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A Aardvark, 96 Abderites, 15, 162 Abderitidae, 11, 159, 200 Aboriginal, 15, 17 Adamantina, 79, 83 Africa, 79, 96, 116, 127, 130

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A Aardvark, 96 Abderites, 15, 162 Abderitidae, 11, 159, 200 Aboriginal, 15, 17 Adamantina, 79, 83 Africa, 79, 96, 116, 127, 130 Index A Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), 126, Aardvark, 96 188, 210 Abderites, 15, 162 Antarctic Counter Current, 104 Abderitidae, 11, 159, 200 Antarctic Peninsula, 12, 80, 83, 97, 109, Aboriginal, 15, 17 113–116, 165, 187, 216 Adamantina, 79, 83 Antarctic Region, 113, 133 Africa, 79, 96, 116, 127, 130, 141 Antarctodonas, 110 Afrotemperate Region, 133 Antechinus, 56 Afrothere, 96 Aonken Sea, 139 Afrotheria, 96, 97 Aptian, 79, 98, 129 Alamitan, 83, 90, 95, 141, 211 Aquatic, 130 Alchornea, 113 Araceae, 113 Alcidedorbignia, 94 Araucaria, 130 Alisphenoid, 10, 11 Arboreal, 6, 12, 38, 58–61, 64, 65 Allen, 80 Archaeodolops, 195 Allenian, 211 Archaeohyracidae, 143 Allotherian, 212 Archaeonothos, 109 Allqokirus, 95, 214 Arctodictis, 166 Alphadelphian, 214 Arecaceae, 113 Altiplano, 127 Argentina, 13, 17, 19, 22, 61, 80, 83, 95, 107, Altricial, 203 112, 116, 130, 135, 136, 138, 157 Ameghinichnus, 140 Argentodites, 212 Ameridelphia, 157, 165, 166, 186, 192, 195 Argyrolagidae, 13, 158, 196, 220 Ameridelphian, 91, 95, 106, 107, 110, 157, Argyrolagoidea, 13, 143, 195, 201, 220 166, 200, 213, 215, 216 Argyrolagus, 158, 220 Amphidolops, 195, 200 Arid diagonal, 135, 136, 138 Anachlysictis, 23, 161 Arminiheringia, 166, 194 Andean Range, 133 A1 scenario, 138 Andean Region, 127, 132, 133, 135, 136 Ascending ramus, 170 Andes, 12, 127 Asia, 6, 127, 156, 202 Andinodelphys, 95, 157, 159 Astragalar, 10 Angiosperm, 114, 115, 129, 190 Astrapotheria, 3 Angular process, 10, 11, 171, 175 Atacama Desert, 130, 133, 136 Animalivore, 47 Atlantic Forest, 61, 130 Animalivorous, 47 Atlantic Ocean, 137 Ankle bone, 96, 107 Atlantogenata, 97 Antarctica, 8, 12, 79, 98–100, 104, 109, 112, Australasia, 218 115, 116, 126, 127, 133, 135, 137, 210, 220 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 227 F.J. Goin et al., A Brief History of South American Metatherians, Springer Earth System Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7420-8 228 Index Australia, 8, 56, 65, 79, 83, 94, 98, 100, 103, Broken Zig-Zag hypothesis, 146 104, 107, 109, 110, 116, 133, 135, 139, Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), 9, 41 210, 212, 216 Browsing, 3, 95 Australian bight, 98, 99, 104 Buenos Aires, 2, 3, 146, 147, 168, 173, 174 Australidelphia, 21, 90, 107, 135, 139, Bulla, 10, 173, 176 157–159, 164, 215, 216 Bunodont, 8, 107, 171, 213 Australidelphian, 8, 90, 107, 159, 212 Burramyidae, 49 Austral Kingdom, 132, 136 Australo-Antarctic Gulf (AAG), 98 C Australo-Antarctic Seaway, 104 Caatinga, 61, 63–65, 130 Australohyaena, 166 Cacao, 43 Australotemperate Region, 133 Caenolestes, 38, 63, 159, 171, 192 Austrocedrus, 130 Caenolestidae, 11, 39, 50, 159, 222 Caenolestoidea, 159 B Calcaneocuboid, 10 Bajo Barreal, 81 Calcaneus, 10, 107 Balcarce, 2 Caleufú, 22 Barbereniid, 83 Callistoe, 166 Bardalestes, 192 Caluromyinae, 11, 38, 46, 49, 50, 159 Barrancan, 94, 149 Caluromys, 43, 50, 54, 55, 58–60, 171, 195 Barremian, 129, 156 Caluromysiops, 55, 171 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), 41, 43, 61, 62 Camelidae, 144 Basking, 63 