State Teachers College 1,100 feet is ideal during the entire school year. at Tempe, and at the same time, authorized the College This college offers a full four year course and its to grant the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Education. enrollment during pre-war times was well over 2,000 Those to whom this degree is granted are thereby en ­ students, reduced to about half that number at the pres­ titled to receive the Arizona elementary certificate . ent time. Created by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ari­ In March, 1937, an act of the Thirteenth Lagislature authorized the college to grant the advanced degree of zona in 1885 as the Tempe Normal School, Arizona Master of Arts in Education , and the secondary cer­ - State College was first housed in a single one story tificate. building. During the years which followed, the at­ tendance gradually increased, and with the growing Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe is ac­ public interest, the course of instruction was expanded credited by the North Central Association of College year by year; new buildings replaced the historic struc­ and Secondary Schools as a degree-granting institution. ture, and from time to time additions were made to It is also ranked in class "A" , by the American Associ­ the faculty personnel. There are now 26 buildings on ation of Teachers Colleges. These affiliations give the the main campus and six at the College Fann. students the same privileges in respect to transfer of In 1922 the Tempe Normal School Alumni Associa­ credits and other advantages enjoyed by the larger uni­ tion sponsored a move to raise the grade of their Alma versities and colleges. Mater to that of a standard Teachers College. This de- The College has as its chief purpose the education

Eight When memb ers of the Sev ent eenth Territorial Legis­ rollment of 500 students. A coeducationa l institution, lature of Arizona appropr iated $35,000 for the construc­ the enro llm ent is normally abou t even ly divided be­ tion of a reform school at Flagstaff, little did they tween young men and women. realize that two generations later that institution would In 1925 the legislatur e was prevailed upon to change have been transformed into a colleg e whos e primary the school from th e rank of Normal School to that of function is the training of teachers to serve the schools Teachers' College with the privilege of granting the of the forty-eight states of the Union , and a part of degree of Bachelor of Arts in Education. A few years Th e campus of 160 acr es has s everal buildings arranged in a semi-circle. Arizona State Teach ers Coll ege at Flagstaff zs locat ed zn northern Ari zona. ~ hose war-time function is training young men to later the curricula were expanded to permit th e grant ­ serve in the armed forces of the Nation. Arizona Sta1P ing of the degree of Master of Arts in Education. Pur­ Teachers College at Flagstaff of tod ay is a far cry suant to these chang es, the College was accepted for from the r etorm school for which the origina l appro­ membership by the Am erican Association of Teachers priation wa s· mad e. Coll eges and the North Central Association of Colleg es To furth er add i:o the consternation of citizens of and Secondary Schools . Flagstaff who had objected to having a reform school For students who prefer to specialize in certain estab lish ed in their city, th e Nin eteenth Territorial fields, curric ula are provided in Art , Commerce, Indu s­ Legislature in 1897 designated th e institution as an trial Arts, Home Economics , Physical Education, Mu - asy lum for th e insane. Certainly Flagstaff d eser ver! sic, and Lib era l Arts and Sciences. . a bett er fate th an the hom e of eith er a reform school With the advent of the present World War , Ari ­ or an insane asylum. zona State Teache rs College along with all institutions Through the efforts of E. E . Ellinwood of B:sbee of higher learnin g, found its enro llment being impaired and M. J. Riord an of Flagstaff , th e Twenti eth Terri­ by the large number of young people being called into tori al Legislature m eeting in 1899 turned over th e build ­ the armed forces and many electing to fill vacancies in ings, grounds, and unexp ended funds to the Normal the industrial "home front." School Board of th e territory. Thu s was create d th e In the ·winter of 1942-43, negotiations were begun Northern Arizona Normal School. with the federal · government to have Arizona Stat e Th e school was first op ened on Septern ber 11, 1899 Teachers College at Flagstaff named as one of the col­ and since this me ager b eginning with two m embers on leges participating in the Navy V-12 program. Largely its staff and an enro llm ent of thirty -thr ee students, th e through the efforts of acti ng president Tom 0. Bell­ College has mad e rapid . progress. wood, these plans culminated in signing a contract From the original grant of land donated by the with the government in June 1943 designating the Col ­ Santa Fe Railroad Company , the camp us has grown to lege as a training station for one of the V-12 Units. include 160 acres . The original building , which still July 1, 1943 found the campus housing a comple­ stands and is now known to alumni and students as ment of approximately 400 Navy and Marin e trainees "Old Main ," was soon found to be in adequate for a together with its ci:vilian students. At the pr esent time growing institution and num erous oth er s tructures have the complement closely approximates its original num­ been erected from time to time. ber. Navy train ees now mak e up the entire service mqt .. • W 1 • I . ~ Th e college e nrollment has grown from its original enrollment, the governm ent having segregated all Ma­ thirty -thr ee stud ents , to an approximate peace-time en- rine trainees in colleges serving that branch alone. Flagstaff College students skiing at the Snow Bowl , San Francisco Peaks. Old Main Administration building , Arizona State, Flagstaff. (Fronskc photo) s inception has steadily grown, and many buildings add ed. Th e buildings at Flagstaff State College are constructed of red sandstone. Th e college was founded as a normal school zn 1899, and since it The Arizona State Coll ege at Flagstaff is participating in Navy V-12 program . Arizona is rightfully proud of her vasz school system, from the tiny one-room schoolhous e along th e roadsid e in some sparsely populated section, to the fine elementary schools, high schools, col­ leges and university. And Arizona's school system is keeping pace with ~he trem endous increase in populatzon brought about especially by war . i_n­ du stries as well as th e many famzlz es who ar; relocating here for oth er reasons. Arizona led all states in proportionate incr ease of population between April, 1940, and July , 1943, the U. S. Census Bur eau report ed. Th e Union's youngest state showed an incr ease for the thr ee­ year period from 499 ,261 · to 702,309, or 40.7 per cent gain. To keep pace with this great influx of new citizens, new schools are being built as well as additions to present plants . . Arizona, and especially southern Ari­ zona, offers added inc entiv e to seekers of sunshine and health. During the en­ tir e school term children play in health­ giving sunshine. . Some schools have the inno vation , "outdoor classrooms" where side walls are rolled away and the ad ­ vantages of th e great outdoors are brought into th e classrooms . Th e sam e fin e climat e which encour­ ages a year-round participation in rec­ reation and health also provides the best atmospheric condition for astronomical observation. At th e University of Ari­ zona, th e Steward Observatory on the campus en joys a consecutiven ess of ob­ servation such as is rarely found else­ wh ere. Th e world fam ed Lowell Ob­ servatory at Flagstaff in northern Ari ­ zona, whil r, not a part of ihe school sys­ tem, is ind eed a univ ersity in itself. Many astronomical discov eries have been mad e th ere, among th em the first re­ cording of the new planet , Pluto. The fa vorable high altitud e of Flagstaff at 7,250 f eet, with clear steady air has Pho enix Junior College, a part of the Pho enix Union High School System, zs hous ed zn a group of beautiful buildings on a 30-acre campus. proven an ideal spot for telescopic ob­ servation. Is it any wond er that fam ilies from all sections of this nation are drawn to Arizona through her fin e school sys­ tem and un su rpassed climatic conditions? Arizona , th e youngest state, is at th e dawn of a new era in progr ess. H er fu­ II e tur e gives great promise. Th e new Pho enix Junior College , a part of th e college year opened on th e almost-completed new Pho eni x Union High School System, was built in th e campus. northw estern section of the city overlooking Enc anto Phoenix Junior College had an enrollment of 850 The beauty of Phoenix Junior College is enhanced by modern archit ecture. Park in 1939. Th ere are six main buildings of mod ern students during the 1939-1940 term, and up to that arc hit ectural design which plan to meet th e growing time had graduat ed 1,279 pupils. The school became a Training program. And thousands of men and women cal and that it offers th e greatest opportunit y to the enrollm ent . The 1940 graduating class numbered 205 . member of the North Central Association of Colleges now in the service received specialized preliminary train­ grea test numb er of students. Th e school offers two years The Pho enix Junior College was organized in 1920,· and Secondary Schools in 1928. That year it also was ing and in stru ction on the campus. But at th e sam e of coll ege work accepted by the mo re than three hun- when it had an enrollm ent of 15 students, and its plant recognized by a n ew College law · passed by the State time , und er th e watchful ey es of E. W. Montgomery , dred fifty institutions of higher learning which com- consisted of two cottages on the Phoenix Union High Leg islature making it possible for the college to attain president of th e Pho enix Union High School Syste m , prise the North Central Association of Colleges and Sec.- - School campus. By 1929 th e students and faculty had legal status. It · •holds membership in the American and H. B. Wyman , Dean of th e rnllege , thoughts were ondar'.Y Schools, and in addition, thi s work is accepted moved into a new building at Seventh and Fillmore Association of Junior Colleges and the Southern Cali­ kept on the "long view," which of cours e involv es pr e­ by practically all other colleges east and west. Streets. It was soon apparent that even this building fornia Junior College Association. paring young m en and women to play th eir part s as This school ha s given aviati on . training to 1,233 would not long hou se the rapidly growing student body , Classes, instead of_ b\jii::tg of th e traditional lectur e intelligent Am erican citizens in a world that will not trainees. Th e majority of these people have ent ered the and as ear ly as 1935 th e board of education bega n to type are designed instead · upon the class discussion forever be at war. Th erefor e, the basic structur e of the ar med forces, as in stru ctors or as combat pilots . Th e make plans for further expansion. Thre e years later , method. It offers a full time program of educational, curriculum ha s been kept carefully intact , and now , enroll ees were qua rtered in th e large gymn asium and fed the board decided to take advantage of the assistance cultural and recreational activities . as always, stud ents may prepare th emselves either for in th e cafeteria , und er direct charge of army personnel. being offared by the federal government; a bond issue Phoenix Junior College is justly proud of the part advanced work in any of th e American univ ersities or Durin g the earl y stages of this training some wom en was approved by the voters to share a part of the cost, it has played in the war program. Two years before for imm ediat e entranc e into a busin ess career. were enroll ed who are now in some phase of aern nauti ­ and construction of the new campus on Thomas Road Pearl Harbor hundreds of pilots -to-be were receiving The Phoeni x Junior ·College is plann ed with the idea . cal act ivit y connected with th e war effort, even mem­ began imm ediate ly . Less than a · year later th e new ground school and flight training in th e Civilian Pilot in mind that a comprehensive junior college is economi- bers of the ·women 's Ferry Command .

