A Aardvark, 96 Abderites, 15, 162 Abderitidae, 11, 159, 200 Aboriginal, 15, 17 Adamantina, 79, 83 Africa, 79, 96, 116, 127, 130

Home , Cimolodonta, Golfo San Jorge Basin, Herpetotheriidae, Mayulestes, Pantodonta, Peligran

Index

A Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), 126, Aardvark, 96 188, 210 Abderites, 15, 162 Antarctic Counter Current, 104 Abderitidae, 11, 159, 200 Antarctic Peninsula, 12, 80, 83, 97, 109, Aboriginal, 15, 17 113–116, 165, 187, 216 Adamantina, 79, 83 Antarctic Region, 113, 133 Africa, 79, 96, 116, 127, 130, 141 Antarctodonas, 110 Afrotemperate Region, 133 Antechinus, 56 Afrothere, 96 Aonken Sea, 139 Afrotheria, 96, 97 Aptian, 79, 98, 129 Alamitan, 83, 90, 95, 141, 211 Aquatic, 130 Alchornea, 113 Araceae, 113 Alcidedorbignia, 94 Araucaria, 130 Alisphenoid, 10, 11 Arboreal, 6, 12, 38, 58–61, 64, 65 Allen, 80 Archaeodolops, 195 Allenian, 211 Archaeohyracidae, 143 Allotherian, 212 Archaeonothos, 109 Allqokirus, 95, 214 Arctodictis, 166 Alphadelphian, 214 Arecaceae, 113 Altiplano, 127 Argentina, 13, 17, 19, 22, 61, 80, 83, 95, 107, Altricial, 203 112, 116, 130, 135, 136, 138, 157 Ameghinichnus, 140 Argentodites, 212 Ameridelphia, 157, 165, 166, 186, 192, 195 Argyrolagidae, 13, 158, 196, 220 Ameridelphian, 91, 95, 106, 107, 110, 157, Argyrolagoidea, 13, 143, 195, 201, 220 166, 200, 213, 215, 216 Argyrolagus, 158, 220 Amphidolops, 195, 200 Arid diagonal, 135, 136, 138 Anachlysictis, 23, 161 Arminiheringia, 166, 194 Andean Range, 133 A1 scenario, 138 Andean Region, 127, 132, 133, 135, 136 Ascending ramus, 170 Andes, 12, 127 Asia, 6, 127, 156, 202 Andinodelphys, 95, 157, 159 Astragalar, 10 Angiosperm, 114, 115, 129, 190 Astrapotheria, 3 Angular process, 10, 11, 171, 175 Atacama Desert, 130, 133, 136 Animalivore, 47 Atlantic Forest, 61, 130 Animalivorous, 47 Atlantic Ocean, 137 Ankle bone, 96, 107 Atlantogenata, 97 Antarctica, 8, 12, 79, 98–100, 104, 109, 112, Australasia, 218 115, 116, 126, 127, 133, 135, 137, 210, 220

Australia, 8, 56, 65, 79, 83, 94, 98, 100, 103, Broken Zig-Zag hypothesis, 146 104, 107, 109, 110, 116, 133, 135, 139, Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), 9, 41 210, 212, 216 Browsing, 3, 95 Australian bight, 98, 99, 104 Buenos Aires, 2, 3, 146, 147, 168, 173, 174 Australidelphia, 21, 90, 107, 135, 139, Bulla, 10, 173, 176 157–159, 164, 215, 216 Bunodont, 8, 107, 171, 213 Australidelphian, 8, 90, 107, 159, 212 Burramyidae, 49 Austral Kingdom, 132, 136 Australo-Antarctic Gulf (AAG), 98 C Australo-Antarctic Seaway, 104 Caatinga, 61, 63–65, 130 Australohyaena, 166 Cacao, 43 Australotemperate Region, 133 Caenolestes, 38, 63, 159, 171, 192 Austrocedrus, 130 Caenolestidae, 11, 39, 50, 159, 222 Caenolestoidea, 159 B Calcaneocuboid, 10 Bajo Barreal, 81 Calcaneus, 10, 107 Balcarce, 2 Caleufú, 22 Barbereniid, 83 Callistoe, 166 Bardalestes, 192 Caluromyinae, 11, 38, 46, 49, 50, 159 Barrancan, 94, 149 Caluromys, 43, 50, 54, 55, 58–60, 171, 195 Barremian, 129, 156 Caluromysiops, 55, 171 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), 41, 43, 61, 62 Camelidae, 144 Basking, 63 Campanian, 9, 80, 81, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99, 100, Bass Basin, 98, 100, 103 104, 