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The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Fitzcarrald Fauna, Amazonian Peru

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The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Fitzcarrald Fauna, Amazonian Peru Una historia de la biodiversidad en la selva peruana: los últimos 70 millones de años © Daniel Peña Pierre-Olivier Antoine y todo el equipo de investigaciones (Perú, Francia, Argentina, Colombia, Panamá, Holanda, EEUU…) Sociedad Geológica del Perú, Lima – 17 de Agosto del 2017 Amazonía: la tercera parte de las tierras de Sudamérica punto álgido de biodiversidad para varios grupos de organismos GSA Meeting 2015 (Baltimore, EEUU) Simposio Amazonía 30 Oct. 2015 Diversidad específica de los árboles (3 – 300 especies/Ha) Diversidad específica total Aves Amazonía occidental Amazonía Mamíferos Amazonía occidental Amazonía Anfibios Amazonía occidental Amazonía Grenyer et al. (2006) Para un mejor conocimiento de la evolución y de la dinámica actual de los ecosistemas amazónicos, es fundamental de volver a caracterizar su pasado, a escala de tiempos geológicos, y de analisar el registro fósil disponible Amazonía: entre ríos y selva Condiciones de afloramiento: Achiri (Bolivia), Septiembre del 2011 Condiciones de afloramiento: Amazonía peruana, Agosto del 2011 Escala de los tiempos geológicos: el Cenozóico Sitios paleontológicos de la selva peruana 0.01 Ma 2.6 Ma Cuaternario Juan Guerra (siglo 19) 5.3 Ma Plioceno Madre de Dios (1980s) Río Utoquinea (1949) Mioceno 23.0 Ma Oligoceno 33.8 Ma NO EVIDENCIA Eoceno 55.8 Ma Paleoceno 65.5 Ma CRETACICO Bagua (El Triunfo) Escala de los tiempos geológicos: el Cenozóico Sitios paleontológicos de la selva peruana 0.01 Ma 2.6 Ma Cuaternario Juan Guerra 5.3 Ma Plioceno Madre de Dios Río Utoquinea Mioceno 23.0 Ma NO EVIDENCIA Oligoceno 33.8 Ma Santa Rosa (2004) Eoceno NO EVIDENCIA 55.8 Ma Paleoceno 65.5 Ma CRETACICO Bagua (El Triunfo) Quince años de trabajo de campo en la selva Maroni Napo Iquitos Contamana Amazonas Fitzcarrald San Martín Alto Madre de Dios [27 campañas] Expedición "Fitzcarraldo 2005": armada de canoas en el Río Inuya Frappart et al. (2012) El Río Mapuya a contra-corriente … o "en el ojo del anticiclón" (2005) Campamento, Río Sepa (2007) Se necesita verificar el material ANTES de salir al campo, tonto! Río Tigre (2006) Caminando… Aguantando… Prospectando… Excavando… 39.20 0.07 Ma Misión Fitzcarraldo 2005: una matamata gigante! Pescando… Espina pectoral de Phractocephalus (fósil) Phractocephalus encontrada en el mismo río! hemiliopterus (pez gato actual) pescado por François Pujos A veces, no se puede proporcionar el desayuno para todo el equipo… (Contamana, 2014) … tamizando, Juanjui (San Martín, Perú) en 2015 … y tamizando 39.20 0.07 Ma Contamana en 2014 Afloramiento típico en la selva: chico … pero rico! Refinando las dataciones - sólo con especimenes encontrados in-situ, - con un contexto estratigráfico bien conocido, - y utilizando datos independientes: • biocronología de vertebrados, • otros marcadores bioestratigráficos (moluscos, ostrácodos, polen, carófitas, dinoflagelados, foraminíferos) • dataciones radioisotópicas (Ar/Ar, U/Pb), • termocronología baja-temperatura (AFTA, ZFTA) • quimio-estratigrafía… Para cada localidad, la edad se establece gracias a todos los datos disponibles Antoine et al. (2016, Gondwana Research) Más de 500 especies encontradas en las orillas de la Quebrada Cachiyacu! (Paleoceno-Mioceno; alrededores de Contamana, 2008 – 2016) Resultados sintéticos (Andes – Subandino – Amazonía) SALMAs TUMBES ANDES MADRE AMAZONAS/ CONTAMANA/ SINTESIS Ma DE DIOS SAN MARTIN SANTA ROSA Ar/Ar Ar/Ar 0 Plio- Quat. MONTEHERMOSAN 5 etc. Ar/Ar Ar/Ar HUAYQUERIAN 10 MAYOAN Ar/Ar Ar/Ar LAVENTAN 15 COLLONCURAN 17.1 2.4 Ma 17.1 2.4 Ma Miocene SANTACRUCIAN 20 COLHUEHUAPIAN Ar/Ar Ar/Ar 25 25.67 0.64 Ma 25.87 0.64 Ma DESEADAN Ar/Ar 26.56 0.07 Ma 26.56Ar/Ar 0.07 Ma 30 Oligocene TINGUIRIRICAN 35 36.27 0.94 Ma 36.27 0.94 Ma MUSTERSAN 40 43.44 2.5 Ma 43.44 2.5 Ma BARRANCAN 45 VACAN Eocene "SAPOAN" 50 RIOCHICAN ITABORAIAN 55 CARODNIA ZONE 60 PELIGRAN TIUPAMPAN 65 Paleocene 70 K Una historia de la Amazonía peruana en los 70 últimos millones de años Sorpresa en la "Formación Yahuarango" (Eoceno) Tibia de dinosaurio saurópodo Otras huellas encontradas en 2016 (otro afloramiento) Niveles muestreados para microvertebrados 0,5 mm Pucabatis hoffstetteri (Maastrichtiano de Bolivia, Perú, Argentina; ambientes deltaicos) Paleoceno : varios estuarios al pie de los Andes nacientes 1 mm Primeras menciones americanas de Ouledia (raya marina de África y Asia) MD-177 : "capa con peces" del Thanetiano (58-55 Ma, marino) MD-85: yacimiento "centimétrico" del Paleoceno del Madre de Dios Poco cambios Surco marino paleogeográficos de antepaís entre 70 y 50 Ma Tumbes Tarapoto Bagua Juanjui Contamana Alto Madre de Dios Vilcapujio Lundberg et al. (1998), modificado Eoceno medio tardío (41 Ma) : una biodiversidad increíble! semillas cangrejos de agua dulce † Sebecus sp. (cocodrilo terrestre) 144 especies asociadas (incluyendo 84 palinomorfos y 49 vertebrados) carófitas ostrácodos un marsupial sorprendente 2 mm Argyrolagus, marsupial extinguido convergente de gerbillas (~4 Ma) Wamradolops nov. sp. : cerca de Argyrolagus, pero mucho más antiguo Contamana (CTA-27) 41.6-41 Ma cráneo de Suncus etruscus, el mamífero actual lo más chico en el mundo (1,5-2,5 g) 0 5mm animaldiversity.org Wamradolops cráneo de Argyrolagus (Simpson, 1970) (~41 Ma, CTA-27) Wamradolops: problablemente más pequeño que Suncus etruscus! hay también roedores… Cachiyacuy contamanensis Cachiyacuy kummeli Eobranisamys sp. Canaanimys maquiensis cf. Eoespina sp. Canaanimys maquiensis, un caviómorfo primitivo de Contamana (CTA-27)… y Juanjui (San Martín)! Restos descubiertos en 2016 y identificados por Alexandre Assemat (Master, Univ. Montpellier) Canaanimys spp. Cachiyacuy spp. © Maëva Orliac 2011 Canaanimys ya fue popularizado por Serpost en 2013! La Tierra hace 40 millones de años: Sudamérica está completamente aislada Ubicación de Contamana (Perú) Yacimientos paleógenos con roedores histricógnatos Dispersiones sucesivas: Asia África Sudamérica (Más de) 41 millones de años: los roedores colonizan Sudamérica Cione et al. (2011) A este periodo, las costas africana y brasilera están a unos 800 km! Unos diez días harían sido suficientes para que una balsa natural pueda llegar a "Brasil" desde África Saguinus Leontopithecus Cebus Branisella † Dispersión similar para los monos (mismos yacimientos): Asia África Sudamérica Perupithecus (Santa Rosa) Talahpithecus (Dur-At-Talah) Bond et al. (2015) iflscience.com Durante el Oligoceno (~26 millones de años) Hallazgo de CTA-61 en 2012 Marivaux et al. (2016) Hasta ahora, el mono platirrino lo más antiguo! Ambiente: selva tropical húmeda, con ríos, meandros y cochas Boivin et al. (2017) Una última parada, en el Mioceno … 2011: MD-61 Astrágalo derecho de un monito (Mioceno temprano, ~17 Ma) (cerca a Saimiri, el mono ardilla) IQ26, Tamshiyacu (Loreto) cráneo del astrapoterio Granastrapotherium snorki cráneo preparado (coll. Museo Lima) astrapoterio (1 hasta 2,5 toneladas) elementos de dos esqueletos (macho y hembra) Iquitos Aves Tarsometatarso de Anhinga (14 a 12 Ma) de Tamshiyacu (IQ26) IQ26, Iquitos 2004: Descubrimiento del primer ámbar amazónico Canal de lignita, Iquitos Muy poco niveles proporcionaron bloques de ámbar (IQ26, TAR-31) TAR-31 (2016) Mosquita Quirónomo Sycorax peruensis, el primer psiquodido hematófago fósil encontrado en Sudamérica Petrulevičius et al. (2011) pero también foraminíferos, dinoflagelados, Boonstra et al. (2015, Palaeo3) 10 µm moluscos por billones … y, entre todos, ostras [Crassostrea] en Contamana (~12 Ma)! El sistema Pebas (18-10,5 Ma) Boonstra et al. (2015, Palaeo3) Joel.Sartore Más probablemente un archipiélago continental, parecido al "pantanal" durante la temporada húmeda Delfines (diente de iniido – cerca de los delfines rosados actuales (bufeos) IQ26, Tamshiyacu, Loreto) Un cráneo de tortuga (Podocnemis) en CTA-43 (Contamana, ~11 Ma) IQ 101, Iquitos (Loreto) Gryposuchus Varios cocodrilos de agua dulce (o con influencia marina) Gryposuchus pachakamue Salas-Gismondi et al., 2016 Salas-Gismondi et al. (2016) Convergencia entre los gaviales amazónicos (fósiles) y el gavial del Ganga Hay hasta siete especies de cocodrilos en la misma cocha hace 12 millones de años (Salas-Gismondi et al., 2015) Gnatusuchus pebasensis moluscos en el mismo yacimiento Ceviche mixto de conchas! 10 Ma: suben los Andes, el Sistema Pebas desaparece y está naciendo el Río Amazonas (a partir de 9,5 Ma)… Hoorn et al. (2017) ~3,5 Ma: El "Gran Intercambio Americano" perisodáctilos tapires, caballos artiodáctilos sajinos, cervatillos, inmigrantes camelidos (llama, vicuña…) norteamericanos lagómorfos conejos y llebres roedores emigrantes ardillas, sudamericanos ratas y ratones del N. Mundo carnívoros procionidos félidos (Smilodon, jaguar…), mefítidos (mofeta, zorrillo), canidos, ursidos, mustelidos proboscídeos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange mastodontes Gracias! Hirake! Merci ! .
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