T we lve Thirie en Arizona Schools 1871--after the legislature had struck out most of the revenue provided . It was simple but effective and formed the basis of all later school laws of the te:rritory. The governor said, "The measure was the best that could be secured and had to be accepted as it was." The first free public school in Arizona under this new law was a "school for boys" opened in Tu cson on the "second Monday of March in 1871." John A. Spring · was the teacher and the building was a long adobe structure of one room and only Mother Earth for a floor. Two boys were delegated to use a "sprink­ ling pot " to keep the dust down. Homemade desks and benches built together constituted the school furniture. In an interesting pap er of rem iniscences concerni~ this first schoo l, which is on file in the museum of the Arizona Pioneer's Historical Society at Tucson, Mr. Spring had this to say regarding th e furnitur e: "The best feature of th ese desks, which were calculated to seat , each, three large or four middle-sized boys or fiv e or six toddlers, was their absolute solidity. However, if you tak e into consideration that the law admitted boys that boys The Gila Junior Colle{(e at Thatcher was founded in 1891 by the Mormons. from the age of six to twenty-one years, and varying in size anywhere from three to six fe et did fr equent the school, you will readily admit that the uni­ form size of the combination desks was rather an in­ convenience, as well as their highly d eveloped pro­ pensity for shedding splinters." A hundred boys enrolled at this school on the first day , and at the end of the third day there were 138 pupils. One is stunned at th e gigantic task confronting the teacher of 138 boys , to say nothing of their different sizes. But this was only one of many difficulties , for Mr. Spring furth er added in this reminiscence: "Of all these boys, of whom a few show ed alr eady a forth­ coming beard , while others could barely manage to climb upon the b ench es, not one could express himself intelligently in th e En glish languag e." And the Board of Trust ees ex pected him to t each exclusiv ely in English! He stated that about five or six understood a little English while "about twe11ty boys, ranging in age from thirte en to sixteen years, were in attendance who had been to school in Mexico or had r eceive d private l es­ sons in Spanish fairly well and even had a sufficient knowledge of ar ithm etic to th e extent of perhaps mak­ ing a long division. Of fraction s none knew anything." Even obtaining the ages of th ese boys was a difficult job, according to Mr. Spring , for "although th ey almost invariably knew where they were born , they had a very limit ed knowledge as to wh en . It soon became evident that th e most familiar landmark (if I may so call it) of their par ents' r eckoning was "el tiem po del colera" in Sonor a. From that terrible period (185Z), when the population of Sonora was r educ ed abo ut on e-half by Phoenix Technical School, formerly Arizona Vocational School, features Trade and industrial education. the cholera, they seemed to reckon th eir births and First located at Safford as St. Jos eph's Stake Academy, it was moved in deaths , speaking of it as a historian would of the French 43 years und er La ttr'r-Dar Saints , the 1892 to Thatch er. In 1 933, after Revolution." school became a county junior college with religious subjects eliminat ed. Each boy brought his story from home as to his age. "On e boy , after consulting with his moth er, re­ llll sponded 'Mother says that at the time of the cholera I was still a baby at her breast.' Another stated , 'Father says that I was born a few months before th e first people died of the cholera.' Still another 'At th e time DIX C I l C I of the cholera they gave me my first burro to ride.'" The Phoenix Technical School, formerly called Ari­ The Phoenix Technical School is one of thirty -two the basis of their reck­ Another event -tha t served as . zona Vocational School , is the trade and industrial unit approved schools cooperating with the Air Service Com­ Pesqueir a." But this was onings was "the revolution of of the Phoenix Union High School and Junior College mand, providing instruction to civilian employees , and uncertain period; according to Mr. an exceedingly System and is a bona fide t echnical and industrial insti­ has done a tremendous job in national d efense war pro ­ ther e wer e "twenty -three Pesqu eira Spring's account tution offering training in the following subjects: Elec­ duction training courses. The Off-reservation training lutions that took place within the space of about revo trical Construction , Sheet Metal Work , Refrigeration program for the Air Service Command is done with air­ eight een years ." and Air Conditioning , Radio Repair and Maintenance , craft which has seen service in training and battle. But the ages were all fin ally settled by some m eans Arc and Acetylene Welding, Auto Mechanics , Aircraft They includ e P 38's, P 40's, PT 16's, AT 6 's and and the school started on its way. The teacher had an Motor Mechanics, Aircraft Maintenance , Service and Re­ AT 9's. average attendance of 78 per cent and his first task pair , Auto Body and Fender Reconditioning , Auto Paint -" The enrollm ent for the 1943-44 school year was to try to impr ess on this varied assortm ent of pupils was ing , Mech anical and Architectural Drafting , Commercial Z,085, and since Jul y 1, 1940, to date , the enrollment the nec essity of coming to school on time and that they Dr essmaking , Machine Shop and Printing . on the W ar Produ ction Training Program is 14 ,474. should come washed , combed and brushed. Mr. Spring The evening extension courses are for those indi­ The Phoenix T echnical School makes it possible for states, "this last was the hardest struggle but fairly good viduals who are employed and interest ed in upgrading any boy or girl to obtain high school graduation and in­ results were attained after some months when a few training in the fields of industry and distribution . Ap­ dustrial training ~hat will qualify them for employment boys had been taken to the school well to perform their proximately seventy separate courses are offered. and m any opportunities for advancement. morning ablutjons under my personal assistance.'' (Continued on Page 29) Fifteen In the second panel of th e Ap ache series on the walls of the Arizona Department of Library and Archives, two braves crouch behind saguaro­ , and rocks. watching hve signal smokes warning of the approach of enemy soldiers mounted on hor ses. Pictured is Signal Mountain south of Globe. The Apaches . are dressed in battle array, breech clouts and war bonnets, interesting in that they are so different from any other tribe's. Instead · of a great array of feathers o~ the crown and trailing '-down the back almost to the ground, as was the regulation head dress of the Sioux, they have only a small leather skull cap with a tuft of owl . feathers sticking up in the center . The originals of these bonnets may be seen in the Heard Museum in Phoenix. The warriors carry bows and arrows, which were deadly accurate at short range. Similar bows and arrows may be seen in the Heard Museum and in the University of Arizona Museum at Tucson. Visitors to the Department of Library and Archives will flnd much besides the Datus murals of interest; but inasmuch as these outstanding works of art supply the central theme of the present article, other distinguishing features will be sketched but briefly and for the purpose of providing a setting for the jewel. Authorized in 1937, built in 1 938 and occupied in April. 1939, it completes and forms the west stem of the letter H by which the capitol's overall form is inost accurately described. Its architecture, the work of Orville A. Bell, is modifled Renaissance and ,ts four-storied walls of native granite and tufa match, except for certain modernizations, those of older portions of the building ~ Among the many features which lend distinction to the quarters of the Department of Library and Archives, hrst in order of importance, though perhaps not the most obvious · to the a;erage casual visitor. is the unusual ·interior arrangement and equipm_eni. For convenience ol access, completeness and adaptability to the purpose for which designed -factors which make for efficiency of operation and economy of admin­ istration-it is believed that no library plant in the country, whatever - its size, can boast superiority. This is largely due to the intensive study and careful planning begun by Director Mulford Winsor. head of the Department since March 18. 1932, long before he was assured of new ·quarters. An attraction of much mterest to visitors is the crescent shaped walnut charging counter which extends nearly the full width of the , wide front office and houses an ingeniously contrived card catalogue, accessible to patrons , of the contents of the Department's several libraries. It serves also as an auspicious introduction to the main reading room, which is reached through a bronze grille door and carpeted passageway . ofnclent Oivillzati.on of prehistoricpeople with a primitive, but pro9ressiveculture.