114, 116, 129, 140, 210, 213, 215 Baurú, 79, 82 Campos, 97 Bergman’s Rule, 198–200, 202 Canidae, 144 Bestiae, 15 Canine, 5, 11, 167 Big Chill, 218 Capitate, 10 Biochron, 188, 192 Capitulum, 11 Biogeographic regions, 25, 135 Caribbean, 79, 90–92, 94, 95, 97, 133, 141, Bisagra Patagónica, 143, 149, 202 210, 211 Boat Mountain, 106 Carlothentes, 192, 195 Bobbschaefferia, 110, 157, 158, 195 Carnivorous, 11, 49, 110, 170, 186, 193, 194, Bolivia, 9, 12, 13, 20, 22, 38, 41, 57, 80, 82, 197, 202, 214, 219 95, 107, 130, 137, 157, 158, 172, 212, 213 Carnivory, 186, 193, 194, 197, 199 Bombacoideae, 113 Carodnia, 79, 110 Bonapartheriidae, 13, 176, 192, 195, 200, 201 Carodnia Zone, 6, 7, 219 Bonapartheriiformes, 12, 13, 158, 175–177, Caroloameghinia, 15, 169, 192 192, 195, 196, 200, 202 Caroloameghiniidae, 11, 143, 159, 164, 169, Bonapartherioidea, 13, 143 171, 215 Bonapartherium, 15, 175, 176, 195 Carolopaulacoutoia, 157 Boreoeutheria, 97 Carotid foramen, 11 Boreometatheria, 157 Casamayoran, 7, 169, 178, 188, 189 Boreosphenidan, 10 Casamiquelid, 83 Borhyaenidae, 13, 167, 194 Caviomorph, 141 Borhyaenoidea, 159, 194, 214, 220 Ceduna, 99, 104 Braincase, 169, 171, 174, 177 Cenomanian, 83, 98, 129, 130 Brazil, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22, 41, 43, 44, 57, 80, Cenozoic, 3, 6–9, 12, 13, 19–21, 23, 25, 39, 78, 83, 95, 130, 157, 177, 187 101, 105, 126, 127, 129, 130, 138, 140, Breeding, 55–57, 65, 203 143, 144, 146, 148, 160, 166, 187, 188, Bridgerian Crash, 149 201–203, 210, 211, 221, 222 Brisbane, 106 Central America, 38, 90, 95 Index 229

Central Andes, 41, 127 CT-scan, 21 Cerrado, 61, 63, 64, 130 Cuboid, 10 Cerrejón, 82, 94, 95, 219 Cunoniaceae, 114 Cerro Azul, 22, 148 Cupanieae, 113 Cerro Tortuga, 81, 211, 217 Cursorial, 12 Cervidae, 144 Chaco, 64, 65, 138 D Chacoan, 133 Danian, 8, 13, 135, 137–139 Chaco–Pampean plains, 138 Dasyuroid, 214 Chapadmalalan, 168, 170, 220 Dasyuromorphia, 12 Chemical digestion, 186 Dasyurus, 56 Chile, 13, 22, 39, 130, 133, 136, 143, 144 Deciduous, 10, 114, 116, 130 China, 6, 156 Deltatheroidan, 8, 214 Chironectes, 43, 50, 58–61, 194 Demons Bluff, 101 Chiropteran, 112 Dental pattern, 164, 171 Chortis Block, 95 Dentary, 10, 11, 107, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, Chronology, 6, 144 175, 193 Chrysochloridae, 96 Dentition, 96, 107, 157, 171, 173, 193, 214 Chubut, 8, 23, 81–83, 95, 135, 136 Derorhynchidae, 12, 192 Chulpasia, 108, 109 Derorhynchus, 15, 157, 219 Cimolodonta, 211 Deseadan, 20, 149, 188, 190, 199 Cingulate, 110 Deseado Massif (DM), 138, 139 Cinguli, 6, 213 Didelphidae, 11, 38, 50, 59, 143, 157, 159, Cingulum, 169, 172 164, 171 Cladistic, 22, 156 Didelphimorphia, 11, 38, 41, 50, 58, 65, 143, Clenia, 195 157, 159, 164, 169, 171, 186, 192, 202, 214 Cocatherium, 8, 13, 90, 95, 107, 116, 212, 221 Didelphinae, 11, 38, 159 Cold Temperate, 43, 56, 65, 66, 115, 137, 203 Didelphini, 50, 54, 159 Colhuehuapian, 22, 23, 148, 149, 167, 201 Didelphis, 15, 43, 47, 54, 57, 58, 61, 63, 146, 193 Colombia, 13, 22, 23, 38, 82, 94, 95, 97, 116, Didelphodon, 156, 157 219 Didelphoidea, 11, 158, 171 Complejo Arqueológico Ventarrón-Collud, 18 Diet, 41, 47, 49, 55, 61, 62, 64, 166, 186, 192, Condylarths, 