Maldives Marine Aquarium Fishery Management Plan 2020

Home , Chromis viridis, Labroides bicolor, Ptereleotris hanae

AUGUST 2020 DRAFT

Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources & Agriculture Malé, Maldives 1

Table of Contents

List of Tables ...... 3 List of Figures ...... 3 Abbreviations ...... 4 Part 1: Preamble ...... 5 1.1 Introduction and Title ...... 5 1.2 Scope and Application ...... 5 1.3 Guiding Principles ...... 6 1.4 Interpretation ...... 6 1.5 Entry into Force ...... 6 Part 2: Habitat and Ecology ...... 7 2.1 Species and Their Habitats ...... 7 2.2 Invertebrates in the MAF ...... 9 2.3 Ecology ...... 10 Part 3: Overview of the Fishery ...... 12 3.1 Inception and Development ...... 12 3.2 Areas utilized ...... 12 3.3 Collection Methods ...... 13 3.4 Export Trends ...... 13 3.5 Demography and Socio-economic Status ...... 15 3.6 Reef Area in Use ...... 15 Part 4: Purpose, Objectives and Strategies ...... 17 4.1 Overall Purpose ...... 17 4.2 Objectives and Strategies...... 17 Part 5: Previous Management Measures ...... 22 Part 6: Management Measures Under This Plan ...... 23 6.1 Establishment of an Advisory Committee ...... 23 6.2 Licensing ...... 24 6.3 Fishing Gears and Methods ...... 28 6.4 Involvement of foreign nationals in MAF operations ...... 28 6.5 Total Allowable Export (TAE) Limit ...... 28 6.6 Export Requirements ...... 29 6.7 Precautionary Measures ...... 30 6.8 Best Practices ...... 31 6.9 Offences and Penalties ...... 31

Part 7: Implementation of the Plan ...... 33 Part 8: Reviewing the Management Plan ...... 33 References ...... 34 Annex 1: Glossary ...... 35 Annex 2: List of TAE for Each Species ...... 37

List of Tables

Table 1: Top 20 most exported species in 2017 and their habitats ...... 7

Table 2: Three potential keystone species within the 20 most exported MAF species in 2017 ...... 11

Table 3: Breakdown of each objective, by strategies, actions, time frame and responsible parties...... 18

Table 3: Details of license categories, their respective fees and period of validity ...... 28

Table 5: Listed of offenses and their respective penalties ...... 31

List of Figures

Figure 1: Percentage of invertebrates in annual MAF exports from Maldives, from 2015-2017...... 10

Figure 2: Total number of MAF exports and associated FOB from 1997-2015 ...... 14

Figure 3: Comparison between the average exports and FOB to major export destinations, from 1997- 2015...... 14

Figure 4: Percentage exports to Sri Lanka from 1997-2019...... 14

Abbreviations

EPA Environment Protection Agency

FAD Fish Aggregating Device

FIS Fisheries Information System

IGO Intergovernmental Organisation

LGA Local Government Authority

MCS Maldives Customs Services

ME Ministry of Environment

MFDA Maldives Food and Drug Authority

MIRA Maldives Inland Revenue Authority

MMRI Maldives Marine Research Institute

MNDF-CG Maldives National Defence Force, Coast Guard

MoED Ministry of Economic Development

MoFMRA Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture

MPS Maldives Police Services

RFMOs Regional Fisheries Management Organisations

SWIOFC Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission

TAE Total Allowable Exports

Part 1: Preamble

1.1 Introduction and Title

1.1.1 The plan shall be cited as “Maldives Marine Aquarium Fishery Management Plan” (herein referred to as the Plan).

1.1.2 The Plan is made pursuant to Article 18 of law no. (14/2019), the “Fisheries Act of the Maldives” and constitutes a regulation made under this Act.

1.1.3 The Plan provides for the management of the fishery stated in reference to Article 17(a), Section (8) of the Act No. 14/2019 (Fisheries Act of the Maldives).

1.2 Scope and Application

1.2.1 Species and Activities

(a) This Plan shall apply to all species harvested for aquarium and ornamental purposes, including, but not limited to, all species exported using the Maldives Customs Service identifier label “Live Ornamental Fish”.