I Visitors to the Arizona Department of Library and Archives have said that Jay Datus years ago, inhabited the great Southwest. living on the plains, in the valleys and high in o( Northern Arizona al Flagstaff, Heard Museum. Pueblo Grande, Arizona Mus~um , c:#'lizona has produced an "epic in oils," referring to the murals which _adorn the library foyer and the cliff walls and atop 1 precipitous cliffs, as the time and occasion demanded, for security, the Department of ,Library and Archives Museum~ all in Phoenix~ and at the Univeri main office on the third Hoor of the capitol in Phoenix. health and happiness. - . of Arizona Museum at Tucson, examples -of these types may be seen . · 'In the paintings the rnuralist has emphasized periods rather than events, types rather than The mural "Ancient Civilization" pictures a composite view of life in the civilization , 0 The Indians shown here are carrying on their daily work in their cliff dwelling un !Pagsanf tndividuals, the character of people rather than of persons, the collective achievements of centuries , .. ~ore the white man's discovery ~f the North American continent, where existed an overhanging shelf of rock. Farther down in the valley a communal house is situa men and women who never gained ,fame but who did their parts faithfully and well, rather a people sting a well advanced culture . on a knoll. Pueblo Grande is a ruin of this type of dwelling -, and the modern counter~ than the roles of any one or a few of them. Six hu red and fifty years ago, and, according to some authorities, several" centuries would be the Hopi pueblos in. the northern part of the state. The large building in The nameless characters, denizens of a prehistoric day, _Indians, Conquistadores, mission­ earlier, th o-ho-kams ( those who have gone before) lived in this territory, ~nd during the valley near the irrigation canal is a compound. _ of !.P'7og'7c:1:i aries, trappers, trailblazers, prospectors, mountainmen, miners, muleskinners, soldiers, colo­ period of t 'eir occupation of the land achieveJ complex feat; of construction and crafts- In the panel "Missionary Era" the artist p,~sents the second important era - the com nists, range folk, forerunners of reclamation - builders of Arizona -~ all these are the actors minship. The artist depicts them as of great skill in engineering and artistic projects . · of the Spaniards - the Conquistadotes to exploit the land and Indians, · and the padres in the "Arizona Pageant of Progress." ,Undoubl:\'dly the two greatest problems facing these people were defense and an adequate impa,t their faith and learning to the natives. The Conquistadores took much and g1 With few tools, and - poor ones, to .work with, these forerunners of today used well what . food and water supply. The first was solved by ~aking their houses fortresse~-· To solv~ the little: but to the great Jesuit and Franciscan fathers who came to this territory endeavor they had, gouged deeply and carved a state. The library murals signify the · importance other they built vast irrigation systems o-f which the artist · found ready evidence at Pueblo · to spread their faith, we owe a debt of gratitude, for it was they who laid the 'groundw By GUY L. JACKSON and depict the physical attributes of the types and groups that laid the foundations of Grande, ea;t of Phoenix, and throughout the Salt River . Valley and the state . for the present-day civilization . , Ari;ona and whose descendants constitute the bulwark of the future . The seated squaw at the . right of the panel is engaged in decorating a shallow dish . Of When the theme of the murals was still in a nebulous state. Datus made an outline In arriving at the various units to be represep.ted in the primary theme of the murals the other types .of pottery made and used by the Ho-ho-kams there was plain red ware . Dead­ Arizona's history. At this time it was thought -to make the murals a series of importi"-nt I artist delved deep into the prehistoric and ancient civilizations which, many hundreds of man's black on ·white and black on gray, red and brown and polychrome. _ At the Museum torical events and in«idents. This was discarded in favor of building the murals about I OfestwarJtlz.e coune of empireattri::.cteJ a harJI/ rac e.

