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U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service

12-2004

Heritage Matters- December 2004

Fran P. Mainella National Park Service, [email protected]

Janet Snyder Matthews National Park Service

John Robbins National Park Service, [email protected]

Antoinette J. Lee National Park Service, [email protected]

Brian D. Joyner National Park Service, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark

Mainella, Fran P.; Snyder Matthews, Janet; Robbins, John; Lee, Antoinette J.; and Joyner, Brian D., "Heritage Matters- December 2004" (2004). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 62. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/62

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE MATTERS

NEWS OF THE NATION’S DIVERSE CULTURAL HERITAGE

National Museum of the American Indian Opens to Great Fanfare

INSIDE THIS ISSUE The Smithsonian Institution, entrance to catch the rising sun, in honor of Private First Class Curriculum materials National Museum of the American a prism window, and a 120-foot- Lori A. Piestewa, who was the first available, p. 3 Indian (NMAI), opened its doors high atrium called the Potomac. Native American servicewoman to Conferences to the public on September 21, NMAI was designed by Jones & give her life in overseas combat. A upcoming, p. 17 2004 on the National Mall in Jones, SmithGroup in association song was performed in her honor Grant Washington, DC. The museum, with Lou Weller and the Native by Black Eagle, a drum group recipients, p. 4 which was 15 years in the making, American Design Collaborative and from the Jemez Pueblo in New National Register is the first national museum in the Polshek Partnership Architects in Mexico. Remarks were delivered nominations, p. 7 country dedicated exclusively to consultation with Native American by Lawrence M. Small, Secretary Publication Native Americans, the first to pres- communities over a four-year of the Smithsonian Institution; of note, p. 17 ent all exhibitions from a Native period. Alejandro Toledo, President of viewpoint, and the first constructed The opening day ceremonies Peru; Senators Ben Nighthorse on the National Mall since 1987. began with more than 25,000 Campbell of Colorado and Daniel More than 92,000 people visited Native Americans from more than K. Inouye of Hawaii, who intro- the museum during the first week. 500 tribes and Native communities duced the legislation in 1989 that The 5-story, 250,000-square from North, Central, and South created the museum; and founding foot, curvilinear building is located America, participating in a Native director W. Richard West Jr. between the National Air and Space Nations procession. According to Approximately 8,000 objects Museum and the United States estimates, it was the largest gather- from the museum’s permanent Capitol. The textured golden- ing of Native peoples in modern collection are on display. An art colored limestone exterior evokes history. exhibit and works of historic and natural rock formations shaped Included in the opening cer- contemporary art placed through- by wind and water over thousands emony was a presentation of the out the building complement three of years. It features an east-facing colors by the Hopi Honor Guard major exhibits. A welcome wall

The picture depicts the Santa Fe of five centuries ago: the Spaniard Cortés meets with Tlaxcaltecan nobles. See page 6.

HERITAGE MATTERS Thousands participated in the procession from the National Mall to the Capitol during the National Museum of the DECEMBER 2004 American Indian’s opening ceremony. Courtesy of Jeff Tinsley. HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

One of the most distinctive buildings on the National Mall, the National Museum of the American Indian—pictured from the east—opened on September 21, 2004. Courtesy of Jeff Tinsley.

Left: Interior dome above the Potomac atrium. Courtesy of Marcia Axtmann Smith.

of video screens at the museum’s making vital contributions to con- entrance greets visitors in 150 temporary American culture and Native languages, conveying the art,” said West. significant presence and diversity “The Smithsonian is honored of Native peoples throughout the to present this vital new museum, Americas. This message is again created by Native peoples from reinforced in the Lelawi (leh-LAH- this hemisphere, to the American wee) Theater, a 120-seat circular public and visitors from around theater offering a 13-minute multi- the world,” Secretary Small offered media experience, “Who We Are,” during his remarks. “Its importance that prepares museum-goers for can’t be over estimated; it’s a must- their visit. “Visitors will leave this see for anyone visiting the nation’s museum experience knowing that capital.” Indians are not just a part of For more information, visit NMAI’s website at history. We are still here and are http://www.AmericanIndian.si.edu.

page 2 the Cherokee Nation perished on FEDERAL ACTIVITIES their journey to the newly created “Indian Territory” in what is now Oklahoma. Age, infirmity, disease, and inadequate protection from the elements contributed to the “The Trail of Tears” During the late 18th and early casualties. in the Classroom 19th century, tribes across the The “Trail of Tears” lesson eastern United States began sur- plan is based on three National Yolanda Montalvo rendering their lands to the Federal Register properties: the John Ross National Park Service, CRDIP Summer Government in return for mon- House, the Major Ridge House, 2004 Intern etary compensation. This com- and Rattlesnake Springs. The Ross pensation rarely came to fruition, House and the Ridge House (called Teaching with Historic Places leaving most American Indians “Chieftains”), both in Georgia, (TwHP), a program within the homeless and destitute in new ter- are National Historic Landmarks. National Register of Historic ritory. The election of renowned Rattlesnake Springs in Tennessee is Places, provides classroom lesson Indian fighter Andrew Jackson as a stockade camp where Cherokees plans that introduce elementary president, the discovery of gold were initially collected after being and secondary students to the rich on Cherokee lands in Georgia, forced off of their land. Ross and history embodied in our nation’s and the 1830 Indian Removal Act Ridge were two influential leaders culturally diverse historic sites. sealed the Cherokee’s fate. About in the Cherokee Nation. Both were It recently launched its 118th les- 100,000 Cherokee, Chickasaw, borne of Anglo/Indian marriages son plan, “The Trail of Tears: The Choctaw, Creeks, and Seminoles and were fiercely committed to the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee were removed from their tradition- welfare of the Cherokee people. Nation.” Focusing on three historic al lands. Although the Cherokee They were bitterly divided on the sites, this lesson plan chronicles the were among the last to leave, they issue of whether or not to accept events leading up to the relocation eventually packed their belong- the Treaty of New Echota, under of the Cherokee tribe, the march ings and headed west in the fall which the United States would itself, and its devastating aftermath. of 1838. An estimated one-fifth of provide compensation and land

Below left: Home to one of the leaders of the Cherokee Nation, the Major Ridge House in Rome, Georgia, is located near the former capital of the Cherokee Nation, New Enchota. Courtesy of Robert Irwin. Right: “The Trail of Tears” lesson plan addresses the forced migration of the Cherokee to Oklahoma. Some of the trails the Cherokee traveled, such as this one in Tennessee, are still visible. Photo by Benjamin Nance, courtesy of the Tennessee