94, 95, 110, 116, 148, 149, 212 193, 214 Condyle, 171, 175 Digestibility, 48, 196 Coniacian, 79, 82, 99, 114 Digestive tract, 47 Constraints, 39, 43, 47–49, 57, 59, 62, 65, 126, Dimorphic, 56 164, 193 Diospyros, 113 Contamana, 22 Diphyodonty, 10 Cool Temperate, 57, 137 Diprotodont, 55 Cope’s Rule, 198–200 Diprotodontia, 12, 164 Coronoid process, 171, 175 Dipteridaceae, 133 Corridor, 95 Dispersal, 8, 9, 78, 79, 81, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, Corriebaatar, 212 103, 104, 109, 112, 116, 126, 135, 141, Craugastor, 90, 95 144, 210, 214 Crayﬁsh, 98 Djarthia, 107, 108 Crepuscular, 3, 38, 41, 62 Drake Passage, 127, 188 Cretaceous, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 23, 78, 79, 81–83, Dresden code, 18 90, 94–96, 98, 100, 102, 110, 112, Dromiciops, 12, 38, 55, 57–59, 61, 63, 107, 114–116, 126, 127, 129, 130, 135, 157, 164, 192 137–142, 156, 166, 210–219, 221 Dryolestoid, 83, 140 Cretaceous Thermal Maximum (CTM), 114 Dry-screening, 22 Cristid obliqua, 169, 215 Duntroon, 98 Cryptonanus, 50 Durroon, 102 230 Index

E Flange, 167 Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), 127, Florianópolis, 44 187, 218 Folivorous, 49, 186, 195–197, 201, 202 Early Gondwanian Phase, 140 Foraging, 41, 60, 62, 64, 66, 194 Early South American Phase, 141, 218 French Guiana, 41 Eastern Cordillera, 127 Frontal crest, 166, 170 Ecological niche, 49, 61, 200, 201 Frugivorous, 12, 47, 49, 64, 186, 192, 194, Ecomorphology, 187 195, 197, 199, 201, 202 Ectepicondylar, 10 Fueguian orocline, 138 Ectocentrocristus, 13, 156, 213, 215 Functional complex, 214 Ecuador, 18, 38, 133 Elaeocarpaceae, 114 G Elephant shrew, 96 Gabon, 97 El Tranquilo, 133 Gashternia, 110, 200 Enamel crenulations, 194 Gashterniidae, 13, 196, 199, 200 Energetic balance, 49 Gaylordia, 157, 214 Energy balance, 43, 55, 62 Genes, 96, 155 Entoconid, 8, 10, 172 Gestation, 49, 50, 65, 203 Eobrasilia, 157 Gippsland, 98, 100, 104 Eocene, 7, 11–13, 20, 78, 82, 95, 96, 99, 104, Glasbiidae, 143, 192, 195, 213 109, 110, 112, 114–116, 127, 131, 141, Glasbius, 13, 156, 212, 213, 215 148, 187, 197, 200, 201, 213, 216, 219 Glironia, 55, 195 Eocene–Oligocene Boundary (EOB), 126, 127, Glironiinae, 11, 38, 50, 159 130, 143, 149, 210, 218 Glyptodontidae, 144 Eometatheria, 216 Golden mole, 96 Epidolopinae, 163 Golfo San Jorge Basin, 81 Epidolops, 110, 157, 175 Gomphotheriidae, 144 Epipubic bones, 9 Gondwana, 79, 83, 96, 133, 136 Equidae, 144 Gondwanan Episode, 83 Esmeraldas, 18 Gondwanatheria, 83, 110 Étagé, 19 Gondwanian, 140, 212 Eucalyptus, 114 Gracilinanus, 41, 50, 56 Eurasia, 6, 126, 129 Grande Coupure, 143, 149, 202 Europe, 126, 143, 202 Granivorous, 49, 193, 195, 197, 201, 202 Eutheria, 9, 148, 156 Granivory, 192, 194, 195, 197 Eutherian, 6, 9, 10, 78, 141, 143, 149, 214, 220 Grazing, 3 Eutriconodont, 140 Greenhouse Gases (GHG), 126, 127, 135 Evapoperspiration, 65 Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), 9, Evolestes, 172, 192 95, 144, 210, 220 Extratropical Area, 133 Great Australian Bight, 98, 104 Greenhouse, 126 F Grenier Farm, 82, 90, 95 Fat storage, 63, 64, 203 Groeberia, 15 Faunivorous, 109, 167, 193 Groeberiidae, 13, 196 Fazenda Experimental da Ressacada, 44 Grooming, 62 Feeding, 11, 13, 41, 43, 47, 49, 57, 65, 131, Guatemala, 95 191, 192, 195 Guggenheimia, 157 Felidae, 144 Gut, 47, 196 Females, 56, 61, 203 Ferugliotheriid, 83 H Ferugliotheriidae, 83 Hadrosaur, 81, 210 First American Biotic Interchange (FABI), 9, Hadrosaurian, 80, 81, 97 141, 210, 212 Hadrosaurine, 80, 116 Fitzroya, 130 Hallux, 58 Index 231