Pueblo Grande, Arizona Museum and torical ;lraracters, and then, after add itional discussio ns, it was decided _to make the theme if he_ found anything worthwhile. If the IRnd was of real importance Estevan was to send wh ile that we have tod ay was begun by these hard y men and wome n. Perhaps their dreams ,II in Phoenix - and at the University of the type ot historical character that built Arizona. The only two ligures in the mural back a very large cross. ,l of the future served as an anae~thesia for the privations they endured; at any rate, some­ 0pes may be seen. which represent delinite persons are the two at the right ~f the Missionary .panel. The Fran­ On his trek north Estevan gathered a Harem of Indian women, which was not the lea st thing sustained them while they climbed the rough uphill grade to make Arizona a worth ­ 1ily work in their cliff dwelling und er ciscan father is Fray Marcos de Niza, the lirst whit e man to enter Ar izona. Beside him is of his peculiariti es. A t some pl_ace he se ured a ce;emonial ~attle, which the Indi ans used while pla ce in which to live. valley a communal house is situate d Estevan, the Moor, the first European to ente r Ar izona. The cen tral priest in the pa_inting, to give safe conduct to their runners. Mos tribes respected the token and would not attack Between the pioneering era and our modem Arizona the years have brought the culmin a­ 1 dwelling, and the .modem counterpat t worn and lean with ·long marches over desert and mountain, stands for all the brave men a runn er with a rattle, and Estevan, knowing the prot ective qualiiies of his rattle , was never tion of what those pion eer leaders may have -visualized. With he; scen ic attraction s and wonder­ ' ii : the state. Th e large bu ilding in the who suffered for their ideals and faith. The other priests typ ify the kindl y zea-1 with which without it. H e wore silver bells on his clo•'.hes, which · mad e a tremendou s impression on .th e ful climat e, known around the wotld, rich in natural resources , the scene of agricultural the padre s attended to the bodi ly and spiritual wants of their Indi an charges. Looming natives; but in spite of his rattle, Est ev) was killed before the Z uni villages which he and indu strial ach ievement, Arizona s~ems secure. the second importan t era - the· coming behind this grour is the arrogant and greedy conqueror with the proud banner of Cas tile thought to be the Seven Golden (:ities jf Cibola. Anthropologists unearthed his skeleton But here agajn the artist accords to character its rightful place. Thi s painting expresses land and Indians ,· and the padres to billowing in his wake. , ther e from under a huge pile of rocks in rclcent . years. . ' the forward. surge of a peop le not conten t with laissez /aire. It depicts the optimism and Conquistadores took muc4 and gave ·Esteva n, with two other men, accord ing to on,a version of the • story, was ship wrecked _on As the mural series progressed it becafte app aren t 'that the research was mu ch easier . hope ' of the true Arizonan and American . A large phoenix bird, wings spread, serves as a who came to this territory endeavor ing the coast of- what is now T exas, near . Galvest;n, when his boat becam e sepa rate d from From records available it ~as plai ~ to t e researcher that the pioneer era centers around decorativ e backgrou nd - the new civilization rising from _the ashes of the old. it was they who laid th e ground work one of D e Soto's expe ditions . into the Gu lf of Mex ico from Florida. Th e Moor made his the family, for it was the coming o_f m n with their wives arid childr en that made the Two verda nt trees, their luxurian ce suggesting abund ance · won from the dese rt, stand one way on foot to Durango, whe re he was taken into slavery until Fray Marcos, in Mexico greatest change in . the character of this J,er iod, With families linding their way into the at either end. Between, modem figures, men and women, representing important phases of ulous state, Datus made an outline o( City, heard of him and on his way north in 1539, seeking the Seven Cities of Cibola, territory real homes could be built and sense of permanenc e gave th e pioneer men an the Ar izona scenery, appear in _serried ranks as if on the instant surmount ing the summit of e the mura ls a series of importi"nt his- liberated ·him and hired him as a guide. They traveled together as far north as Metape, incen tive for more determined developme t. With familie s to care fot they esta~ lished law a hill. Leading the procession, a young man and young woman, with join ed hand ( heads 1vor of building the mural s'. about his- Mexico, .where Estevan was sent ahead with others to send back to Fray Marcos a cross a~d or.der, built town s, cities, schools, d g mines, made farms; in _fact, every thing worth up, faith, purpose and de.termination implicit in their faces, march into the future. They ..J1oJern6ra Over tke kei,qkts;akeaJ tke l_anJof opporfunibJ..