(b) This Plan shall apply to all activities associated with the fishing, fishing related activities, packing, trading and exporting of all species listed in 1.2.1 (a).

1.2.2 Parties

(a) The Plan applies to all parties engaging in all activities targeting species listed in 1.2.1 (a)

(b) The Plan also applies to all parties, vessels, processing and export facilities or places engaged in or otherwise connected with any activity within the scope of this plan.

1.2.3 Exemption

The management measures in this Plan shall not apply to persons or parties who are undertaking an activity within the scope of this Plan for research purposes with a valid research permit issued by the Ministry under Research Regulation 2020.

1.3 Guiding Principles

1.3.1 Precautionary Approach: Timely and cost-effective measures shall be taken to safeguard ecosystems and prevent irreparable damage to them despite the lack of full scientific certainty

1.3.2 Ecosystem-based management: The various and variety of interactions within an ecosystem, including anthropogenic elements shall be recognised, as opposed to accounting for matters, species, or ecosystem services in isolation

1.3.3 Sustainable Development: In developing the fishery, the needs of the present shall be met without compromising the ability of the future generations to benefit from the resource

1.3.4 Equity: Resources shall be acknowledged as shared and common goods and benefits obtained from utilisation of resources shall be shared in a fair and just manner among all through the application of transparency, legitimacy, accountability and decentralisation

1.3.5 Participatory Approach: All stakeholders, particularly those who are directly affected by a policy or a measure shall be engaged in the decision-making process to ensure inclusivity and consensus-oriented outcomes

1.4 Interpretation

1.4.1 This Plan shall be interpreted and applied in the context of and in a manner consistent with Act no.: 14/2019 (Fisheries Act of the Maldives).

1.4.2 Unless stated otherwise, words or expressions used in this Plan have been given the meaning specified in Annex 1: Glossary

1.5 Entry into Force

1.5.1 This Plan shall come into force nine months following its publication on the Government Gazette.

Part 2: Habitat and Ecology

2.1 Species and Their Habitats

The MAF is highly species rich; in 2017 alone, approximately 250 species were exported. However, the aquarium fishery caters to a highly specific customer base and this reflects widely in their export numbers. Hence, it is important to note that a small percentage of the species account for a large number of exports. For instance, out of the approximately 250 of species recorded to have been exported in 2017, 9 species accounted for 50% of the exports. Analysis of data available from reports published in the 1980s, 1995 and 2004, as well as data from the proforma sheets submitted prior to export from 2011 and 2014- 2017 shows that with the exception of 2003, the top 20 species (Table 1) accounted for over 70% of the exports.

Table 1: Top 20 most exported species in 2017 and their habitats, extracted from www.fishbase.org and www.iucn.org

Scientific name Common name Local Name Depth Habitat

Adults are found above Lower depth limit coral outcrops or patch Pseudanthias Kashikeyo (metres): 40 Scalefin anthias reefs of clear lagoons, squamipinnis mas Upper depth limit channels, or outer reef (metres): 1 slopes Occurs in large groups Lower depth limit on outer reef slopes Pseudanthias Yellowback Mathi dhon (metres): 40 (Ref. 9710). Schooling evansi anthias bureki Upper depth limit species along upper (metres): 4 parts of drop-offs and in outer reef lagoons. Inhabits lagoons and Lower depth limit sand or rubble patches Macropharyngodon (metres): 30 Divided wrasse Kurehi hikaa on seaward coral reefs bipartitus Upper depth limit in depths of 1 to at least (metres): 1 30m. Forms small groups and Lower depth limit swims close to the Pseudanthias (metres): 70 substrate. Also occurs in Sunset anthias - parvirostris Upper depth limit aggregations above (metres): 17 patch reefs on sand or rubble seaward slopes Lower depth limit Inhabits coral rich areas Labroides Theyofulhi (metres): 40 of inner lagoons and Cleaner wrasse dimidiatus mas Upper depth limit sub-tidal reef flats to (metres): 1 seaward reefs