page 3 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

in Indian Territory. Feeling that it Reviewing and and associated funerary objects was futile to fight the government, Reflecting on the in their collections, and 2) a sum- Ridge and some Cherokees formed Native American mary of those collections that may a Treaty Party and negotiated to contain unassociated funerary accept the treaty. This infuriated Graves Protection objects, sacred objects, or objects Ross and many who believed they and Repatriation Act of cultural patrimony. Consultation should continue attempts to keep with lineal descendants, tribes, and their homelands. This division is Paula Molloy Native Hawaiian organizations is still a topic of debate; while some National NAGPRA Program, National integral to this process. Museums Park Service believe Ridge was a realist, others and federal agencies must send view Ross as heroic. the inventories and summaries to In the late 1980s, representatives of The lesson plan consists of potential claimants and the Nation- Indian tribes and Native American maps, readings, and images that al Park Service National NAGPRA organizations from across the offer a compelling study of the program. nation gathered in Washington, Cherokee plight. The maps high- NAGPRA has special require- DC, to testify before Congress on light routes taken by the Cherokee ments for federal agencies. When an issue of central spiritual and during the relocation and the lands activities on federal or tribal lands cultural importance: the remains of the tribe once occupied. Accounts result in the discovery of or pos- their ancestors housed in museums. of the marches and oral histories sible excavation of Native American Their moving testimony resulted provide glimpses into the minds of human remains and NAGPRA in Congress passing the Native witnesses, victims, and descendants cultural items, that activity must American Graves Protection and of those who survived. Students temporarily cease until lineal Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) that have an opportunity to analyze descendants, Indian tribes, and/or was signed into law by President evidence found in the lesson plan, Native Hawaiian organizations George H. W. Bush in 1990. The and review maps of the region to are consulted and a written plan goals of NAGPRA are to help pro- consider the process of relocation of action is prepared. The federal tect the graves of Native Americans and the steps taken to undergo agency must determine the owner and Native Hawaiians, and to such an endeavor. In Putting it All of the remains or objects following effect the repatriation of Native Together, the lesson plan encour- a prioritized list of claimants and American and Native Hawaiian ages the reader to empathize with then notify the public to allow for human remains and cultural items. the Cherokee and analyze the steps other claimants to come forward. As NAGPRA approaches its 15th taken by those involved in the To date, over 29,000 sets of year, it is a good time to review event. This section also asks stu- human remains and over 600,000 what the federal legislation requires dents to debate the various issues. funerary objects were found to and reflect on how NAGPRA has The Teaching with Historic be eligible for repatriation under transformed cultural resources Places program promotes cultural NAGPRA. Repatriations range stewardship. diversity in education. The “Trail from small, private events involving NAGPRA requires museums and of Tears” lesson plan facilitates this the remains of a single individual, federal agencies to return Native by encouraging a balanced view of to large, complex undertakings, American human remains and cer- the circumstances that American such as the 2002 repatriation of tain cultural items to lineal descen- Indians found themselves in due to the remains of 1,912 individu- dants, culturally affiliated Indian the encroachment of the Federal als from Harvard University’s tribes, Native Alaskan villages and Government. Peabody Museum of Archaeology corporations, and Native Hawaiian For more information on the Teaching with and Ethnography to the Pueblo of organizations. NAGPRA’s two main Historic Places and to find out more about this Jemez. While NAGPRA’s goals are and other lesson plans, visit, http://www.cr.nps. sections apply to museum and fed- straightforward, the road to reach- gov/nr/twhp/. eral agency collections, and to the ing them has a number of steps. intentional excavation and inadver- Yolanda Montalvo is a senior at the University The National NAGPRA program is of California at San Diego majoring in history. tent discovery of Native American available to provide technical assis- She was a Cultural Resources Diversity Intern in human remains and cultural items Washington, DC, during the summer of 2004. tance to anyone who is working his on federal and tribal lands. or her way through the NAGPRA Under NAGPRA, museums and process. National NAGPRA pro- federal agencies must prepare two vides training, puts forth regula- documents: 1) an inventory of tions, administers a grant program, Native American human remains and maintains a website with a

page 4 number of technical assistance President’s Committee on the Arts Kentucky tools at http://www.cr.nps.gov/ and Humanities, the National • Metropolitan Hotel nagpra. Endowment for the Humanities, the Louisiana NAGPRA has contributed National Endowment for the Arts, • McKinley High School to positive changes in cultural and the Institute of Museum and resources stewardship. NAGPRA Library Services. SAT grants pro- Mississippi offers an opportunity for Native vide for the preservation, restora- • Burns Church/Belfry House Americans and the cultural tion, and conservation of nationally resources community to work significant properties. The grant Missouri together and to develop stronger requires a dollar-for-dollar non- • Martin Luther King, Jr. ties. NAGPRA’s consultation federal funding match be provided Memorial requirements guarantee a place and expended. New Mexico at the table for Indian tribes and During fiscal year 2004, $32.5 • Palace of the Governors Native Hawaiian organizations million in SAT grants were distrib- • Picuris Old Village where matters of their cultural uted to 159 projects in 41 states heritage are concerned. This dialog and the District of Columbia. North Carolina has led to co-management Several of the projects are associ- • Barber-Scotia College agreements for federal agency ated with our diverse cultural • F. W. Woolworth Building lands, and co-curation and public heritage. Projects range from the Pennsylvania programming efforts between tribes Metropolitan Hotel in Paducah, • Mother Bethel AME Church and museums. The result is a richer Kentucky, a hotel which served presentation of Native American African Americans during the West Virginia and Native Hawaiian cultural Jim Crow era; to the Palace of • Camp Washington-Carver heritage that reflects and respects the Governors in Santa Fe, New indigenous perspectives. Mexico, an adobe structure which For more information on Save America’s Treasures American Indians. Cultural was the seat of the Spanish govern- grants, visit the website at http://www.cr/nps.gov/hps/treasures/index.htm. resources. Private and communal ment in the Southwest during the property law. NAGPRA has come 17th century; to the Locke Historic to represent many things to many Boarding House, which served people. But no matter how it is the Chinese community in the San characterized, most can agree that Joaquin River Valley. The follow- NAGPRA marks a sea change in ing list highlights those historically the relationship between indig- significant projects associated with enous peoples, museums, and cul- diverse communities that received tural resource professionals in the SAT grants. United States. Alabama For more information, visit the National NAGPRA program website at http://www.cr.nps.gov/nagpra/. • Ward Chapel AME Episcopal Church and Museum Save America’s Arizona Treasures Grants • Mission San Xavier del Bac for 2004 California • Leo Carrillo Ranch Save America’s Treasures (SAT) • Estudillo Mansion is a national effort to protect • Fremont Adobe House America’s threatened cultural trea- • Locke Historic Boarding House sures, including historic structures, • Lopez Adobe House collections, works of art, maps, and journals that document and District of Columbia illuminate the history and culture • Mary Church Terrell House of the United States. Established Florida in February 1998, Save America’s • Ximenez-Fatio House Treasures is a partnership between the National Park Service, the

page 5 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

Mexico, newly baptized Tlaxcalan STATE ACTIVITIES noble families were permitted to retain their rank and many privi- leges, including some lands. For this reason, the miscegenation and dispersal experienced by many San Miguel Chapel mystery still surrounds the building. other indigenous peoples in the and “The Tlaxcalans An intriguing and persistent New World were less pronounced de Santa Fe” tradition attributes early settlement among the Tlaxcalans. As Spanish in the vicinity of San Miguel to armies of conquest moved north, Christian Indians who accompa- Elizabeth Oster Tlaxcalan allies frequently accom- James Hare nied the Spanish to Santa Fe. These panied them. New Mexico Historic Preservation Division Native American colonists are But do we know whether thought to have been Tlaxcalans, Tlaxcalans actually settled in October 2004 marked the official representatives of a powerful colonial Santa Fe? Brief references launch of the multidisciplinary Save Nahuatl-speaking people who allied exist in Franciscan documents San Miguel Chapel project in Santa with the Spanish to bring about the from the 17th and 18th centuries, Fe, New Mexico. San Miguel, one downfall of the Mexican (Aztec) respectively, noting the presence of the oldest churches in the nation empire. Early residents of Santa of Tlaxcalan Indians in the Barrio and centerpiece of the National Fe’s Barrio de Analco—a Spanish de Analco at least by the time of Historic Landmark Barrio de and Nahuatl name that approxi- the Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1680. Analco historic district, is central mates to “the neighborhood on “Gregorio de Tlascala,” a soldier to the history of the Southwest. the other side of the river”—are and skilled carver of gunstocks, Despite being recorded by the believed to have included Tlaxcalan may have accompanied Antonio Historic American Buildings Survey colonists. de Espejo in 1582. Juan de Oñate’s (HABS) in 1934 and the subject of In recognition of the crucial expedition of 1598 included some an intensive archeological investi- assistance the Tlaxcalans provided “Mexican Indians,” but their gation to determine its phases of Hernán Cortés and subsequent status and origins are unclear. construction in the 1950s, much conquistadors in the subjugation of Some historians have presumed that Tlaxcalans were included among his infantry, although the only explicit reference mentions a sole Tlaxcalan who served as an assistant to a Franciscan priest. The assumption seems to be that any “Mexican Indians” assist- ing the Spanish would have been from Tlaxcala, although by the end of the 16th century there were other possibilities. Notable among these would be the Caxcans of Nueva Galicia, a group of Nahuatl speakers well-established by the