seem actually to step over the arch above the doorway and into the very room. po tenti al document collection contai nin g the publications and reports of the United Sta tes govern­ A highly important service is made possible by what is known as the general reference authors of tomorrow's progress, maker s of tomorrow 's history . ment and of the several sta tes, territories and insular possessions. and a well stoc ked l egis­ collection. Th is group of approximately a thousand volum es is selected with the view to The Department of Libra ry a nd Arch ives has a s pec ialized library of more than 200,000 lative reference library maintained in coi,nection with the State Legislative Burea u. giving the answer to every q uest ion. volumes ava ilabl e to the publi c, eac h collect ion hou sed in i ts own quarters in steel stacks Another major division, known as th e A ri2ona Hi story and Archives Division, as well as Perhaps the most striking and also the mos t u sed collection is the one designated as or book shelves, beginning on the second an d extending through the thi rd and fourth stories, special collectio ns perta ining to American history and b iograp hy , genea logy a nd general "Arizoniana,'.' which pe rtains exclus ively to Ar izona history. It con tains mo re than 6,000 wit h mezzanine Jloors reached by conveniently loca ted stack stairways doubling the capac ity reference, is housed in the sout hern section of t he building. volum e~ A prominent 1 featu re of this collect ion is the most complet e Rle in existence of of. each story. The genea logical ' collection, housed in a room of its own, enjoys a large patronage , for early Arizona newspape rs. The government division embrac~s the state's most comprehensi~e law library, a mammoth a great many Arizona citizens are genealog ically mind ed. Numerou·s winte r visitors a lso ava il themselves of the facilities of this section: In another panel of the Apache series a party of raiders plans an ambush of a covered wagon train-a scene enacted many times during , Arizona's "dark and bloody days" of the '7o's and 'so's. This is the harsh note struck in the third panel of the four. The attire of the renegades, typical of Geronimo's men. is terrifying; where ·others thus clothed would look only ridiculous . Indeed, everything about the Apache warriors of the time was terrifying. The Apaches tattooed their faces in dark blue geometrical designs. Their foreheads and chins were some- • times painted in other bright colors. The eyebrows were plucked out. giving a ferocious expression; their hair hung loose beneath gaudy head-bands and the men wore eagle feathers in it on important occasions . The face of the ' standing brave is adorned with war paint-thre~ horizontal lines of blue. His rifle is of the period and he carries extra cartridges between the fingers of his free hand-,._n old Apache custom­ in order that he may more rapidly fire his single shot rifle. The Apaches had more than one way in which they painted their faces . Profe;sor Frank C. Lockwood in his book "The Apache Indian" _.,. tells of blue paint that was o"ften used for war-paint, and many photo­ graphs in McClintock' s history show the difl'erent methods of applying it. The standing brave in the Apache panel to the ;ight of the Pioneer panel shows one of the designs for war-paint most commonly used­ three horizontal lines of blue paint on each cheek. • When the tribe was sore pressed and forced to make a la.st-ditch stand they used another type of face painting. They covered the whole face with black paint and smeared vermilion paint on their hair. The _ efl'ect was terrifying-which was the intention of the hideous application. Research on the ·Apache Indians was in some respects easier than for the ancient Indians. The artist was able to secure first-hand infor­ mation about them, in some cases from the Apaches themselves. On the other hand there has not been much collected about them i; museums because they are a comparatively recent people, and their nomadic habits make them difficult to know. For example. the information that Belvado and Mike Nelson, the ex-Apache scouts. gave concerning the use of the smoke signals did not agree fully with reliable information Mr. Winsor had collected from authentic sources. During the conference the Apaches indicated . that they \vere not on friendly terms with other branches of the Apache tribe becaus e of slightly difl'erent customs and accents. From this the conclusion was drawn that Nelson and Belvado would have been in a position to know smoke signals only of their own branch of the tribe . · The meaning of the smoke signals was determined to carry in general thjs significance: One smoke means "attention"; two smokes inqicate a peaceful camp near by; three smokes. "danger"; many smokes ( more than three) means "great danger, gather for defense or attack." ,, Of interest in connection with the Apache Smoke Signal panels is the representative exhibit of Arizona arts and crafts, both primitive and modern. Archaeological artifacts, historical relics and other objects of interest pertaining to the state may be seen. and are being added to constantly. A particularly interesting phase of this work is the exhibit of the crafts of Arizona Indians, the personal collection of Edwin S. Curtis, author of the famous and highly authoritative work in twenty volumes. "North American Indians." This collection. gathered on Arizona reservations in 1909 by Mr. Curtis, also contains three large portfolios of Mr . Curtis' extraordinary photographic studies of Arizona Indians. the physical properti es were built i~ some measur e with the pace of the increasing enrollm ent. From its initial enrollment of ninety-nine pupils in 1895 the school had grown to an enrollment in 1939 of 5,400 student s, with a graduating class tha :t year of 890. It was found necessary to build another school plant and in 1939 the North Phoeni x High School opened with 1,500 students on their thirty -acre campus in a complement of beautiful, modernly equipped buildings. The Carver High School for color ed students , erected in 1926, is on a separate campu s. The large Reserve Offi cer Training Corps unit 1 s a combination of th e Phoeni x Union High School S ys­ tem , with a regim ent from Pho enix Union and on·e from North High , and a compan y from Carver. These three high schools last year gave instruction to 5,500 students in 2,2, carefully organized courses . Courses varying from Art and Agriculture through College Preparatory , Pr e-induction to specific Trad e Ti ·aining by the choice of the stud ent . The Phoenix schools w ere selected by the Unit ed Stat es Office of Edu cation as on e of the 25 school sys­ tems to be known as Int er-Am eri can D emonstration Cen ­ ters. Again this year through club and class activiti es by means of assemblies, movies and radio , the story o f Latin America was pr esented to students and citizen s. As the Phoenix Union High School System has re­ organized for war a ctiviti es and training in this period uf supr eme struggl e, so will it b e ready for the post-war period , when many of it s boys and girls will return to train for life and peac e in a better world. The new gymnasium seats 3,500 for basketball games and 5 ,000 for concerts. Phoenix Union is one of th e nation's larg er high schools. Tw elve maior buildings are spread o ver a b eautifull y landscaped 30-acre campu s.

Th e flhqenix U11ion Hi[f.h Sr:/w, l in its half century of e:.istence has fJrown from one room ta a plant covering more than eight city blacks.

I'll I ol Pho enix Union High School for many y ears has The rapid rise and growth of the · school w as evident maintained l eader ship among the second ary schools of in that early period, for after two years the building th e nation, Thi s has been done by a farsighted admin­ was remodeled with an addition on th e north end . In istration. assisted by a competent staff of t eachers and 1895 the school was organized as the Phoenix Union specialist s, Est ablished pre vious to 1895 as a part of the High School district , and it now has twelve major build­ city school system, it was given a room in Central School ings including a huge stadium seating 10,800, and a building wh ere it remained two years , wh en th e Chur­ new gymnasium s eating 3,500 for basketball games and chill r esidence on Fifth and Van Buren Streets was pur­ over 5,000 for concerts . chas ed for $15,000 and converted into a school building. · From its beginning the strides have been great and