Inhabits shallow, clear coastal and island coral Acanthurus Blue Lower depth limit Noo kaalhu reefs. Usually found on leucosternon surgeonfish (metres): 25 reef flats and along upper seaward slopes Lower depth limit Nemanthias Carberryi (metres): 30 Found in groups off - carberryi anthias Upper depth limit outer reef slopes (metres): 4 Is reef-associated and inhabits clear coastal reef flats, often in exposed habitats. Blenniella Red-spotted Lower depth limit - Common in outer chrysospilos blenny (metres): 6 intertidal reef flats and surge-swept seaward reefs, usually where algal growth is prolific. Lower depth limit Inhabits burrows on the Nemateleotris Dhidha (metres): 61 Fire dartfish upper portion of outer magnifica funna Upper depth limit reef slopes (metres): 6 Inhabits silty or sandy Lower depth limit areas of lagoons and Valenciennea (metres): 25 Chalk golby - bays. Usually in pairs sexguttata Upper depth limit and lives in a burrow (metres): 3 under rocks Occurs in sandy burrows over hard, open bottoms at the Lower depth limit bases of reefs, over sand Nemateleotris Fari dhidha (metres): 75 Elegant dartfish and rubble patches, and decora funna Upper depth limit on deep coastal to outer (metres): 25 reef drops-offs that are subject to strong currents Found in tropical waters, in rocky Echinaster Mediterranean Lower depth limit substrata. Inhabits both - sepositus red sea star (metres): 250 sheltered and moderately exposed habitats. Inhabits deep coastal Lower depth limit drop-offs. In Java Sea, Pseudanthias Twospot (metres): 100 - taken only in dead reef bimaculatus Anthias Upper depth limit areas in somewhat (metres): 20 turbid water Lower depth limit Lemon Found along the reef Halichoeres Dhon lunboa (metres): 60 meringue edge, in sand and rubble leucoxanthus hikaa Upper depth limit wrasse areas (metres): 7 Lower depth limit Occurs in coral reefs Ecsenius midas Midas blenny - (metres): 40 with moderate currents,

Upper depth limit typically 2-3m above the (metres): 2 benthos Benthopelagic, found in Orange spine Lower depth limit areas of coral, rock, or Naso lituratus Ran geri unicornfish (metres): 90 rubble of lagoon and seaward reefs. Occurs over rubble or Lower depth limit low patch reefs in areas Cirrhilabrus Exquisite (metres): 32 of current; also, on reef - exquisitus wrasse Upper depth limit edges and around (metres): 2 bomboras with rubble zones Lower depth limit Inhabits lagoons and Zebrasoma (metres): 45 seaward reefs; juveniles Sailfin tang - veliferum Upper depth limit found shallow, sheltered (metres): 1 rocks or corals Marine species, Lower depth limit Raiy associated with deep Cirrhilabrus Red scale (metres):50 hulhunbu reefs, found over coral, rubrisquamis wrasse Upper depth limit hikaa rubble or sandy (metres): 40 substrate Occurs in seaward reefs among coral branches. Lower depth limit Also occurs in clear Pseudocheilinus Harongu (metres): 35 coastal waters, dense Sixstripe wrasse hexataenia hikaa Upper depth limit coral habitats on (metres): 2 shallow reef crest or slopes to a depth of about 20 m.

2.2 Invertebrates in the MAF

Invertebrate exportation within the fishery remains notably low over the years, with only approximately 2 % of the MAF exports between 2015-2017 being invertebrate species. These exports were recorded in the pro-forma sheets, as consisting solely of Echinaster sp., Fromia sp. and nudibranchs. In 2017, the Mediterranean red sea star, Echinaster sepositus, was one of the top 20 most commonly exported species in the entire trade.

Invertebrates

Fish

98%

Figure 1: Percentage of invertebrates and fish in annual MAF exports from Maldives, from 2015-2017.

2.3 Ecology

A majority of the species listed in the MAF are associated with coral reefs and some are grazers and thus

occupy important niches within the ecosystem. From the top 20 most exported species in 2017, 3 were

noted to be potential keystone species (Table 2). Of these, Labroides dimidiatus is currently being exported

over the proposed Total Allowable Export (TAE) limits in the 2014 review1 (Wood et al. 2014), while Naso

lituratus has had no proposed or prior TAE limit.