Hamate, 10 Iqualadelphys, 214 Hatcheriiformes, 212 Isotemnid, 149 Hatcheritherium, 13, 213, 215 Itaboraí, 12, 20, 148, 158, 214 Hathliacynidae, 13, 167 Itaboraian, 11, 79, 96, 107, 110, 131, 148, 149, Hegetotheriidae, 143 187, 199, 201, 214 Henricosbornid, 149 Iteroparity, 65 Heralds, 143, 145 Herbivory, 95 J Herpetotheriidae, 194, 214, 215 James Ross Basin, 114 Heterothermy, 63 Jaskhadelphyid, 91 Hibernation, 41, 63, 65, 203 Jaskhadelphyidae, 12, 187 Holdfast, 47 Jaskhadelphys, 95, 213 Holocene, 6, 22, 146 Jaw Depth (JD), 193 Holotropical Kingdom, 133, 136 Jugal, 170, 176 Homeotherm, 43 Jugular foramen, 10 Homeothermality, 55 Jurassic, 83 Homeothermy, 64 Homo, 145 K Homoplasy, 97 Kaienk Sea, 139 Hondadelphidae, 13 Karroo, 133 Hondonadia, 195 Kawas Sea, 139 Horizontal ramus, 171 Kerguelen plateau, 113 Hothouse, 126, 130 Khasia, 12, 92, 107, 157, 201, 216 Huayquerian, 143, 220 Kingdom, 25, 140, 216, 218 Humerus, 10, 11, 58 Kirutherium, 192 Hyladelphinae, 11, 38, 50, 159 Klohnia, 158 Hypercarnivore, 193, 194, 202, 220 Kokopellia, 107 Hypercarnivorous, 13, 49, 167, 194 Kollpaniine, 94 Hyperdidelphys, 170 Kramadolops, 15, 177, 195, 200 Hyperthermal, 78, 127, 130 Kuhnean, 17 Hypoamerican Phase, 144, 220 Kwanza, 97 Hypocarnivore, 193 Hypoconid, 8 L Hypoconulid, 10, 171, 173 La Cancha, 22, 148, 149 Hyracoidea, 96 La Cantera, 22, 149, 188, 200, 202 La Colonia, 80, 81, 83, 211, 217 I Lactation, 49, 203 Ice Age, 127 Laguna Umayo, 20, 82, 108, 165 Icehouse, 126, 143, 187 La Meseta, 22, 82, 109, 110, 187 Ilex, 113 Lancian, 212, 213 Immigration, 9, 78, 90, 95, 139, 149 La Picada, 39 Incadelphys, 92 Las Flores, 148, 187, 213 Incadolops, 195 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 127, 144 Incisive foramina, 170, 174 Late Gondwanian Phase, 140 Incisor, 5, 11, 58, 171, 173, 195 Late Oligocene Warming (LOW), 190 India, 79, 94, 126, 127, 218 Late South American Phase, 143, 219 Infraorbital foramen, 171, 176 Latin America, 130, 131 Infraspinous fossa, 10 La Trinidad Mountains, 41 Insectivorous, 12, 95, 110, 186, 191, 192, 195, La Venta, 20, 23, 148 196, 200, 201 Lauraceae, 114 Interamerican Phase, 143, 220 Leﬁpán, 8, 95, 138 Interatheriinae, 143 Legends, 15 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Legions, 144, 145 138 Leona Road, 111 232 Index

Leporidae, 144 Mediterranean, 126 Leptictid, 97 Megathermal, 190 Leptodactylid, 90, 94, 97 Menispermaceaea, 94, 97, 116 Lestodelphys, 47, 57, 58, 61, 63, 66, 192 Mesocarnivore, 193 Lestoros, 38, 63, 171, 192 Mesocarnivorous, 11, 200 Liaoning, 6 Mesodma, 211 LIEB-PV, 8 Mesotheriidae, 143 Life cycle, 55 Mesothermal, 190 Litopterna, 3 Mesozoic, 127, 136, 137, 141 Locomotion, 57–59, 62 Messinian, 127 Lord Howe Rise, 98 Mesungulatid, 83, 141 Los Alamitos, 80, 83, 211 Metabolic, 41, 62, 65, 192 Lowana Road, 113 Metabolism, 43, 65 Lunate, 10 