Tw enty -six ArizonaSchools It took a strong character to · cope successfully with the diverse and complicated problems of teaching on the frontier in situa tions of this kind; but John A. Spring was just such a character. Born in Switzerland, he was a traveler and a man of many interests. Like many others that followed or were contemporary with him in the profession in Arizona during the early years of this state's schoo ls, he was not only a strong cliaracter but an unusual and gifted one as well. Besides teach­ ing in a very creditable manner and following other inter ests, he found time to send specimens of geologic formations, flora and birds to the Smithsonian Insti ­ tut e and other places. ~ut as early a pioneer as he was in the teaching pro­ fession in Arizona, Mr. Spring did not have the dis­ tinction of being the teacher of the first public school in the territory , for thi s honor was held by Augustus Brichta twelve years before-away back in 1859. Mr. Brichta's school was in Tucson and had fifty-five pupils, all of whom were Mexican boys. He "taug ht six months, two of which were without compensation." The revenue for this school was raised either by con­ tribution or a sma ll local assessment. This assessment had been made possible but not compu lsory by previous · egislatures. In this regard Governor Safford said : "I found that several previous legislatures had enacted school laws , but in none had any positive provisions been made to sustain public schools, it having been left optional with schoo l trustees and county boards of super­ visors to levy a school tax or not. The result was that no m eans were provided , and no schools were organized." Apparently, the only exceptions to this were the schools of Mr. Brichta and the later school of Mr. Rogers in Prescott that was open at th e time Safford came to Arizona. · Brichta had come to Arizona from New York when he was a small boy and aft er this year's teaching was In 1939 tho new North Phoeni x High School opened with an enrollm ent of 1 ,500 in the army, was interested in mining , helped fight stud,mts. The school's 30-acre campus fronts b eautiful Encanto Park. It s strikingl y Indians , was a county officer and clerk of the territorial modern buildings are greatly enhanced by extensive landscaping . Sho wn on the legislature. He had become one of Tucson's distinguished opposite page is a night view of th e North Phoenix High Auditorium entranc ewa y . pioneers by the time he died at the age of eighty-five . Under the provisions of the school law of 1871, Gov­ ernor Safford appointed the probate judges of each county as ex-officio cou nt y schoo l superintendents, and he help ed in every way to give the law a good working start. Not­ withstanding the inadequate means of travel and the hostile Indians, he visited every part of the territory and encouraged the people to help in his crusade for schools. The sight of the governor riding a horse and all alone in some remote district was not an uncommon one. He secured a donation of school books each year from rt I a liberal publishing house in New York, and he gave these books to the schools and to chi ldren who could not North Phoenix High School was built in 1939 to officials and centers around the functioning of a student buy them. Two _dozen Ollendorf's Grammars were pr e­ relieve the crowded condition at rapidly expanding Phoe­ court to which cases are referred by teachers and stu ­ sented to John Spring's school when it was opened, and nix Union High School. A thirty-acre tract was pro­ dent officers. other schools likewise so benefited by this provision. cured in the northern section of the city. Its six large Academic work at North High is planned to coordi­ In the summer of 1872, Mrs. L. C. Hughes opened modern buildings are beautifully landscaped and form nate entire ly wit h that which is offered by the other the territory's first public school for girls in Tu cson, a U with an expansive courtway of green lawns facing high scho : 1s in the system. With the same patrons, and on the fifth of September in the same year a public . the Phoenix Country C lub . The bui ldin gs consist of an board of education and superintendent, North High ex­ school was opened in Phoenix. J. D. Daroche was the Auditorium , Liberal Arts Building , Science Building , pects to offer approximate ly the same courses of study first teacher and the school was held in the court room Cafeteria and H eating Plant , Gymn asium and Stadium. at the same time as the other schools . In this way , it of the first court house there - ~ long adobe building. the latt er s eating 3,000 spectator s. In apticipation of would be possible for North High and Phoenix Union Daroche taught but a short time and was succeeded by larger crowds for more important gam es, Phoenix students to change schools without loss of credit or time. J. Parker, who taught only a month when he was dis­ Union 's hug e downtown stadium is used. Due to the prevalent sunshine in Southern Arizona charged. Then , according to the minutes of a trustee Like its par ent school , Phoenix Union High School , throughout the school year , students enjoy an added ad­ meeting , the clerk was "instructed to correspond with North High is a big school and prior to th e war , when vantage in daily health-giving recreat ion periods when Governor Safford relative to the emp loyment of a fe­ many of it s young men answered th e call , the enrollment they may participate in various forms of recreation on male teacher ." But W. A. Glover was finally secured was rapidly increasing. In 1944 , it had 1,960 stucle.nts their separate playgrounds-the boys wearing only to finish out this troublesome term. After this for ·sev- enro lled. short s and the girls , play suits. Aside from the educa­ . eral terms women served as teachers, each ending her tional advantages career after a year or so by marrying some Phoenician. The two buildings which house classrooms were con­ offered at these schools, there is the "The first regularly built public school structure in structed with the encl in view of making the most of added incentive of health-giving activit ies which at­ tracts many fam .Arizona" was a building erected in Phoenix and . occu- · Arizona 's enviable sunshine . . Full of windows . the bui ld-. ilies to the Valley of the Sun. pied on November 8, 1873, according to the September ings provide the maximum of cross ventilati~n. The girls at North High hav e their own drill com­ panies anGI.play in the North High School band. Thes e 3, 1893, issue of the Arizona Daily Gazette, published North Phoenix High School's government, as well units have consistently made high ratings in the ann ual m Phoenix. ·There were forty pupils . The building as that at Phoenix Union , is based on student-elected inspections by ranking Anny officers. ( Continued on Page 30)