Left: The interaction between Spaniards and Native peoples dates back five centuries. The frag- ment from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala depicts Cortés and his men meeting Tlaxcaltecan nobles. Photo by Michael Elliott, detail of fragment courtesy of the University of Texas at Austin. Right: Founded in 1915, Xavier University is the first and sole African American Catholic university in the United States. Courtesy of Donna Fricker, Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation.

page 6 Spanish Conquest era in what more complicated than any have original Gothic style main building would become the modern states of suspected. and convent are constructed of Jalisco and Zacatecas. The Caxcans For more information, contact Elizabeth Oster Indiana limestone, while the library led the Mixtón War of 1541, and in or James Hare at [email protected] or is constructed of blonde brick. [email protected]. the decades following the war—the Founded in 1915, Xavier Uni- time and place when the Oñate versity was originally housed at family fortune in the New World National Register the former Southern University was consolidated—they served in building and did not become a full- the silver mines of Zacatecas and Nominations fledged liberal arts college until as encomiendas, or trusted labor- 1925. Eventually outgrowing its ers—of the Spanish victors. Rustin Quaide space at the old Southern Universi- The preservation project Caridad Dela Vega ty building, Mother Katharine pur- underway at San Miguel will do National Conference of State Historic chased land in what was at the time Preservation Officers much to expand the knowledge of an industrial area of New Orleans the building’s history. Data from Xavier University Main Building, to avoid the complications that historical and ethnohistorical Convent and Library might arise from the establishment research will be combined with of a black university within a neigh- information from archeological Located in New Orleans, Louisiana, borhood. In 1932, the main building and architectural investigations the original main building, convent, with its connected convent wing, to tell the story of one of Santa and library of Xavier University was dedicated. Xavier University is Fe’s most cherished monuments were listed in the National Register an early example of African Ameri- and oldest neighborhoods. The of Historic Places for their associa- cans enjoying high quality uni- project may yield information tion with education and African versity facilities comparable to or regarding the “Tlaxcalans de American heritage. The university surpassing those of majority insti- Santa Fe” and whether they were is significant as the only black tutions during the Jim Crow era. natives from another part of the Catholic university in the United Since 1927, the Xavier University Spanish Borderlands. The true States, and the only historically College of Pharmacy has produced account of the “Mexican Indians” black college to have its founder, one-quarter of all African American who came to Santa Fe may be Katharine Drexel, canonized. The pharmacists in the nation.

page 7 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

Teutonia Maennerchor Hall two-story brick hall that was dedi- music directors such as Theodore cated in 1888. The lower level of the Thomas and Leopold Damrosch. The Teutonia Maennerchor Hall, Teutonia Maennerchor was remod- in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is eled to a German-style Rathskeller B’nai Israel Synagogue historically significant as a social in 1934 and the interior finishes club and singing hall affiliated and furnishings were remodeled in Constructed in 1937, the B’nai Israel with Pittsburgh’s German com- a simplified Art Moderne style in Synagogue of Cape Girardeau, munity. It is the home of the 1942. Missouri, is a stuccoed brick, one- oldest German singing society In the early 19th century, sing- story, Spanish Colonial Revival style in Pittsburgh, and has been the ing societies in Germany were building with Islamic influences. center of ethnic German culture often associated with the nascent Prior to construction of the B’nai in the Pittsburgh area for over a democratic and nationalistic move- Israel Synagogue, the congregation century. The Teutonia Maennerchor ments, but in the United States, this met in various locations, such as (“German Men’s Choir”) was association with political ideals the Elks Lodge, the Presbyterian founded in 1854, during the first was usually lost under the pres- Church, and the Community wave of German immigration and sures of assimilation and economic Building in Fairground Park. After settlement in Pittsburgh and its advancement and the singing soci- fire destroyed the Community sister city of Allegheny. In 1887, eties became important foci of Building in 1937, the small con- the society purchased land at the German solidarity and nostalgia. gregation built the B’nai Israel corner of Chestnut and Pike (later From these musical societies grew Synagogue, which has been used Phineas) Streets, in the eastern the first orchestras and bands in as a gathering place for Jewish reli- section of Allegheny, and erected a the United States, led by German gious and social life.

page 8 The Jewish community in south- constructed in 1928 as a one-story East Village Historic District eastern Missouri dates back to the Romanesque-Revival style commer- 1830s, with services held as early as cial building. Initially, the build- The East Village Historic District in 1836 in nearby St. Louis. Retailer ing housed Motts Motors on the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a work- Louis Hecht, along with fellow H Street corridor, what was once ing class residential neighborhood businessmen Jake Pollack and one of the city’s vital commercial settled by Polish immigrants, begin- David Minnen, helped organize a thoroughfares. However, with the ning in the late 1860s. Polish immi- chapter of the B’nai B’rith lodge advent of large commercial auto grants trickled into Milwaukee in in Cape Giradeau in 1921. Hecht, dealerships, small ones like Motts the 1850s. The establishment of the Pollack, and Minnen bought prop- were forced out of business. East Village neighborhood coin- erty on Main Street next to the St. During the “Golden Age of cided with the increased number Vincent De Paul Catholic Church. Hollywood” in the 1940s, the for- of Polish immigrants in the 1860s The congregation commissioned mer car dealership showroom and and 1870s. East Village is located T. P. Barnett to design the syna- repair shop was converted into the along the river, in close proximity gogue. The synagogue harkens to Plymouth Theatre. Between 1942 to industrial jobs. The East Village Cape Girardeau’s Spanish heritage and 1943, the building was adapted neighborhood retained a strong while reflecting traditional syna- for use as a 400-seat neighborhood Polish character until the Second gogue design. theater. At the time, the theater World War. By the 1960s, the neigh- filled an important cultural and borhood’s Polish population was in decline as the Polish community Plymouth Theatre recreational void for the city’s African American community in the moved to the suburbs and newer parts of the city. The Plymouth Theatre was listed Southeast and Northeast sections The district’s housing styles in the National Register of Historic of Washington as it was the only consist predominately of modest Places for its significance in the theater in that part of the city to frame structures, including work- areas of architecture, entertain- welcome African American patrons. ers’ cottages, single-family houses ment/recreation, ethnic heritage, The Plymouth Theatre closed in and duplexes, as well as a handful and transportation. Located in the 1952, due to economic competition of brick buildings, interspersed Northeast section of Washington, accompanying the desegregation of with some commercial structures, DC, the Plymouth Theatre was larger local theatres around the city.