Campanian, 9, 80, 81, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99, 100, Bass Basin, 98, 100, 103 104, 114, 116, 129, 140, 210, 213, 215 Baurú, 79, 82 Campos, 97 Bergman’s Rule, 198–200, 202 Canidae, 144 Bestiae, 15 Canine, 5, 11, 167 Big Chill, 218 Capitate, 10 Biochron, 188, 192 Capitulum, 11 Biogeographic regions, 25, 135 Caribbean, 79, 90–92, 94, 95, 97, 133, 141, Bisagra Patagónica, 143, 149, 202 210, 211 Boat Mountain, 106 Carlothentes, 192, 195 Bobbschaefferia, 110, 157, 158, 195 Carnivorous, 11, 49, 110, 170, 186, 193, 194, Bolivia, 9, 12, 13, 20, 22, 38, 41, 57, 80, 82, 197, 202, 214, 219 95, 107, 130, 137, 157, 158, 172, 212, 213 Carnivory, 186, 193, 194, 197, 199 Bombacoideae, 113 Carodnia, 79, 110 Bonapartheriidae, 13, 176, 192, 195, 200, 201 Carodnia Zone, 6, 7, 219 Bonapartheriiformes, 12, 13, 158, 175–177, Caroloameghinia, 15, 169, 192 192, 195, 196, 200, 202 Caroloameghiniidae, 11, 143, 159, 164, 169, Bonapartherioidea, 13, 143 171, 215 Bonapartherium, 15, 175, 176, 195 Carolopaulacoutoia, 157 Boreoeutheria, 97 Carotid foramen, 11 Boreometatheria, 157 Casamayoran, 7, 169, 178, 188, 189 Boreosphenidan, 10 Casamiquelid, 83 Borhyaenidae, 13, 167, 194 Caviomorph, 141 Borhyaenoidea, 159, 194, 214, 220 Ceduna, 99, 104 Braincase, 169, 171, 174, 177 Cenomanian, 83, 98, 129, 130 Brazil, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22, 41, 43, 44, 57, 80, Cenozoic, 3, 6–9, 12, 13, 19–21, 23, 25, 39, 78, 83, 95, 130, 157, 177, 187 101, 105, 126, 127, 129, 130, 138, 140, Breeding, 55–57, 65, 203 143, 144, 146, 148, 160, 166, 187, 188, Bridgerian Crash, 149 201–203, 210, 211, 221, 222 Brisbane, 106 Central America, 38, 90, 95 Index 229 Central Andes, 41, 127 CT-scan, 21 Cerrado, 61, 63, 64, 130 Cuboid, 10 Cerrejón, 82, 94, 95, 219 Cunoniaceae, 114 Cerro Azul, 22, 148 Cupanieae, 113 Cerro Tortuga, 81, 211, 217 Cursorial, 12 Cervidae, 144 Chaco, 64, 65, 138 D Chacoan, 133 Danian, 8, 13, 135, 137–139 Chaco–Pampean plains, 138 Dasyuroid, 214 Chapadmalalan, 168, 170, 220 Dasyuromorphia, 12 Chemical digestion, 186 Dasyurus, 56 Chile, 13, 22, 39, 130, 133, 136, 143, 144 Deciduous, 10, 114, 116, 130 China, 6, 156 Deltatheroidan, 8, 214 Chironectes, 43, 50, 58–61, 194 Demons Bluff, 101 Chiropteran, 112 Dental pattern, 164, 171 Chortis Block, 95 Dentary, 10, 11, 107, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, Chronology, 6, 144 175, 193 Chrysochloridae, 96 Dentition, 96, 107, 157, 171, 173, 193, 214 Chubut, 8, 23, 81–83, 95, 135, 136 Derorhynchidae, 12, 192 Chulpasia, 108, 109 Derorhynchus, 15, 157, 219 Cimolodonta, 211 Deseadan, 20, 149, 188, 190, 199 Cingulate, 110 Deseado Massif (DM), 138, 139 Cinguli, 6, 213 Didelphidae, 11, 38, 50, 59, 143, 157, 159, Cingulum, 169, 172 164, 171 Cladistic, 22, 156 Didelphimorphia, 11, 38, 41, 50, 58, 65, 143, Clenia, 195 157, 159, 164, 169, 171, 186, 192, 202, 214 Cocatherium, 8, 13, 90, 95, 107, 116, 212, 221 Didelphinae, 11, 38, 159 Cold Temperate, 43, 56, 65, 66, 115, 137, 203 Didelphini, 50, 54, 159 Colhuehuapian, 22, 23, 148, 149, 167, 201 Didelphis, 15, 43, 47, 54, 57, 58, 61, 63, 146, 193 Colombia, 13, 22, 23, 38, 82, 94, 95, 97, 116, Didelphodon, 156, 157 219 Didelphoidea, 11, 158, 171 Complejo Arqueológico Ventarrón-Collud, 18 Diet, 41, 47, 49, 55, 61, 62, 64, 166, 186, 192, Condylarths, 94, 95, 110, 116, 148, 149, 212 193, 214 Condyle, 171, 175 Digestibility, 48, 196 Coniacian, 79, 82, 99, 114 Digestive tract, 