Metachirini, 50, 54, 159 Lutetian, 100, 187, 216 Metachirus, 56, 58, 61, 195 Lutreolina, 43, 50, 60, 193 Metacone, 10, 167, 173, 177, 214, 215 Lycopsis, 166 Metaconid, 8, 107, 168, 171, 177 Metaconule, 171, 177, 213 M Metatheria, 3, 6, 9, 10, 19, 109, 156, 159, 166, Maastrichtian, 9, 79–83, 104, 116, 127, 138, 215 210, 215 Micoureus, 54, 58 Machairodontidae, 144 Microbiotheria, 11–13, 38, 65, 159, 164, 172, Macroscelidea, 96 199, 215, 216 Madagascar, 79, 218 Microbiotherians, 12, 21, 143, 146, 192, 201, Madidi National Park, 41 216 Males, 56, 61 Microbiotheriidae, 12, 39, 195, 222 Malvaceae, 113 Microbiotherium, 107, 158, 192, 195 Mammalia, 9, 15 Microsympatry, 61 Mandibular symphysis, 171 Microthermal, 190 Manus, 10 Middle ear, 10 Maquarie Harbour, 113 Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), Marambiotherium, 110 113, 202 Marattiales, 133 Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO), Marília, 79, 80, 82 129 Marmosa, 48, 50, 54, 58, 192 Mid-Paleocene Biotic Event (MPBE), 127 Marmosini, 50, 159 Minusculodelphis, 15, 213 Marmosops, 41, 50, 55 Miocene, 6, 11, 13, 20, 22, 23, 107, 126, 127, Marplatan, 201 131, 136, 143, 149, 201, 219 Marsupial, 3, 8, 11, 12, 15, 21, 41, 43, 47, 49, Mioclaenidae, 94 50, 55–57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 94, 107, 110, Mirandatherium, 107, 110, 157, 192 112, 159, 165, 199, 203, 220 Mitochondrial, 96, 156 Marsupialia, 3, 8, 9, 146, 156, 158, 215 Molar, 5, 8, 10, 11, 23, 47, 107, 167, 171, 174, Marsupium, 50 186, 192, 194–196, 199, 215 Masseteric fossa, 171, 175 Molar pattern, 8, 13, 173, 213 Mastication, 47, 186, 196 Molecular clock, 96, 129, 215 Mata Atlantica, 43 Molecular phylogenetic analyses, 156, 164 Mating, 56 Molinodus, 94 Maud Rise, 113 Mongolian remodeling, 143, 149 Mayan Code, 18 Monimiaceae, 114 Mayulestes, 91, 95, 157, 158 Monito del monte, 38 Mayulestidae, 12, 194 Monodelphis, 47, 55, 58, 60, 61, 146, 192 Mean annual precipitations (MAP), 114, 115, Monotreme, 90, 109, 110, 116, 117, 135, 141 130, 135, 187, 190, 197, 203 Monte, 61, 133, 135, 136 Mean annual temperature (MAT), 113, 187 Monte Verde, 144 Index 233

Moraceae, 114 Nuclear, 96, 156 Morocco, 83 Nuclear gene, 90, 94 Multituberculate, 83, 211 Nypa, 113 Murgon, 104, 106 Museo de La Plata (MLP), 20, 169 O Mustelidae, 144 Oakdale sandstone, 106 Mustersan, 149, 188 Occipital, 166 Myricaceae, 115 Ocean drilling program (ODP), 104 Myrtaceae, 114 Oi1, 149, 187, 188 Myths, 15 Olacaceae, 113 Old World, 43, 62 N Oligocene, 13, 20, 22, 98, 106, 108, 109, 112, Native ungulates, 3 115, 129, 131, 138, 188, 190, 197, 200, Navicular, 10 202, 210 Necrolestes, 15 Omnivorous, 64, 65, 95, 110, 186 Nemolestes, 194 Onychophora, 137 Neocusp, 171 Opossum, 1, 5, 15, 17, 23, 165, 193, 213 Neogene, 12, 13, 19, 23, 78, 95, 102, 149, 201, Opossum-like, 6, 19, 20, 165, 213 202, 212 Optimal foraging theory, 194 Neoguinean region, 133 Orthal, 169, 171–173 Neotropical, 38, 127, 130, 135, 137, 190, 212 Osteological, 156, 159 Neotropical region, 38, 132, 133, 135, 136 Otway, 98, 99, 104 Neozelandic region, 133 Neuquén Basin, 81 P New Guinea, 133 Pachybiotherium, 199, 201 New Mexico, 94, 213 Paciﬁc Ocean, 104, 112, 126, 136 New World, 11, 