Above left: Located in a Pittsburgh, PA neighborhood formerly known as Deutschtown, the Teutonia Maennerchor provided German immi- grants with a connection their heritage while serving to integrate them into the fabric of American culture. Courtesy of Michael Eversmeyer. Above right: Constructed with a Spanish architectural aesthetic, the B’nai Israel Synagogue has served the Jewish community in Cape Girardeau, MO for nearly 70 years. Photo by Melinda Winchester, courtesy of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.

page 9 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

and churches, all densely packed ish hall in its basement where the association with Philip Breitmeyer, into an approximately four-square several benefit societies kept their who not only served as mayor of block area. records and insignia and held meet- Detroit between 1909 and 1910, but ings. Since the fall of the communist also owned the largest floral retail establishment in the United States St. Stefan’s Romanian dictatorship of Nicholae Ceausescu Orthodox Church in 1989, recent Romanian immi- at that time. grants have revitalized the church. Broadway Avenue is located A modestly scaled example of the in the northern part of Detroit’s business district. Historically, the Byzantine style, the Church of Broadway Avenue Historic District St. Stefan’s Romanian Orthodox businesses in this area are signifi- cant for their association with the Church was built in 1924 by immi- Located in Detroit, Michigan, The “women’s trade,” businesses such grants from the Transylvania region Broadway Avenue Historic District as florists, corsetieres, fashion- of modern-day Romania who came is comprised of eleven commercial able clothiers, and hairdressers, to South St. Paul beginning in the buildings. The buildings display a targeted at the female consumer. early 1900s. Both as architecture wide array of architectural styles A number of these women’s trade and institution, the church was corresponding to their period of shops were German-American an important means of sustaining construction, from 1896 through owned, reflecting Detroit’s largest their ethnic, cultural, and religious 1926, with architectural terra cotta ethnic community during the lat- identity. unifying the appearance of the ter part of the 19th century. During Individual patrons and sev- structures. The historic district is the 1910s the commercial district eral local and regional businesses significant in the areas of architec- transformed from shops catering to founded the church including the ture, German, Jewish, and African the women’s trade to the business Schmidt and Hamm breweries American heritage, and for its of banks and office buildings. The and the Swift and Armour packing importance in commerce. Lastly, John Breitmeyer’s Sons Building plants. The church provided a par- the district is significant for its began renting office space to

Above left: As an integral part of South St. Paul, MN, St. Stephan’s Romanian Orthodox Church repre- sents a place of religious and cultural significance for the Romanian com- munity. Photograph by Michael Koop, cour- tesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. Above right: Hinchcliffe Stadium was home to many sporting events, including games of the New York Black Yankees. Courtesy of Robert Tucher, the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office. Left: Formerly an automobile show- room, the Plymouth Theatre was the only movie house available to African Americans in Northeast and Southeast quadrants of Washington, DC prior to the desegregation of public facilities. Courtesy of Kim Williams, the District of Columbia Historic Preservation Office.

page 10 African American tenants in 1936, establishing a professional African LOCAL ACTIVITIES American presence in the district. During the 1950s the district tran- sitioned into mainly Jewish-owned businesses, with some still remain- ing to the present. A City of School’s Office of Workforce and Neighborhoods: Professional Development as part of their recertification process. Hinchliffe Stadium Civic Engagement In collaboration with the Office through Design Located in Paterson City, New of Diversity and Special Projects, National Park Service, Howard Jersey, Hinchliffe Stadium is sig- Jennifer Brundage University’s School of Architecture nificant in the areas of recreation/ Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, entertainment, ethnic heritage, Smithsonian Institution and Design, and others, A City of and for its affiliation with Paterson Neighborhoods studied several native and Hall-of-Fame baseball E. Renee Ingram of Washington’s most interest- African American Heritage Preservation ing neighborhoods, including player Larry Doby. The stadium is Foundation, Inc. named after former Paterson City LeDroit Park, Shaw, and Anacostia. Mayor, John V. Hinchliffe, who Participants employed a design It has been said that architecture vocabulary and all five senses to served during planning and con- provides the stage for human struction of the stadium between analyze the community’s physical, events. There is no question that emotional, sensory, and historical 1929 and 1932. The final design Washington, DC, is one of the is partially based on a landscape elements and form ideas about its most important stages in America. character. A City of Neighborhoods plan submitted to the Passaic Behind the city’s celebrated monu- County Parks Commission by the used panels, lectures, and historic mental architecture is a rich tapes- maps and photographs to interpret Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, try of neighborhoods, with diverse Massachusetts, a highly renowned the neighborhood’s history within populations and a historic past. the context of the culture and time design firm, while the stadium Several of these historic neighbor- design is attributable to local that created it, while recognizing hoods were the focus of A City of the social, political, and geographic Paterson architect John Shaw. Neighborhoods: Bridging School Listed in the National Register of forces involved. Finally, and most and Community, a program of the importantly, participants planned Historic Places, the cast-concrete, Cooper-Hewitt National Design Art Deco-style stadium was com- the future of these neighborhoods, Museum, Smithsonian Institution. designing and presenting models of pleted in 1932. This educational workshop has The stadium contains an athletic specific solutions deemed relevant been conducted successfully in to that community. field, a running track, and has a cities across the United States, An example of integrating A City seating capacity of approximately from New York City to Honolulu. of Neighborhoods program into the 10,000. Hinchliffe has been used Offered in partnership with for sporting events such as exhibi- classroom was Watkins Elementary the African American Heritage School’s project, “Picturing Capitol tion, regular season, and champi- Preservation Foundation, Inc. onship baseball, football, boxing, Hill.” It introduced students to (AAHPF), A City of Neighborhoods photography while teaching them track and field events, and automo- applies architecture, design, and tive and motorcycle racing. During history, geography, and cartography. historic preservation to a commu- Teachers and students researched the 1940s, the Andrew Sisters and nity context, fostering awareness, Abbott and Costello performed historic photographs and maps of pride, and advocacy. The program their Capitol Hill neighborhood. at Hinchliffe Stadium. Serving as uses a neighborhood as a visual the home field for the New York Students took photographs and textbook to extend the classroom created new maps of the same Black Yankees between 1933 and into the community and integrate 1937, and then again during 1939 areas, comparing the new and the design into a pre-existing primary old to trace the changes in the built to 1945, Hinchliffe is possibly the and secondary curriculum. Over sole remaining stadium in the Mid- environment. Through this com- the course of 3 years, from 2000 parison, the students understood Atlantic region associated with a to 2003, some 50 public school Negro League team. the process of urbanization in teachers received credit hours from Capitol Hill. the District of Columbia Public

page 11 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

Severson’s Roadhouse served a critical role as a hub for local air travel. Dena’ina hunters used seaplanes to transport them to and from hunting grounds, as seen in this ca. 1935-1937 photograph. Photograph by Mr. and Mrs Frank Hill, courtesy of Lake Clark National Park.