Twenty -eight ·r1zoIii cost about $1,000 and $400 in lumber was donated by of some of the children ; ·and sums up the source ··of most a prominent Phoenician who wished to make a good of his troubles in the fact that , "Prescott has filled up impression on ·the young school teacher . The donation with people of all grades, from the most ignorant Ar­ must have had some results for she married him at the kansas family to San Francisco hoodlums." end of the school term . "School opens Monday . S. H. Wildy, teacher." This The year of 1873 was also an important one in was the curt comment carried in the Arizona Silver Belt other parts of Arizona, for schools were established at of Globe on January 3, 1879. In addition to showing Florence , Ehrenberg and Yuma. People all over the how late in the winter the school started, this item also territory were beginning to see the necessity for schools. shows that the school was becoming an established and Some were getting downright enthusiastic about schools, unquestioned institution in the mining camps by that and this element was soon to predominate and set the time. The territory had 890 school children that year. standard for Arizona's future in education . The proportion of American women and children iu Also in 1873 Governor Safford brought Miss Maria the territory had not been large •up to this time, for the Wakefield and Miss Harriet Bolton from California to uncertainties of life and livelihood had kept it a man's teach at Tucson. He also persuaded Professor Mos es country ; but there were many brave women who had H. Sherman to leave his native Vermont and take over come along with their men to seek freedom, livelihood the school at Prescott. It is said that the Governor sent or fortune, and the 1880's were to see more of these. lV[r. Sherman the money from his own pocket to come . It was in the 1880's that school officials found And it was in Prescott this same year that Mr. Sherman the rapid growth of en rollment one of their major prob­ set up the first graded school in Arizona. lems . School hollSes seemed alwa~·s too small. The But the revenue provided was not enough and the legislature of 1879 created the office of Territorial Su­ Governor was continually ·urging the legislature to spenJ perintendent of Public Instruction. By 1880 the school more on the schools. The legislature of 1873 wisely made enrollment had increased to ten times that of 1873, and the Governor the first superintendent of public instruc­ tl·.u ~ were 101 teachers. Th ere was continually the tion , and in 1875 it provided for the first school census. probkrn of a,lditional space, and this same problem has By this time there were nine teachers employed in [-Prsisted down to the present time. School trustees of the territory "and almost every district had free today are in the habit of building for a definite period , schools." allowing ample room for the estimated growth of the The first school established in Coconino County . school during this time, and then seeing the enrollment and probably the first in northern Arizona, was opened grow by leaps and bounds so that, in two or three or in 1874 at Lee 's Ferry; but it was not until 1883 that several years, the building space must be more than Flagstaff had a school. One pupil who attended Flag ­ doubled. Is there any wonder that Arizona is known staff's first school in th e little log house was Henry F. as a state of many new and large school buildings? Ashurst, later to becom e U. S. Senator from Arizona. M. H. Sherman of the Prescott school had become Although the schools were taking root fast and well, the territory's second superintendent of public instruc ­ the teachers still were having their problems. Mr. Sher­ tion, and he issued his first report in 1881. In this man , in a letter to the board of trustees of the Prescott he urged that a longer school term be adopted. Stating school , gives a report of the difficult problems of disci ­ that three months was insufficient , he said the minimum pline encountered. This letter , dated May 23, 1877, in should be five months and he hoped some day a regu­ its original ' longhand and flowing capital letters, is i1~ lar six months term could be established . A total of the museum of the Arizona Pion eer's Historical Society . $44,627.73 was spent on schools that year , including And in it he tells of the .children throwing mud in the superintendent's salary of $2,000; and he was re­ school. He finally settled the matter by compelling quired by law to visit every school in the territory at two girls and five boys to make mud pies until they least once during the year. begged to quit. He speaks of the great amount of tardi­ Bisbee's first school opened in 1881 in a miner's shack ness , because the parents did not get up in time for the with a dirt floor and no windows. Slates were sold to children to get to school by nine o'clock. , the pupils at 75 cents each and pencils at 25 cents each. Very conscientious and frank in th1s report, he speaks i A Mexican boy was paid one dollar a month to deliver of lying awake many nights worrying over the conduct · each day a bucht of drinking water which he brought (Continued on Page 32) to the school on a burro. The school held Indian drills sim ilar to the fire drills of today . With statehood, in 1912, came many educational In the same year George C. Hall , principal of the achievements, among which were free te'.'t books and Tucson school, made his first report, in which he stated a tea·cher's retirement pension law. Arizona schools there were 280 enrolled in the public school , 450 in were now firmly established as modem and efficient. Catholic schools-and he deplor ed the fact that approxi­ In the 1920's it was the writer's privilege to know, mately 770 children of school age were not attending for many years, a frail, kind little man who lived in any school. Springerville, up in the White M~untains. of Apache But the 1880's saw great progress in the schools. Ex­ County. He was a Spaniard or Spamsh-Mexican, an old penditures for some years almost doubled that of the man and a pioneer known as "Judge" Gonzales. He had pr eceeding years . And by 1890 the total value of school been a freighter in the early days, had punched_ ~att~e, buildings was $268,435. Ther e were 187 school dis­ been in business, served as a capable county officia: m tricts, 219 schools, 240 teachers (whose average salary several departments and had served in the s~ate legisla­ was $77.00 per month) and the territory spent $177,- ture . Quiet, cultured, courteous and considerate, _he 843.83 t-hat year for schools. Th e average term was six talked little; but there was one achievement of which to seven months , with five as the minimum by law and he was modestly and rightfully proud-he was th_e a number of schools were being maintained nine ancl author of Arizona's free text book law . Perhaps, until even ten months of the year. So F~rish could truth­ the reading of this, hardly two score . people knew it; fully say: "No state or territory spends so much per but, like Jefferson, the "Judge" was proudest of what capita in th e education of its youth." he had done for education. The Territorial Legislature had moved the capital Thus with many interesting personalities and excit­ from Tucson back to Prescott in 1877. Tucson seemed ing eve~ts, the history of Arizona's educational system to have lost , for the time, some of its political influ ­ has brought it today to a general standing among the ence, for it was not only deprived of the seat of the states of second to none . With four other states it holds Territorial Government-which it grudgingly coveted top rating in the important matter of training of teach­ for a number of years-but also-in the political swap­ ers and certification standards. It ranks fifth in the ping - lost its fight for the T err itorial Prison which amount spent per pupil for buildings . This past school went to Yuma. ' year Arizona spent approximately $11,000,000 on sc~ools, Much in th e spirit of consolation for Tucson , th e which was $98.00 per child. Seven hundred and sixty­ Legislature passed a bill authorizing a Territorial Uni­ five high school teachers taught approximately 22,000 versity to be located in Tu cson when and if Tucson students, while the 2,464 elementary teachers taught should furnish the land for it within a specified time. an approximate enrollment of 90,000. Yet school ex­ However; Tucson seemed indifferent to this honor and penditures in Arizona total only 29.72 per cent of all asset . As a matter of fact , neither the city nor any governmental costs of the state. . ----~,t;~"'. . , group in it made any real effort to provide the land Correctional and rehabilitation schools are provided -·~_,..,.. '' ·_., necessary until th e time was almost up that had b een for crippled children and exceptionally good work is allotted in the authorization bill. being done at the State School for the Blind and Deaf - m· --.+ -r-- ~- ~ -· Finally, at th e eleventh hour , three public spirited at Tucson. i i' saloon proprietors and gamblers , B. C. Park er, E. B. Although no definite rating is given in this respect, - -~-r . rr.. I Gifford, and W. S. Reid "donated for the University Arizona is classed especially high in the efficiency of I j ~~I site" forty acres of desert land northeast of town. its "country schools ." A casual visit to one of these After these business men had saved the University one or two room schools will so convince anyone. rr by their gift of land and when various persons really Whether we enter the small school that is locat !ld ' ' ~ ' began to think of the actual possibility of a University among the saguaro cacti of the desert region, or the of Arizona , a cry went up from many Tucsonans that little school hidden deep in the tall pines of the moun ­ the site was_ too far from the city. Away out on th e tains , the one on the rocky hillside near a mining camp desert , it presented problems of transportation and in­ or the tiny structure out on the barren mesa-there conveniences in many respects. There was even a pos­ we find modern equipment and teaching methods com­ sibility of dang er from occasional bands of Apach es parable to any state's city schools. that approached the vicinity of Tucson. The many problems of the educators have narrowed But the University was formally organized in 1885 down to only two of a general nature: the education of according to the provisions of the authorization bill a migrant workers' children and the Spanish-speaking and building was constructed and on September 26, 1891, Indian children. But these are being aggressively and suc­ the University of Arizona formally opened with eight cessfully met by general efficiency and special methods. instructors and thirty-one students . Only nine students Th e education of Indian children in Arizona is under were of college rank, the remainder taking "p repara­ the jurisdiction of the Office of Indian Affairs. As of tory" courses which were equivalent to present day high June 30, 1943, there were 14,600 Indian children, six school courses. to eighteen years of age, in the state, of whom 8,406 Phoenix in 1897 was a city of 10,000; and White­ were enrolled in Indian schools. law Reid, spending a winter there, said that in Ari­ After high school the student may receive the best zona "one would find as many churches as in towns in college training, for there is the Phoenix Junior Col­ of corresponding size in Pennsylvania or Ohio , and lege at Phoenix , the Gila Junior College at Thatcher, probably more school houses." the excellent Teachers' Colleges at Tempe and Flag ­ In 1900 in Arizona 16,504 children were being taught staff, and the fine University of Arizona at Tucson. by 290 teachers and the territory was acquiring a place Frnm kindergarten to a Ph. D. degree one may travel in the nation's education that was not to be released. along the educational road in Arizona and be always Already it was becoming known for its high standards in good schools . required of teachers and the corresponding good pay . It is a far cry from one school, a dirt floor, mud­ "The Arizonans have an efficient school system and throwing and a condition of lawlessness, when teachers are proud of the fact. Make a note of this, for it proves had to teach with one hand and fight Indians with the the quality of the citizenship. The severe examinations other, when range wars and rich mines were of pri­ which the teachers are required to pass, and the high mary importance and schools were something else­ salaries uniformly paid, help to secure the best talent " it is a far cry from the Old Wild West, even in seventy so stated a publication in 1907. ' years, to the present modern development of the state Governor Kibbey said, at that time , that in Arizona and its excellent educational system. But that has been "there is scarcely a hamlet , no matter how isolated. Arizona's history in almost every line of endeavor. And which does not enjoy the facilities of a public school.'; as for schools-Arizona does not intend in the future to accept or be content with a second rating. - - - • • • ALHAM

In the 1880's school officials found the rapid growth of enrollment one of their maior proolems . ·school houses seemed always too smau. There was continually the problem of additional space, and this same problem persists down to the present time. The demand is being met.