13, 38, 41, 43, 49, 55, 60, 130 Pajcha Pata, 80, 212, 217 New Zealand, 113, 133, 135 Palacio de los Loros, 95, 115 Newborn, 50 Palaeoluna, 94, 97, 116 Ñirihuau, 188 Palaeothentidae, 11, 159, 200 Nirranda, 99 Palangania, 195, 213 Nocturnal, 3, 38, 62, 64 Palatal foramina, 171, 174 Nortedelphys, 215 Palate, 166, 170, 173, 174 North America, 6, 9, 12, 13, 38, 78, 79, 81, 83, Palatine, 11, 170 94, 95, 97, 116, 129, 141, 148, 156, 210, Paleobiology, 186 212, 213, 215 Paleocene, 8, 9, 13, 22, 78, 79, 90, 94, 95, 104, North American Land Mammal Age 110, 114, 115, 137, 141, 148, 166, 190, (NALMA), 9, 212 210, 214, 219 North Patagonian High Plateau, 135, 137 Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum North Patagonian Massif (NPM), 135, 137 (PETM), 126, 127 Northern Andes, 18 Paleodiet, 187 Northern Gondwana Province, 135 Paleoecology, 11, 95, 112 Northern Hemisphere, 127, 140, 144 Paleogene, 3, 12, 20, 90, 94, 104, 109, 112, Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG), 127, 114, 129, 137, 148, 157, 165, 187, 190, 144 194, 195, 197, 199–202, 214 Northwestern Argentina, 15, 22, 133, 138 Paleomammalogy, 19 Nothofagaceae, 114 Paleozoic, 133, 136 Nothofagidites, 132, 135, 137 Pampas, 22, 130 Nothofagus, 114, 190, 216 Pampean, 1, 19, 138, 146 Notiolofos, 109 Panama, 126, 127, 143 Notoryctemorphia, 12 Panamanian, 210, 220 Notoungulata, 3 Pantanal, 130 Notoungulate, 94, 96, 110, 143, 149 Pantodonta, 94 Nuchal crest, 166, 167, 170 Parabderites, 192, 195 234 Index

Paraborhyaena, 166, 194 Pichilipidae, 11 Paracone, 10, 167, 171, 173, 177, 214, 215 Pilchenia, 192, 195 Paraconid, 8, 171, 173, 214 Placental, 9, 41, 43, 78, 94, 96, 97, 110, 116 Paraconule, 171, 213 Plagiaulacoid, 11 Paracristid, 169, 214 Platyrrhine, 141 Páramo, 38, 63, 130, 133 Pleistocene, 94, 127, 144, 146, 220 Paranaean, 133 Plesiofelis, 194 Paratropical, 113, 130 Plesiomorphic, 50, 59, 107, 109, 117, 213 Pascualodus, 94 Pliocene, 12, 13, 106, 126, 131, 201, 220 Paso del Sapo, 8, 22, 149, 187 Pliodolops, 178, 195 Patagonia, 8, 12, 13, 19, 22, 23, 65, 79, 97, Podocarp, 94, 97, 116 117, 130, 133, 137, 138, 140, 143, 165, Podocarpus, 130 187, 200, 211, 216 Polydolopidae, 13, 143, 165, 192, 195, 202, Patagonian Atlantic Dorsal, 138 219 Patagonian Hinge, 143, 149, 202 Polydolopiformes, 12, 164, 165, 177, 199, 200, Patagoniidae, 13 202, 214 Patene, 159, 194 Polydolopimorphia, 8, 12, 13, 157, 164, 195, Paucituberculata, 11, 38, 50, 158, 159, 164, 213, 215, 220 164, 177, 192, 200, 201 Polydolopimorphian, 9, 20, 90, 95, 107, 116, Pediomyid, 94, 107, 166, 216 165, 200, 212, 213, 215, 220 Pediomyidae, 164, 214–216 Polydolops, 195 Pediomys, 156, 157 Polytypic, 47 Peligran, 6, 79, 109, 110, 117 Posprotocrista, 171 Pelvic girdle, 9, 58 Postmetacrista, 167, 214 Peñas Coloradas, 219 Postorbital constriction, 166, 167, 175 Peradectes, 94, 192 Postorbital process, 166, 173, 175 Peradectidae, 11, 157, 158, 166, 214, 215 Pouch, 15, 17, 50 Peradectoidea, 11, 158, 169, 171 Pouch-young, 15 Peramelemorphia, 12, 164 Praedens, 192, 196 Perissodactyla, 96 Predation, 43 Permian, 106 Predator, 59, 64, 191 Peroneal, 10 Premaxilla, 11 Perú, 18, 20, 22, 57, 109, 136 Premolar, 5, 10, 193, 195 Perulestes, 