The politics over a neighbor- surrounding oceans, mountainous with the seasons and followed their hood’s identity is regularly con- terrain, and numerous wetlands, food sources. Many traveled 40–60 tested by multiple communities and rule out roads as a viable means miles out of their village to trap. entities. Future generations must of access. Most major urban mar- Once airplanes came to the area, learn the value of community col- kets can only be reached by air. A the Dena’ina regularly traveled by air. laboration and advocacy spanning highly mobile society, the Dena’ina, In one of the oral histories conducted all racial, ethnic, and economic were impressed with air travel and with community members, pilot Jack boundaries. Good citizenship must quickly integrated it into Dena’ina Vantrease spoke of the Dena’ina include all voices in the design of culture. men chartering his airplane service the places people live. The goal of The Iliamna area saw its first to bring their dog teams and sleds to A City of Neighborhoods is to help airplane when pioneer pilot Russell the trapping areas for the season. The empower those voices. Merrill landed Anchorage Air introduction of aircraft changed the For more information on the A City of Transport’s Travel Air 4000 at Old way the Dena’ina traveled and short- Neighborhoods program, contact the Cooper- Iliamna in 1927. In 1929, Merrill was ened their time out of the village on Hewitt at 212/849.8384. the first pilot to land at Severson’s the trapline. Roadhouse (present-day Iliamna). Aviation also transformed the Aviation and the This marked the creation of Dena’ina language. Many new items Dena’ina of South- Iliamna as a regional aviation hub. found in modern daily life, such as The Dena’ina were familiar with computers, do not have Dena’ina central Alaska western material and economic words for them. However, before culture, as they hunted and pro- fluent Dena’ina speakers exchanged Michelle Ravenmoon National Park Service, CRDIP Summer vided furs for the Russians from the their language for English, they 2004 Intern 1750s to 1867. Working at the can- had a Dena’ina word for airplane, neries in Bristol Bay and assisting nunujehi. The Dena’ina lan- The introduction of aviation to the gold miners in the late 1800s guage became endangered after rural Alaska has transformed furthered mingled the two cultures a federally mandated educational Dena’ina Athabascan cultural iden- and the Dena’ina developed a reli- assimilation program was instituted tity. The Dena’ina Athabascan live ance on money for goods such as through the Organic Act of 1884. on Lake Clark and Lake Iliamna ammunition, sugar, tea, coffee, salt, Thereafter, English became the first in south-central Alaska. Like and flour. A mobile society, the language for the Dena’ina. many rural Alaska villages, natural Dena’ina mainly traveled by canoe, Aviation has influenced the barriers such as vast distances, on foot, or by dogsled. They moved material culture of the Dena’ina as

page 12 two mutual aid societies. All of these institutions contributed to a rich community life. In the 1960s, a campaign to acquire additional battlefield property focused on Fazendeville. By 1966, land acqui- sition was completed and the Fazendeville homes were razed. In 2001, in an effort to tell the story of this unique community, and with funding from the NPS Southeast Regional Office, Peña and Jackson began a three-phase oral history project. After hearing about Fazendeville and visiting the park, John Ehrenhard, Director of the Southeast Archeological Center (SEAC) in Tallahassee, Florida, suggested commissioning a painting Aviation became entrenched in Dena’ina culture soon after the first plane of the “village,” as Fazendeville arrived in 1927. Children identified airplanes as a part of everyday life, exem- plified by Alvin Foss and his carved wooden toy in 1946. Courtesy of Agnes Cusma. was sometimes called. With fund- ing from SEAC and the Lower Mississippi Delta Region Initiative, well. Historical photos show they Back to Life: commercial artist and portrait carved wooden planes for their painter Martin Pate completed an children as toys. Today, one might Oral History and oil painting based on photographs still see exact replicas of airplanes Memory in Fazendville of Fazendeville taken in the 1960s. among Dena’ina carvers, a reflec- The research project and painting tion of their admiration for aircraft, Allison Peña also resulted in a brochure and and a demonstration of their tradi- Jean Lafitte National Historical Park, National Park Service poster. tional carving skills. Many former residents still The Dena’ina always had a great On Sunday, April 4, 2004, Jean attend the Battleground Baptist respect for aviation. Many have Lafitte National Historical Park Church now located on Flood become pilots and are as comfort- and Preserve’s superintendent Street in New Orleans and shared able with flying as they would Geraldine Smith, together with their stories about their commu- be mushing dogs. Air travel links park anthropologist Allison H. nity. At the presentation, Reverend rural villages to the outside world. Peña, and Joyce M. Jackson, Theodore Sanders and community Aviation provides the means for anthropologist/ethnomusicologist members were presented with a people to shop for food, clothing, at Louisiana State University, made replica of the oil painting of their furniture, and household goods; a presentation to the descendants community, posters, brochures attain medical services; receive of Fazendeville, a historic African that offer a brief overview of the mail; and travel between villages. American community, which history of the village, and a bound The influence of aviation tech- thrived from 1867 to 1964 on the copy of the report “Life in the nology on Dena’ina people is an site of the Battle of New Orleans, Village: A Cultural Memory of the important piece of their history now Chalmette Battlefield, part Fazendeville Community, Phase and contemporary culture. of Jean Lafitte National Historical One.” For more information on Dena’ina culture and Lake Clark/Katmai National Park and Reserve, Park and Preserve. As a result of these cooperative contact Karen Gaul, [email protected], or visit An example of early Recon- efforts, a more inclusive story of the park website at http://www.nps.gov/lacl/home. struction-period African American the history of Chalmette Battlefield htm. communities that sprang up along can be shared with visitors and, as Michelle Ravenmoon completed her undergradu- the Mississippi River after the Civil importantly, the community, which ate studies at University of Alaska, Fairbanks and War, Fazendeville was home to previously was disconnected from conducted and transcribed oral histories for Lake Clark/Katmai National Park and Preserve as a part the Battleground Baptist Church the park. of the NPS Cultural Resources Diversity Internship (founded in 1868), a one-room For more information, contact Allison Peña at Program in Summer 2004. school, three general stores, and 504/589-3882 x-113, email: [email protected]. page 13 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

Christiansburg Institute in Cambria, VA, served the African American community for over 100 years. Restoration efforts by alumni are returning the school’s buildings to active use. Courtesy of M. Anne Fariello.