...... ' ! . I • . . - '

. · ~ ' "' ...~, , .., ·. ;__~ ~,--,_ ·· ,. .· · ~ ;-

' "'- ' \ \ \

. . . ,., ;.,\\, '(, ··: ~- ·, ----\\\ ' ~ : -~ - . \~\'\\\ • ...... --.....-: -_~~-,.. ,.. ~.... ·...... --- •,.·\\\ :. . \' 'l'. '. __, .-.-.-,,, . :· ,. ' ...... ~

:-- '/ . " . . / ,. ; , "'c.. . , ; . ., "Civilization Follows the Improved Highway." Publi.shed monthly by the Arizona Highway Department m interest of good roads and devoted to the story of our land of room enough and time enough . All communications should be addressed to ARIZONAHIGHWAYS, Phoenix, Arizona. Sub­ scription rate, Two Dollars per · year . Single copy twenty-five cents. Printed by Prescott Courier , Prescott , Arizona . "EnteTed as second class matter at the post office Phoenix, Arizona, under the Act of March 3, 1879." The final panel pictures an Apache squaw and her bra~e shortly BERT CAMPBELL,EDITOR before the turn of the century . The Apaches were th~n almost at peace. In the smoke signal language two columns of smoke often meant removal to a new camping place, at once notifying friends of the change Vol. XX September , 1944 No.~ · and indicating approximate ly the new location. Thus the two smokes arising from the peak of Minera l Mountain, southeast of Florence SIDNEY P. OSBORN, G.ovERNOI\ Junction, may he interpreted to suggest not only a new camping ground but a new place for the Apaches in a new scheme of life. ARIZONAHIGHWAY COMMISSION This scene, ·appropriately, is a peacefu l one, showing in the center J. M . SMITH, Chairman Central, Arizona LOREN W. CRESS,Vice Chairman Flagstaff, Arizona background a primitive railroad train making its way westwa ,rd, and in H. O. PACE, Commissioner - - - - Casa Crande, Arizona the foreground, beside her buck. is introduced the only female figure of MARCELLN. FoRMAN, Commissioner - Yuma, Arizona the Apache series. The Apache squaw is clad in colors dear to the KENNETH L. HooPES, Commissioner - - Miami, Arizona heart of most native tribes-red, yellow and black. and is engaged '.in GENE EAGLES ------Chambers, Arizona putting the finishing touches on a good examp le of an Apache basket. Secretary and Personnel Director With the increase in settlers in Ariz~na following the 1849 gold A. R. LYNCH, Asst. Attorney General, Special Counsel rush westward, the Apaches were a continua l menace to the settlements BERNARD TOUHEY, STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER in Arizona. In the 185o's, for example, the citizens of Tucson were frequently victims of raiders who rode their ponies to the edge of the town. driving off livestock. ·· · A study of Arizona's state capitol building by Jerry McLain After many pleas to Washington by the people of the Ar izona ter· graces our front cover and a scene of the beautifully land­ ritory, several military camps. posts and forts were established , from scaped state house grounds by M. Campbell is on the back which the U. S. cavalrymen hunted the marauding Apaches. cover. The Kodachrome reproductions of the murals depicting Among the Apaches there was no exchange of messages by smoke the history of Arizona in this issue are by Rusty Davies. signals , the signalling being limited to one direction and the principal ·sign ailing being done by war or . raiding parties: The meaning of the Arizona Schools...... 2 signals would he agreed upon in advance and on different occas ions University of Arizona...... 5 would have different meanings. Arizona State College at Tempe...... 8 The Apache men usually carried a small pair of tweezers made from copper or wood, hung about their necks . With these they plucked Arizona State Co llege at Flagstaff ...... 10 the sparse beard which is an Indian characteristic, and sometimes their Phoenix Junior College ...... 12 eyebrows. _Students of ethno logy have often noted that primitive races Gila Junior Co llege...... 14 have a common urge to emphasize any characteristic that is natural to Aio High ; in th e cent er of c:,neof th e important mining districts in Arizona Phoenix Technical SchooL...... 15 them. Murals in Kodachrome, Ins ert ...... 17 Originally the muralist painted a pair of tweezers hung about the Phoenix Union High SchooL ...... 26 neck of the standing Apache. but they were so small as to be indistinct from a distance of twenty-five feet, so it was changed into a necklace ·. North Phoenix High SchooL ...... :. . 28 an ornarnent which the men also wore on occasions. Arizona High Schoo ls...... 30 W hen the first group of Spaniards met the Apaches and asked Arizona Elementary Schools ...... 34 them who they were, according to a story told by Warren Gassum. Apache Indian of Phoenix, the Apac hes were puzzled, because they GENERALOFFICE thought that anyone could see they were human beings. However. the Indians decided to be patient with the newcomers and exp lain to them R. C. Perkins - Deputy State Engineer all about themselves . They had understood the Spanish with their Maurice Goodwin Motor Vehicle Superintendent pantomiming and so they answered that one of them was an "~pa"­ Chief Accountant TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS-- W. W. White their word for "person"-but that altogether they ;ere "apa ,che." A W. F. Frerichs Director of Purchases Tim Underwood Superintendent of Equipment sound someth ing like "chay" is the Apache equivalen t to our plural Please send us your Chr ist mas Gift Subscriptions W. M . Murray Sup erintendent of Warehouses "es." Warren does not claim to be an eye witness to this, but he is . R. C. Kaster - Director of Priorities pretty sure il must have happened that way. as soo n a s pos s ible. Orders receive d early will E. H. Braatelien Patrol Superintendent be assured of deliv ery in time for Christmas. J. B. Robinson Postwar Planning Engineer J George Lang District Engineer . :··1 Subscriptio n price . • • Two dollars per year. Roy Holland District Engineer · · We will be u nable t o send gift notices this year. J. A . Parker District Engineer Ed Mays District Engineer ARIZONA HIGHWAYS E. V. Miller Engineer Plans and Surveys R. A. Hoffman Engineer Bridges and Dams ~~!& ~ Q.... ~ --.. Editor J. S. Mills Engine er Contracts and Specifications H. H . Brown - Engineer of Materials A. F . Rath Manager Planning Survey