195 Preparacrista, 213 Pes, 10 Prepidolopidae, 13, 195 Petauridae, 49 Prepidolops, 195 Petit-Saut, 41 Prepuna, 133 Petrosal, 10, 11 Primate-like, 215 Phalangeridae, 49 Primates, 11, 96, 141 Phalangeriformes, 164 Proargyrolagus, 158 Pharsophorus, 194, 200 Proborhyaena, 13, 15, 194 Phascogale, 56 Proborhyaenidae, 143, 194 Phascolarctos, 196 Proboscidea, 96 Phase I (mastication), 196 Procaroloameghinia, 192 Phase II (mastication), 196 Procumbent, 58, 171 Philander, 17, 55, 59, 194 Procyonidae, 144 Phorusrhacidae, 194 Promontorium, 10 Photoperiod, 57 Proteaceae, 114 Phylogenetic, 17, 19, 22, 23, 43, 90, 96, 156, Protocone, 167, 173, 177, 213 157, 159, 165, 214, 216 Protodidelphid, 157 Phylogeny, 6, 43, 96 Protodidelphidae, 12, 157, 187, 195, 199 Physiology, 9, 15, 39 Pseudocheirus, 196 Index 235

Pseudolops, 195 Scansorial, 12, 38, 58, 60, 66 PS (relative size of the largest lower premolar), Scaphoid, 10 193 Scapula, 10, 58 Pucadelphyid, 91, 157, 166 Screen-washing, 22 Pucadelphyidae, 12, 157, 192 Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 79, 111, 113, Pucadelphys, 157–159, 166, 213, 215 115 Puercan, 9, 13, 94, 116, 212 Seasonal, 43, 48, 49, 55, 56, 61, 63, 65, 115, Puna, 63, 65, 133 135–137, 203, 212 Punadolops, 195 Seasonal Dry, 136, 137 Punta Peligro, 22, 90, 117, 135, 219 Selandian, 127, 219 Pyrotheria, 3 Selenodont, 196 Semelparous, 55, 56, 65 Q Semelpartity, 56 Quadrupedal, 59 Semifossorial, 58 Quaternary, 133, 136 Sergipe, 97 Queen Maud Land, 115 Serum, 155 Queensland, 103, 106 Sexual dimorphism, 56 Sexual maturity, 57 R Seymour Island, 109, 111, 113, 115 Recent, 3, 11, 22, 38, 47, 49, 56, 63, 102, 112, Sherbrook, 99 138, 146, 159, 165, 201, 219, 220, 222 Shipwreck, 99 Relative grinding area (RGA), 193 Shivering, 41 Relative height of the dentary, 193 Sierras Bayas, 1 Reproductive strategy, 49, 54–56, 65 Sigmodontinae, 144 Retromolar space, 171 Sillustania, 165 Rhyncholestes, 38, 63, 66 Sillustaniidae, 164 Riochican, 79, 149 Sinnamary, 41 Río Negro, 81, 83 Sinodelphys, 6, 10, 156 Río Turbio, 188, 202 Sirenia, 96 Roberthoffstetteria, 13, 90, 107, 158, 164, 166, Snout, 166, 167, 172, 175, 177 215 Somuncurá, 138 Roca, 211 Sorell, 98, 103, 104 Rosendolopidae, 13, 195 Soricidae, 49 Rosendolops, 195 South America, 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 20, 23, 38, Ross Sea, 104 39, 61, 65, 78, 79, 81, 83, 90, 94, 97, 107, RPS, 193 109, 110, 116, 117, 126, 127, 130–132, Rupelian, 101 135–138, 144, 148, 157, 166, 187, 201, 210, 212, 214, 216 S South American Land-Mammal Age Sabre-toothed, 13, 167 (SALMA), 6, 9, 20, 23, 83, 109, 141, 143, Sagittal crest, 166, 167, 170 148, 149, 188, 199–202, 219 Salamanca, 82 South American Native Ungulates (SANU), 3, Salla-Luribay, 20 17, 149 Saltatorial, 12 South American Plate, 210 San Juan Basin, 213 South Atlantic, 141 Santa Catarina, 43 South Shetland islands, 82, 114 Santa Cruz, 135, 140 South Tasman Rise, 78, 98–100, 210 Santa Rosa, 22 South Tasman Saddle, 101, 104 Santacrucian, 11, 201 Southeastern Gondwana (SEG), 133 Santonian, 79, 80, 98, 114 Southern Andes, 12 Sapoan, 7, 79, 149, 187, 216 Southern Cone, 137 Sasawatsu, 195 Southern Gondwana Province, 135 Scanning, 21, 173 Southern Hemisphere, 8, 109, 137, 139 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), 21 Southern Ocean, 99, 113 236 Index