Christiansburg educational spokesman and found- report, the institute received the Institute er of Tuskegee Institute, to devel- highest rating among the 15 Ros- op a manual trades program to add enwald “prototype” schools. As M. Anna Fariello to the academic subjects taught its reputation spread, the school Christiansburg Institute Museum and Archive in Christiansburg. Supervisor of drew students from around the Christiansburg from 1896 until his region. The 1925 catalog lists almost The Christiansburg Institute was death in 1915, Washington selected a 100 high school students in atten- founded in 1866, in Cambria, team of Tuskegee graduates to lead dance—one-third from surrounding Virginia, three years after Abraham the school. counties, one-third from elsewhere Lincoln signed the Emancipation In 1900, the school moved to in Virginia, and one-third from Proclamation. Located in a small a tract of land two miles away in out of state. Christiansburg Insti- frame building on a hill above order to provide room for added tute was added to the state Board present-day Christiansburg, the industrial trades and a growing of Education’s list of accredited school was established to educate school population. There, the schools in 1924-1925. In 1932, it was a newly freed people. Operating school flourished under the leader- accredited by the Southern Asso- out of a rented cabin, the insti- ship of Charles Lives Marshall and ciation of Colleges and Secondary tute opened as the first federal Edgar Allen Long, two of the origi- Schools, the first high school in the Freedmen’s Bureau school in nal Tuskegee team of educators. By county to achieve such credentials. the district. A school for African the early 1920s, the campus grew The academic milestones of the Americans until 1966, its closing to 185 acres, boasting 4 Georgian 1920s and 1930s were tempered by ended its 100-year history as a dis- brick halls that housed dormitories, the Great Depression, which may tinctive educational institution. classrooms, a library, a hospital, have contributed to the Friends With the impending dissolu- faculty cottages, a dairy, a barn, and decision to discontinue support tion of the Freedman’s Bureau, the a trades building, all surrounded by of the school. In 1934, the farm Friends Freedmen’s Association fields, gardens, and an orchard. campus was leased as a public of Philadelphia began to sup- In 1912, while a trustee of Tuske- high school and in 1947 the land port the school in 1869 and sus- gee Institute, Julius Rosenwald was donated to the county school tained the Christiansburg Institute donated funds to Christiansburg board. The change from private to (CI) into the 20th century. The Institute and hired sociologist public school status affected many association recruited Booker T. Robert Park to evaluate schools aspects of the school. The board- Washington, the nation’s leading receiving those funds. In a 1913 page 14 ing department was closed and the for more than 450,000 Cubans who made ceramic tiles imported from farm was phased out. Federally immigrated to the United States, Spain, Africa, South America, and mandated desegregation forced the fleeing the island nation that was Cuba. Coincidentally, Shultz and school to closed in 1966, its proper- experiencing a shift in power from Weaver also designed the Seville ties were auctioned off, and most the Fulgencio Batista Zaldivar Biltmore in Havana, Cuba. of its buildings were destroyed. regime to the Castro government. Since 1974, Freedom Tower’s fate Efforts to preserve Christiansburg At Freedom Tower, also known has been unsettled. In 1976, the Institute began in 1976 when 700 as the Cuban Refugee Emergency building was purchased with the alumni met. In 1996 the alumni Center, Cubans were processed and intention of selling it to the city’s established the nonprofit organiza- registered, relocated to other cit- Cuban community and initiated a tion, Christiansburg Institute, Inc., ies, including New York, Chicago, fundraising drive. However, these to direct the institute’s revival. Philadelphia, and Los Angeles, efforts failed and the bank fore- Today’s Christiansburg Institute and were provided with food and closed on the building. Restoration resides on a small portion of its a check for up to $100. These efforts on the tower were attempted original campus. Christiansburg activities were part of a policy in the late 1980s, but were eventual- Institute is currently restoring the initiated by President Dwight D. ly abandoned. In 1997, the Freedom Edgar A. Long Building, a three- Eisenhower in 1960 as part of the Tower was purchased by Jorge story brick structure named for the Mutual Security Fund and con- Mas Canosa, founder of the Cuban principal who served from 1906 tinued by his successor, President American National Foundation; until his death in 1924. Completed John F. Kennedy. As a result, many Mas Canosa’s family established in 1927, the Long Building holds Cubans referred to Freedom Tower the Freedom Tower Foundation the distinction of being the only as “El Refugio,” or place of refuge. after his untimely death in 1997. In campus building to be named for However in 1974, as the number of 2002, the Cuban American National an African American leader. The Cubans immigrating to the United Foundation relocated its offices to restoration effort began in 2000 States decreased, the center’s doors the Freedom Center. with the listing of the building in were officially closed. In 2003, Miami-Dade the National Register. Once fully Before serving as a beacon to the Community College and the Mas restored, the Long Building will Cuban immigrants, Freedom Tower Canosa family were involved in house administrative offices, a was known as the “News Tower” negotiations regarding the tower community learning center, and the as it was headquarters for the city’s and its future, which included its Christiansburg Institute Museum oldest newspaper, the Miami Daily use as a museum of immigration and Archive. News and Metropolis from 1925 to and South Florida. Unfortunately, For more information, visit the Christiansburg 1957. After the newspaper moved negotiations between the Mas Institute website at to new offices, the building was left Canosa family and the college http://www.christiansburginstitute.org vacant. Starting in the early 1960s, ceased during the summer of the number of Cuban immigrants 2004. The tower was briefly Cuban America’s in Miami requiring assistance part of a $2.75 billion General Place of Refuge: The increased beyond the capacity of the Obligation Bond to be voted existing Cuban refugee emergency upon in November 2004, but was Freedom Tower centers, then located in the base- removed from the list of projects ment of the Dade County School in the bond. According to Miami Janet Paz National Park Service, CRDIP Summer Administration Building and the Today, another potential buyer has 2004 Intern Florida State Employment Office. contacted the Mas Canosa family, Both were moved to four floors in however, the future of this signifi- On the East Coast of the United the old newspaper building. cant symbol of freedom to Cuban States, early 20th century immi- The tower’s architectural his- Americans remains uncertain. grants established initial contact tory is an interesting one. It was For more information on the Freedom Tower and with their new “home” at Ellis designed by Leonard Schultze its foundation, visit the Cuban American National Foundation website at http://www.canf.org. Island off of New York. On the and S. Fullerton Weaver and built West Coast, in San Francisco, in 1924. The overall composition Janet Paz is a graduate student at the University Angel Island filled a similar role. In of the tower was inspired by the of the Arts in Philadelphia and was a Cultural Resources Diversity Intern in Washington, DC, the Southeast, from 1962 to 1974, Giralda Tower in Seville, Spain, but during the Summer of 2004. Miami’s “Freedom Tower” came to the designers added Renaissance symbolize a welcoming landmark and Spanish baroque details. Inside the tower, the designers used hand- page 15 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004 Exploring the Past at Oxon Cove Park TRIBAL ACTIVITIES

Mike Antonioni Marilyn A. Cohen-Brown National Park Service As of November 4, 2004, the • Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Native American tribes with offi- Superior Chippewa Indians “Exploring the Past” is Oxon Cove cially-recognized Tribal Historic (Michigan) Park’s newest educational pro- Preservation Offices include: gram for the park straddles both • Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians (Minnesota) Washington, DC, and Oxon Hill, • Absentee Shawnee Tribe Maryland. The program is geared (Oklahoma) • Lummi Nation (Washington) towards elementary school chil- dren and based on the park’s his- • Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the • Makah Tribe (Washington) Owens Valley (California) tory during the first half of the 19th • Menominee Indian Tribe of century. This educational program • Blue Lake Rancheria Tribe of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) highlights the park’s resources, and Indians (California) focuses on the new Mount Welby • Mescalero Apache Tribe (New exhibits and several interpretative • Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma Mexico) (Oklahoma) wayside panels that are part of the • Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe park’s history trail. • Catawba Indian Nation (South Indians (Minnesota) The exhibit and coordinat- Carolina) ing education program highlights • Narragansett Indian Tribe three themes: The Immigration • Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (Rhode Island) (South Dakota) Story—Making a New Home in • Navajo Nation (Arizona) America; A Voice Unheard—Slavery • Chippewa Cree Tribe of the • Northern Cheyenne Tribe at Mount Welby; and A Question Rocky Boy’s Reservation (Montana) of Loyalties—Mount Welby During (Montana) the War of 1812. A teacher’s packet • Onieda Nation of Wisconsin • Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma is sent in advance. Once reserva- (Wisconsin) tions are made, all teachers are (Oklahoma) • Passamaquoddy Tribe (Maine) required to do the presite, onsite, • Confederated Salish and and postsite activities with their Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead • Penobscot Nation (Maine) students to ensure their field trip to Nation (Montana) Oxon Cove Park. • Poarch Band of Creek Indians The park staff used original let- • Confederated Tribes of (Alabama) the Colville Reservation ters from the DeButts family as well • Pueblo of Zuni (New Mexico) as secondary sources to develop (Washington) • Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior the script, putting reproductions of • Confederated Tribes of the Chippewas (Wisconsin) the correspondence in the exhibit. Umatilla Reservation (Oregon) The DeButts family were the origi- • Seneca Nation of Indians (New • Confederated Tribes of the nal occupants of Mt. Welby, dating York) back to the War of 1812. Visitors Warm Springs Reservation in may open drawers from exhibit Oregon (Oregon) • Sisseton-Wahpenton Oyate (South Dakota) cabinets to view period clothing, • Eastern Band of Cherokee representative medical instru- Indians (North Carolina) • Skokomish Indian Tribe ments that may have been used by (Washington) Dr. DeButts, and American Indian • Hualapai Tribe (Arizona) • Skull Valley Band of Goshute and African cultural objects. One • Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Indians (Utah) exhibit room is furnished as a parlor Lake Superior Chippewa Indians with reproduction furnishings of the of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) • Spokane Tribe of Indians early 19th century based on a pro- (Washington) bate inventory of the family. • Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians See TRIBAL, page 19 For more information, call Oxon Cove Park at 301/839-1176. (Wisconsin)

