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Artificial Intelligence Ethics, Governance and Policy

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Artificial Intelligence Ethics, Governance and Policy espite still being in its infancy, artificial intelligence (AI) has already shown Denormous potential to advance humanity towards new frontiers of prosperity Artificial Intelligence and growth. Due to its powerful force, however, AI can also pose significant risks, which should be handled with the utmost care, but not with fear. The world’s Ethics, governance top political leaders have understood AI’s disruptive potential and are rushing to secure a competitive advantage in this crucial emerging domain, even at the and policy challenges price of reviving old-fashioned industrial policy. At the same time, academia Artificial Intelligence and civil society are calling for widely shared ethical principles to avoid negative Report of a CEPS Task Force repercussions. In this fast-changing context, Europe is struggling to keep pace with superpowers like the United States and China. This report summarises the work of the CEPS Task Force on Artificial Intelligence, which met throughout 2018. Arguing that the EU and its member states are uniquely positioned to lead the global community towards responsible, sustainable AI development, its members call upon European leaders to focus on leveraging AI’s potential to foster sustainable development, in line with the future 2030 Agenda. The report puts forward 44 recommendations on how to design and promote lawful, responsible and sustainable AI and how to approach future policy and investment decisions with the aim of positioning Europe in the driver’s seat to address the most disruptive technology transition of our times. CEPS Andrea Renda Artificial Intelligence Ethics, governance and policy challenges Report of a CEPS Task Force Andrea Renda Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) Brussels February 2019 The Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) is an independent policy research institute based in Brussels. Its mission is to produce sound analytical research leading to constructive solutions to the challenges facing Europe today. This report is based on discussions in the CEPS Task Force on “Artificial Intelligence: Ethics, Governance and Policy Challenges”. The Task Force, chaired by Andrea Renda, was composed of authoritative scholars, industry experts, entrepreneurs, practitioners and representatives of EU and international institutions. The group met on four occasions in the course of 2018. The views expressed do not necessarily represent the opinions of all the Task Force members, nor were they presented by any of the participants (unless explicitly mentioned in this report). A list of members and guest speakers appears in the Annex. The views expressed in this report are those of the author writing in a personal capacity and do not necessarily reflect those of CEPS or any other institution with which the members are associated. ISBN 978-94-6138-716-5 © Copyright 2019, CEPS All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Centre for European Policy Studies. CEPS Place du Congrès 1, B-1000 Brussels Tel: 32 (0) 2 229.39.11 e-mail: [email protected] internet: www.ceps.eu Contents Introduction: The Promise of Artificial Intelligence .................................... 1 Part I. Artificial Intelligence: Definition, limits and opportunities ........... 4 1. A basic definition of AI and related AI systems ................................. 7 1.1 What AI can do: Main techniques and use cases ......................... 14 1.2 Winter is not coming (at least for AI) ......................................... 17 1.3 Handle with care, not with fear .................................................. 21 1.4 Main findings ............................................................................ 26 2. A way forward for developing AI: Complementarity, responsibility and sustainability ................................................................................ 27 2.1 Complementarity ....................................................................... 27 2.2 Responsibility and trust: Bias and value alignment .................... 30 2.3 Sustainability............................................................................. 34 2.4 Conclusion: An enormous potential, in need of direction ............ 35 Part II. Europe in the Global Race for AI ..................................................... 36 3. Global AI competition: Why global standards will not emerge without concerted action..................................................................... 37 3.1 Where is AI going? Between global good and the temptation of sovereignty ......................................................................................... 40 4. The EU’s emerging strategy for AI..................................................... 43 4.1 Towards ethical guidelines: The EU’s “secret sauce” for AI ........ 45 4.2 “What” should be included in the EU Ethics Guidelines ............ 48 4.3 An analysis of the current Draft Ethics Guidelines ..................... 61 4.4 “How” to promote the Ethics Guidelines? .................................. 68 5. Policy changes: Revolution or evolution?.......................................... 74 5.1 The Better Regulation agenda and AI ......................................... 74 5.2 Reforming liability rules?........................................................... 82 5.3 Boosting data-driven innovation through ad-hoc policies? .......... 92 5.4 Research, innovation, education and society: Towards a new strategy? ................................................................................................ 96 5.5 The Commission’s Coordinated Plan – a brief analysis ............. 107 5.6 Can Europe be the champion of “AI for Good”? ........................ 109 Part III. The Way Forward ...........................................................................112 6. Main recommendations .....................................................................113 6.1 Recommendations on the Draft Ethics Guidelines .....................113 6.2 Recommendations on future EU policy and iinvestment priorities ...............................................................................................120 References .......................................................................................................126 Annex. CEPS Task Force Members and Guest Speakers ..........................143 List of Tables, Boxes and Figures Table 1. Marsden’s “Beaufort scale” of self- and co-regulation........................... 78 Table 2. A taxonomy of algorithmic regulatory systems ...................................... 81 Box 1. Does an AI agent need to be rational? ......................................................... 13 Box 2. A Knowledge Map of AI ............................................................................... 16 Box 3. The new UK law on automated and electric vehicles ............................... 90 Figure 1. National AI strategies ................................................................................. 7 Figure 2. Examples of AI stack ................................................................................. 10 Figure 3. Radars and sensors in a self-driving car................................................. 12 Figure 4. Classification of AI approaches and domains ....................................... 15 Figure 5. AI Knowledge Map ................................................................................... 18 Figure 6. Machine bias in criminal sentencing ....................................................... 26 Figure 7. AI in tumour mapping .............................................................................. 28 Figure 8. AI improves error rates in cancer detection, but only working in tandem with a pathologist .................................................... 29 Figure 9. The explainability-accuracy trade-off ..................................................... 60 Figure 10. The AI4EU project – main goals .......................................................... 103 Glossary of Abbreviations aaS as a Service AI HLEG High Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence AI Artificial Intelligence API Application Programming Interface API Application Programming Interface ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency B2B Business to Business B2C Business to Consumer CLAIRE Confederation of Labs of Artificial Intelligence Research CPU Central Processing Unit DG EAC Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture EGE European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies ELLIS European Lab for Learning and Intelligent Systems ESIR Group Economic and Societal Impact of Research and Innovation ETSI European Technical Standards Institute EuroHPC European High-Performance Computing Initiative G2C Government to Citizens GAN Generative Adversarial Network GDPR General Data Protection Regulation GPT General Purpose Technology GPU Graphics Processing Unit HPC High-Performance Computing IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IIC Knowledge and Innovation Community IoT Internet of Things ISP Internet Service Provider KPI Key Performance Indicator LAWs Lethal Autonomous Weapons OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer PEAS Performance, Environment, Actuators and Sensors P2P Peer-to-Peer PSI Public Sector Information RegTech Regulatory Technology SupTec Supervisory Technology TFP Total Factor Productivity TPU Tensor Processing Unit
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