Year 7 Medieval England: Knowledge Organiser

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Year 7 Medieval England: Knowledge Organiser Key Terms: Timeline of key events Anarchy - a state of disorder due to absence of 1102 – Matilda is born authority. 1114 – Matilda marries the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V Legitimate – the rightful next in line to take the 1120 – Matilda becomes the sole heir after the death of her brother throne William Influential - having great influence/impact on someone 1128 – Matilda married Geoffrey of Anjou (a powerful French noble) with or something whom she had three sons Oath of loyalty: is a formal promise, especially a 1135 - King Henry I dies, however, Matilda's cousin Stephen of Blois promise to be loyal to a person or country. immediately had himself crowned king. 1138 - King Stephen faces growing dissatisfaction from the Barons, which Arrogance: is when a person believes he or she is became open revolt. better than others are and knows more than everyone else 1139 - Matilda and her half-brother Robert of Gloucester landed in England to claim her throne from Stephen - England descended into civil war. Stephen and Matilda ‘The Anarchy’ 1135-1153 Feb 1141 - Stephen is captured at Lincoln. Matilda now controlled the What were the causes of ‘The Anarchy’? country. However, she is not crowned Queen because of her arrogance. She was unpopular amongst the Barons. Henry I had only 1 legitimate son William, however after William died in a sailing accident 1147 - Stephen was released in exchange for Robert of Gloucester. Civil war continued. Robert of Gloucester dies and Matilda returns to France. in 1120 leaving Henry’s only other legitimate Her son Henry continues the fight against Stephen. child as his daughter Matilda. Henry I made all of his court swear an oath of 1153 – Battle of Wallingford (no fighting takes place as the Barons on loyalty to her and her heirs on three separate both sides refuse to fight) This forces King Stephen and Henry to occasions. In 1135, Henry I died – The powerful negotiate a treaty. Barons ignored this. Dec 1153 – Treaty of Wallingford - saw Stephen could be king until he Stephen of Blois (Henry I’s favourite) nephew died but formally acknowledge Henry (Matilda’s son) as his successor. claimed that his uncle had changed his mind 1154 – Stephen dies. Henry (Matilda’s son) was crowned King Henry II in on his deathbed, recognising Stephen instead 1154. as his successor to the throne. .

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King Stephen's Reign
KING STEPHEN’S REIGN: A REASSESSMENT OF THE NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE HENRY FAIRBAIRN Introduction IT is well known that the English coinage, unified from the late tenth century under royal con- trol, fractured into a series of official, irregular and baronial coin types during the reign of King Stephen (1135–54). This was caused by the arrival from Normandy in 1139 of Henry I’s daughter Matilda and her half-brother Earl Robert of Gloucester, which precipitated a civil war that lasted until 1153. The last major study of the coinage of Stephen’s reign was under- taken by Mark Blackburn in 1994.1 Despite his masterful survey of the numismatic corpus as it existed in the early 1990s, the increasing popularity of metal-detecting has expanded the volume and variety of the present corpus of these coins significantly. Therefore, an analysis of these new coins and the implications of this upon our existing understanding of the period is needed just two decades on. Stephen inherited a strong, centralised and long-established monetary system. The late Anglo-Saxon kings from Athelstan onwards enshrined in law that only officially-struck royal coins were to circulate within the territories under their control and they ensured that imported foreign coin were converted into English coin at the mints.2 King Edgar’s reform of the coin- age in c. 973 saw a uniform design for all English coins. The obverse showed a standardised portrait of the king with his name around the circumference; the reverse displayed the name of the moneyer and the name of the mint.
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The Anarchy: War and Status in 12Th-Century Landscapes of Conflict
Book review article: ‘The Anarchy: War and Status in 12th century Landscapes of Conflict’ Chapter 2, Historical Outline and the Geog- raphy of ‘Anarchy’, is a good summary of complex events, including the important point that control of Normandy was central to the struggle (p 30). The geographical spread of activity is illustrated by interesting maps of itineraries, particularly of Stephen, divided into phases of his reign. Early on, he went to Cornwall and north onto Scottish territory (in both cases accompanied by his army) but most- ly he was in central and southern England, with forays to Lincolnshire and, occasionally, York. WAGING WAR: FIELDS OF CONFLICT AND SIEGE WARFARE The subject of Chapter 3 (title above) is a critical issue in assessments of the Anarchy. Creighton and Wright note that pitched battles were rare and sieges dominated (p 34, 40). Church authorities attempted to regulate war, in particular protecting the Church’s posses- sions (p 36), but also deployed ‘spiritual weap- ons’, such as the saints’ banners on the mast The Anarchy: War and Status in (the Standard) at Northallerton (p 45). And a 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict bishop, in a pre-battle speech at Northallerton, Authors: Oliver H. Creighton as recorded by Henry of Huntingdon, promised Duncan W. Wright that English defenders killed in combat would Publishers: Liverpool University Press, Ex- be absolved from all penalty for sin. [HH 71] eter Studies in Medieval Europe Laying waste enemies’ estates was a normal ISBN 978-1-78138-242-4 by-product of Anglo-Norman warfare, not Hardback, 346 pages unique to Stephanic conflict (p 37-8).
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INTRODUCTION Anglo-Norman England Has Long Been a Fertile
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