page 16 Mexico. ANNOUNCEMENTS For information about the hotel and the meeting, visit the organization’s website at AND CONFERENCES http://www.h-net.org/~swpca/html.

March 2005 Announcements Historic Site, and Manassas National Battlefield Park. The Pacific Northwest Historians Making Freedom: African Americans project involves a survey of visitors Guild Conference in U.S. History and front line staff to discuss their perceptions on how race and slav- The Pacific Northwest Historians Making Freedom: African ery are presented at these sites. A Guild (PNW) is hosting a confer- Americans in U.S. History by report of survey results conducted ence on the trail and treaty history Primary Source, Inc., is a five-vol- at Arlington House is available of the Pacific Northwest at the ume set of that provides the neces- online. To download a copy, visit Museum of History and Industry sary bibliographic references, docu- the Cultural Resources Diversity in Seattle, Washington, on March ments, and corroborative informa- Program’s website at http://www. 5, 2005. tion to more fully incorporate the cr.nps.gov/crdi/research_arlhouse. For more information, contact Maria Pascualy, history of African Americans into [email protected], or visit the PNW Historians htm. Guild’s website at http://www.pnwhistorians.org. the study of United States his- For more information, contact Michele Gates tory. Published by Heinenmann Moresi at 202/354-2266, email: OAH 2005 Annual Meeting Publishing, the books were com- [email protected]. piled by scholars, classroom teach- The Organization of American ers, and curriculum specialists and Conferences Historians (OAH) will hold its are intended for grades 7 through annual meeting in San Francisco, 12. Making Freedom contains con- January 2005 California March 31-April 3, 2005. text essays by scholars, primary This year’s theme will be “Telling sources, lesson plans, and sidebar AHA 119th Annual Meeting America’s Stories: Historians and connections to contemporary Their Publics.” The meeting seeks events. Included in each volume are The American Historical to celebrate the diversity of histo- introductions, timelines, and anno- Association (AHA) will hold its rians and their audiences, while at tated bibliographies. Each book is 119th annual meeting January 6-9, the same time exploring its implica- accompanied by a CD of primary 2005, in Seattle, Washington. The tions for the study of the American sources, including maps, paintings, theme, “Archives and Artifacts,” past. portraits, photographs, and music. considers access to historical infor- For more information, visit the OAH 2005 Meeting For more information visit Primary Source’s web- mation and the fragility of docu- website at http://www.oah.org/meetings/2005/ site at http://www.primarysource.org/library/ mentation and artistic objects. index.html. publications.htm. For more information, visit the AHA meeting website, http://www.theaha.org/ANNUAL/2005/ CFP2005.htm, or contact Paul Freedman at paul. April 2005 “Race and Slavery” Survey Report of [email protected], or Barbara Weinstein at Arlington House Available [email protected]. Vernacular Architectural Forum’s 25th Anniversary Annual Meeting “Presenting Race and Slavery February 2005 at Historic Sites” is a coopera- The Vernacular Architecture tive research project between the Southwest Texas PC/ACA Conference Forum (VAF) will hold its Annual on Public History and Historic National Park Service and the Preservation Meeting in Tucson, Arizona, April Center for the Study of Public 13-17, 2005. The conference theme Culture and Public History of The The Southwest/Texas Popular is “La Frontera: Cross-Cultural George Washington University. Culture Association/American Vernacular Landscapes.” In addi- Researchers are analyzing the Culture Association will incor- tion, in celebration of VAF’s 25th presentation of race and slavery at porate presentations examining anniversary, several sessions will be three major National Park Service historic preservation and public devoted to the history, theory, and historic sites: Arlington House (the history at its annual conference practice of the VAF and vernacular Robert E. Lee Memorial in George February 9-12, 2005 at The Hyatt architecture studies. Washington Memorial Parkway), Regency in Albuquerque, New the Frederick Douglass National page 17 HERITAGE MATTERS DECEMBER 2004

For more detailed information, visit the VAF Indigenous thought and the impact Conference on African Americans and website, http://www.vernaculararchitectureforum. the Civil War org/annualmeetings.html, or contact Laura B. of Aboriginal perspectives on Driemeyer, Vernacular Architecture Forum, c/o cultural, political, environmental, American and New England Studies Program, historical, legal, philosophical and On May 26-28, 2005, the Boston University, 226 Bay State Road, Boston, MA Conference on African Americans 02215, email: [email protected]. anthropological thought in Canada. For more information, visit the Centre of Canadian and the Civil War will be held in Studies’ website at http://www.cst.ed.ac.uk. Petersburg, Virginia. The confer- NCPH 2005 Annual Meeting ence seeks to examine, evaluate, US/ICOMOS 8th International and define the role of African The National Council on Public Symposium Americans before, during, and after History (NCPH) will hold its annual the Civil War; discuss ancillary meeting April 15-17, 2005, in Kansas Historic Charleston Foundation issues regarding African Americans City, Missouri. The theme for and the International Council on and the sectional crisis; and facili- the conference will be “Defining Monuments and Sites, United States tate an interdisciplinary discussion Regions: Public Historians and the committee (US/ICOMOS) will of the historical threads that con- Culture and Meaning of Region.” sponsor ICOMOS 8th international nect the Civil War to today, espe- For more information regarding the conference, symposium in Charleston, South cially for African Americans. contact David Vanderstel, [email protected], or visit the NCPH meeting website at Carolina May 5-8, 2005. The focus The conference steering com- http://www.ncph.org/Calls/calls_NCPH2005.html. of the symposium will be Heritage mittee is accepting proposals for Interpretation: Expressing Heritage individual and group presenta- 3rd Annual Material Culture Sites Values to Foster Conservation, tions. The submission must include Symposium Promote Community Development, a curriculum vitae, a one-page and Educate the Public. The prospectus, and cover letter. Send The Center for Material Culture purpose is to address interpreta- all submissions to Steven Ramold, Studies at the University of Dela- tion needs for historic sites on an [email protected], by February 28, ware will host the Third Annual international scale, from the great 2005. Material Culture Symposium for architectural sites to the places of For more information, visit the conference website Emerging Scholars (MCSES) Satur- memory associated with remote at http://www.caacw.org. day, April 23, 2005 at the Winter- cultures. This is part of a multi- thur Museum, Garden, and Library year effort to develop a guiding June 2005 in Winterthur, Delaware. This sym- document on interpretation for the Multicultural Days: An International posium provides emerging scholars greater ICOMOS community. Perspective Conference with a venue for interdisciplinary For more information, visit the ICOMOS website at http://www.icomos.org/usicomos/. dialogue centering on material Brock University, in St. Catherines, culture. The students will have an Ontario, will host a conference opportunity to discuss topics with National Trust Annual Main Street/ from June 23-25, 2005, on multi- Maryland Historical Trust Joint professionals and academics. cultural issues across several disci- Conference For more information, visit the University of plines. This conference’s purpose Delaware’s Center for Material Culture Studies is to bring individuals from around website at http://materialculture.udel.edu/. The National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Maryland the globe together to create an international and multidisciplinary May 2005 Historical Trust, Preservation Maryland, and other conference forum on multicultural research First Nations, First Thoughts cosponsors will host the annual and related issues. Topics areas Conference Main Street conference at the include multiculturalism and youth, Waterfront Marriott Hotel in education, immigration and accul- On May 5-6, 2005, the University of Baltimore, Maryland May 8-11, turation, and health. Edinburgh, Scotland, will sponsor 2005. The conference will coincide For more information contact Dawn Zinga, a conference on the significance of Conference Chair at 905/688-5550, ext 3152, email: with the Maryland Historical Trust’s Aboriginal peoples in the develop- [email protected], or visit the conference website annual conference on May 9-10, at http://www.multiculturaldays.ca. ment of cultural and intellectual 2005. thought in Canada. This interdis- For more information on the Main Street ciplinary conference will bring Conference, visit the Main Street website at http:// Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal conference.mainstreet.org/. For information on the scholars together to consider the Maryland Historical Trust, contact Scott Whipple, development and transmission of [email protected], phone: 410/514-7635.