Southwestern Gondwana (SWG), 133 Thermal constraints, 41, 65 Sparassocynidae, 11, 158, 171 Thermogenesis, 41 Sparassodont, 23, 143, 157, 166, 167, 194, Thermoregulation, 43, 63, 198, 209 212, 219, 220 Thoracolumbar vertebrae (TLV), 96 Sparassodonta, 9, 13, 143, 157, 159, 164, 166, Thylacine, 19 194, 199–201, 214, 220 Thylacodon, 214 ``Staggered” i3, 173 Thylacoleonidae, 194 Stagodontid, 214 Thylacosmilid, 23, 166, 220 Stapedial artery, 10, 11 Thylacosmilidae, 13, 23, 143, 167, 220 Stem, 9, 13, 20, 95, 140, 156, 157, 196 Thylacosmilus, 15, 167, 220 Stephania, 94 Thylacotinga, 106, 107 Sternbergiidae, 12, 143, 192 Thylamyini, 50, 57 Strasburgeriaceae, 113 Thylamys, 47, 50, 57, 61, 63, 65, 66, 147, 192 Strzelecki Group, 98 Tibetan Plateau, 127 Stylar cusp (St), 10, 167, 171, 177 Tibia, 11 Stylar shelf, 167, 171, 173 Tingamarra, 104, 106, 108, 109, 112, 116 Subadult, 1, 15 Tinguiririca, 22, 148 Subage, 169, 188, 190, 194, 199, 201, 202 Tinguirirican, 143, 149, 188, 201 Subantarctic, 133 Tithonian, 98 Subarcuate fossa, 10 Tiulordia, 92, 213 Subtropical, 23, 38, 47, 48, 56, 61, 64, 65, 115, Tiupampa, 9, 12, 13, 22, 95, 141, 212, 214 135, 137 Tiupampan, 9, 79, 90–92, 94, 95, 107, 110, Subtropical seasonal Dry, 136 189 Sudamericid, 83, 110 Tixi Cave, 22, 146, 147 Supinator crest, 10 Tomography, 21 Supraspinous fossa, 10 Torpor, 41, 49, 63, 64, 203 Supraspinous incisure, 10 Torquay, 102 Sustentacular, 10, 11 Transantarctic Mountains, 115, 133 Swaindelphys, 214 Transition Zone, 38, 132, 133 Sweepstakes, 95, 212 Transverse sinus, 10 Symmetrodont, 83 Trapezoid, 10 Symphysis, 166, 170, 171 Tresor Natural Reserve, 41 Synapomorphy, 10 Triassic, 106, 133, 136, 140 Szalinia, 92, 166, 215 Tribosphenic molar, 47 Trigon, 172, 177, 192 T Trigonid, 169, 192, 194, 215 Talonid, 8, 168, 173, 192, 193, 195, 213 Triquetrum, 10 Tapiridae, 144 Trochlea, 11 Tarsal, 10, 21 Tropical, 23, 38, 47, 55, 61, 95, 114, 127, 135, Tasman Sea, 98, 99, 102, 127 190, 197, 218 Tasmania, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 111, 113, Tropical Everwet, 137 115 Tropical Seasonal Dry, 136 Tasmanian Gateway, 104, 110, 116 Tubulidentata, 96 Tayassuidae, 144 Tumaco-Tolita, 18 Tehuelchian, 139 Turonian, 79, 80, 98, 99 Tenrec, 96 Tenrecidae, 96 U Terrestrial, 11, 23, 58–60, 114, 129, 148 Uberaba, 79, 80, 82 Tertiary, 8, 9, 94, 106, 141 Ulmaceae, 132, 135, 137 Thanetian, 127 Ulna, 10, 11 Therapeutic, 17 Undifferentiated Tertiary Volcanics, 106 Therian, 3, 6, 8, 78, 95, 135, 140, 141, 156, Ursidae, 144 210 Uruguay, 13 Index 237

V Woodburnodon, 110, 174, 216 Vacan, 7, 149, 201, 219 Woodburnodontidae, 12, 173, 174, 195, 199, Vacan Crash, 142 201, 216 Valdivian, 12, 38, 48 Wyoming, 94, 97, 116 Vicariant, 97, 117 Vincelestes, 10 X Vitruvian Man, 15 Xenarthra, 3, 96, 97 Volant, 11 Xenungulata, 3

W Y Waldseemüller, 15 Yixian, 6 Wangerrip Group, 99 Young, 1, 15, 49, 50, 55, 57, 203 Warm Temperate, 137 Ypresian, 187, 216 Weddellian, 135 Yungas, 38 Wetzelielloideae, 113 Wilkes Land, 111, 113, 115 Z Willinakage, 81 Zygomatic arch, 166, 167, 173, 176 Winteraceae, 114