47 Constraints, 39, 43, 47–49, 57, 59, 62, 65, 126, Dimorphic, 56 164, 193 Diospyros, 113 Contamana, 22 Diphyodonty, 10 Cool Temperate, 57, 137 Diprotodont, 55 Cope’s Rule, 198–200 Diprotodontia, 12, 164 Coronoid process, 171, 175 Dipteridaceae, 133 Corridor, 95 Dispersal, 8, 9, 78, 79, 81, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, Corriebaatar, 212 103, 104, 109, 112, 116, 126, 135, 141, Craugastor, 90, 95 144, 210, 214 Crayfish, 98 Djarthia, 107, 108 Crepuscular, 3, 38, 41, 62 Drake Passage, 127, 188 Cretaceous, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 23, 78, 79, 81–83, Dresden code, 18 90, 94–96, 98, 100, 102, 110, 112, Dromiciops, 12, 38, 55, 57–59, 61, 63, 107, 114–116, 126, 127, 129, 130, 135, 157, 164, 192 137–142, 156, 166, 210–219, 221 Dryolestoid, 83, 140 Cretaceous Thermal Maximum (CTM), 114 Dry-screening, 22 Cristid obliqua, 169, 215 Duntroon, 98 Cryptonanus, 50 Durroon, 102 230 Index E Flange, 167 Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), 127, Florianópolis, 44 187, 218 Folivorous, 49, 186, 195–197, 201, 202 Early Gondwanian Phase, 140 Foraging, 41, 60, 62, 64, 66, 194 Early South American Phase, 141, 218 French Guiana, 41 Eastern Cordillera, 127 Frontal crest, 166, 170 Ecological niche, 49, 61, 200, 201 Frugivorous, 12, 47, 49, 64, 186, 192, 194, Ecomorphology, 187 195, 197, 199, 201, 202 Ectepicondylar, 10 Fueguian orocline, 138 Ectocentrocristus, 13, 156, 213, 215 Functional complex, 214 Ecuador, 18, 38, 133 Elaeocarpaceae, 114 G Elephant shrew, 96 Gabon, 97 El Tranquilo, 133 Gashternia, 110, 200 Enamel crenulations, 194 Gashterniidae, 13, 196, 199, 200 Energetic balance, 49 Gaylordia, 157, 214 Energy balance, 43, 55, 62 Genes, 96, 155 Entoconid, 8, 10, 172 Gestation, 49, 50, 65, 203 Eobrasilia, 157 Gippsland, 98, 100, 104 Eocene, 7, 11–13, 20, 78, 82, 95, 96, 99, 104, Glasbiidae, 143, 192, 195, 213 109, 110, 112, 114–116, 127, 131, 141, Glasbius, 13, 156, 212, 213, 215 148, 187, 197, 200, 201, 213, 216, 219 Glironia, 55, 195 Eocene–Oligocene Boundary (EOB), 126, 127, Glironiinae, 11, 38, 50, 159 130, 143, 149, 210, 218 Glyptodontidae, 144 Eometatheria, 216 Golden mole, 96 Epidolopinae, 163 Golfo San Jorge Basin, 81 Epidolops, 110, 157, 175 Gomphotheriidae, 144 Epipubic bones, 9 Gondwana, 79, 83, 96, 133, 136 Equidae, 144 Gondwanan Episode, 83 Esmeraldas, 18 Gondwanatheria, 83, 110 Étagé, 19 Gondwanian, 140, 212 Eucalyptus, 114 Gracilinanus, 41, 50, 56 Eurasia, 6, 126, 129 Grande Coupure, 143, 149, 202 Europe, 126, 143, 202 Granivorous, 49, 193, 195, 197, 201, 202 Eutheria, 9, 148, 156 Granivory, 192, 194, 195, 197 Eutherian, 6, 9, 10, 78, 141, 143, 149, 214, 220 Grazing, 3 Eutriconodont, 140 Greenhouse Gases (GHG), 126, 127, 135 Evapoperspiration, 65 Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), 9, Evolestes, 172, 192 95, 144, 210, 220 Extratropical Area, 133 Great Australian Bight, 98, 104 Greenhouse, 126 F Grenier Farm, 82, 90, 95 Fat storage, 63, 64, 203 Groeberia, 15 Faunivorous, 109, 167, 193 Groeberiidae, 13, 196 Fazenda Experimental da Ressacada, 44 Grooming, 62 Feeding, 11, 13, 41, 43, 47, 49, 57, 65, 131, Guatemala, 95 191, 192, 195 Guggenheimia, 157 Felidae, 144 Gut, 47, 196 Females, 56, 61, 203 Ferugliotheriid, 83 H Ferugliotheriidae, 83 Hadrosaur, 81, 210 First American Biotic Interchange (FABI), 9, Hadrosaurian, 80, 81, 97 141, 210, 212 Hadrosaurine,
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