page 18 5th International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations

The Institute of Ethnic Administra- tors, among others, are sponsoring the Fifth International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations in Beijing, China on June 30–July 3, 2005. This year’s theme is “Towards Cultural Sustainability.” For more information about the conference, visit its website at http://diversity-conference.com/.

October 2005

SACRPH Biennial Conference

The Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) will hold is biennial conference in Coral Gables, Florida on October 20-23, 2005. SACRPH is an interdisciplinary organization that addresses the past, present, and future purposeful efforts to shape urban life. The conference program com- mittee is accepting proposals for papers and paper sessions. Proposals are invited on all aspects of urban, regional, and community planning history, especially papers or sessions on Miami or Florida, economic restructuring and global- ization, and comparative examina- tions that consider race, class, and Baltimore will be the setting for the upcoming Main Street Conference gender. Proposals must include: co-sponsored by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Maryland a clearly titled one-page abstract Historic Trust. Shown is Baltimore’s Fells Point area. Photo by Marcia Axtmann Smith with the participant’s name, a list for the Maryland Association of Historic District Commissions. of audiovisual equipment needed, a one-page curriculum vitae with From TRIBAL, page 16 • Turtle Mountain Band of contact information, and four key • Squaxin Island Tribe Chippewa (North Dakota) words identifying the thematic (Washington) emphasis of the work. • Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head Proposals should be sent to • Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (Massachusetts) SACRPH at [email protected] by (North Dakota) • White Earth Band of Minnesota February 15, 2005, either as text • Table Bluff Reservation-Wiyot Chippewa (Minnesota) within the body of an email or as Tribe (California) an attached Word file. • White Mountain Apache Tribe For more information, contact Greg Hise at • Timbisha Shoshone Tribe (Arizona) [email protected]. (California) • Yurok Tribe (California) • Tunica-Biloxi Indians of For more information on THPOs, contact James Bird at 202/354-1837, e-mail: [email protected] Louisiana (Louisiana)

page 19 HERITAGE FIRST CLASS MAIL MATTERS Postage & Fees Paid DECEMBER 2004 U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW (2251) Washington, DC 20240

Fran P. Mainella Director

Janet Snyder Matthews Associate Director Cultural Resources

John Robbins Assistant Director Cultural Resources

Antoinette J. Lee Miami’s Freedom Tower came to Special Projects Manager symbolize a welcoming landmark Brian D. Joyner for more than 450,000 Cubans who Heritage Matters Editor immigrated to the United States. See page 15. Courtesy of Ellen J. Ugucioni. HERITAGE MATTERS Mission of the FEDERAL ACTIVITIES, pages 1–5 ANNOUNCEMENTS AND CONFERENCES, National Park Service CONTENTS pages 17–19 American Indian Museum Opens, p. 1 The National Park Service is dedicated “Trail of Tears” in Classroom, p. 3 Announcements, p. 17 • Making Freedom: African Americans in U.S. to conserving unimpaired the natural Reflecting on NAGPRA, p. 4 History and cultural resources and the values of Save America’s Treasures Grants, p. 5 • “Race and Slavery” Survey Report the National Park System for the enjoy- Conferences, p. 17 ment, education, and inspiration of this STATE ACTIVITIES, pages 6–11 • AHA 119th Annual meeting San Miguel Chapel, Santa Fe, NM, p. 6 • Southwest Texas PC/ACA Conference on Public and future generations. The Service also National Register Nominations, p. 7 History and Historic Preservation cooperates with partners to extend the • Xavier University buildings, New Orleans, • Pacific Northwest Historians Guild Conference benefits of natural and cultural resource • OAH 2005 Annual Meeting Louisiana conservation and outdoor recreation • Teutonia Maennerchor Hall, Pittsburgh, • Vernacular Architectural Forum Annual Pennsylvania Meeting throughout this country and the world. • B’nai Israel Synagogue, Cape Girardeau, • NCPH 2005 Annual Meeting Missouri • 3rd Annual Material Culture Symposium Heritage Matters, sponsored by the • Plymouth Theatre, Washington, DC • First Nations, First Thoughts Conference Cultural Resources Programs of the • East Village Historic District, Milwaukee, • US/ICOMOS 8th International Symposium Wisconsin National Park Service, is published twice- • National Trust Annual Main Street/Maryland • St. Stefan’s Romanian Orthodox Church, Historic Trust Joint Conference a-year and is free of charge. Readers are South St. Paul, Minnesota • Conference on African Americans and the invited to submit short articles and notices • Broadway Avenue Historic District, Detroit, Civil War Michigan for inclusion. (Limit submissions to fewer • Multicultural Days: An International • Hinchliffe Stadium, Paterson City, New Jersey Perspective Conference than 600 words and include author’s name • SACRPH Biennial Conference and affiliation. Photographs or slides LOCAL ACTIVITIES, pages 11–16 are welcome.) Please submit newslet- City of Neighborhoods workshop, p. 11 ter items in writing or electronically to: Aviation and the Dena’ina of South-central This material is based upon work conducted Brian D. Joyner, Editor, Heritage Matters, Alaska, p. 12 under a cooperative agreement between the DOI/National Park Service, 1849 C Street, Back to Life: Oral History and Memory in U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Fazendville, p. 13 Service and the National Conference of State NW (2251), Washington, DC 20240. Phone: Christiansburg Institute, p. 14 Historic Preservation Officers. Views and conclu- 202/354-2276, email: [email protected]. Cuban America’s Freedom Tower, p. 15 sions in this material are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing Exploring the Past at Oxon Cove Park, p. 16 the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Visit the website for the NPS Cultural Mention of trade names or commercial products Resources Diversity Program: www. TRIBAL ACTIVITIES, page 16 does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. cr.nps.gov/crdi Tribal Historic Preservation Offices, p. 16 Government.

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