Taking due consideration of interspecific associations is crucial to managing a species rich fishery such

as this, which is largely based in coral reef systems and thus inherently vulnerable to not only

anthropogenic and fishing pressures, but climate change and natural incidents, as well. The blue streak

cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) that was the second most exported species in 2011 is a prime example

of an ecologically important species traded within the MAF. An in-situ study carried out in patch reefs

where normally abundant cleaner fish were excluded and alternatively left untouched, found that they

had a significant impact on the fitness of the client fish. Individuals in reefs without the blue streak

cleaner wrasse were found to not only be physically smaller, but the populations also underwent 37%

reduction in abundance and 23% reduction in species richness, in comparison to the control patch reefs.

This suggests a clear and positive impact at community level. Evidence also indicated that juvenile

abundance reduced by 65%, pointing to reduced survivorship (Waldie et al. 2011).

1 The proposed quota was reviewed by MRC and a number of consultations were held with MAF exporters to finalise quota.

Table 2: Three potential keystone species within the 20 most exported MAF species in 2017

Species Justification Estimated Total Proposed Export 2015 TAE Limit Labroides dimidiatus Impacts population abundance, 17,377 7,000 species richness and juvenile survivorship of associated species (Waldie et al. 2011).

Naso lituratus Fulfils critical ecological functions in 9,456 - the top-down control of coral reef macro algae; particularly fleshy brown algae (i.e. Sargassum spp.) which can out-compete and smother corals (Rasher et al. 2013).

Pseudocheilinus Over-associates with the structurally 7,125 15,000 hexataenia complex hard corals like Pocillopora verrucosa and Porites rus (Geange 2010), feeding on copepods, amphipods, gastropods, shrimps and polychaete worms.

Additionally, it is important to note that there are certain species which may not be categorised as keystone, but are heavily associated with the coral reef ecosystems and school together and thus, the unconstrained removal of which may impact reef systems adversely, such as the Pseudanthias squamipinnis, Pseudanthias evansi, Pseudanthias pulcherrimus and Gobiodon citrinus

Part 3: Overview of the Fishery

3.1 Inception and Development

The Maldivian Marine Aquarium Fishery (MAF) came into inception in the late 1970s, and is comparatively small scale in the context of the entire Maldivian fisheries sector, accounting for only 0.39% of the total marine export value from 2010-2019. It should be noted that undervaluing of MAF exports at the time of export is evident, and has also been previously reported (Saleem and Adam 2004). Consequently, the true economic contribution from the fishery is not understood. From its early stages till date, several reviews have been conducted on the fishery to ascertain its viability and sustainability in the long term. One such document was a reef resource-use review published in 1997, which postulated on the general sustainability of the Maldivian MAF (Adam et al. 1997). Since then, the MAF has expanded rapidly and shown a notable increase in exports. Furthermore, given that the fishery is considerably data poor, the sustainability and hence longevity of the fishery is brought into question. Therefore, in the face of rapid expansion and equally rapid environmental change, assessing and revising the management measures as well as their levels of enforcement, has become ever more crucial.

3.2 Areas utilized

Most MAF operations were positioned around Kaafu atoll in the early 1980s because of the ease of access to the international airport. This is particularly important for the MAF because the fishery is solely export based and no significant local demand exists. However, operations have since then expanded to include Baa Atoll by 2004 (Saleem and Adam 2004) and Gaafu Alifu and Gaafu Dhaalu atolls by 2008 (Saleem and Islam 2008). Furthermore, resource use mapping carried out by the Darwin Reef Fish Project in 2012 reported that collection was also being carried out in Lhaviyani atoll, bringing the number of atolls in which MAF operates up to five atolls, as of 2014 (Wood et al. 2014). However, communications with the MAF operators in 2016 indicated that collections were also happening in Laamu, Addu, Noonu, Raa, Haa Alifu and Haa Dhaalu, although, the frequency of collection cannot be estimated at present. While the small-scale operation in 1992 recorded use of only up to 850 ha of reef, estimates show that by 2014, 4972 ha were in use; a nearly six-fold increase (Wood et al. 2014). However, it must be noted that this is still a relatively small percentage of the total reef area.

3.3 Collection Methods

Both SCUBA and skin diving is employed in the MAF. The collection methods for free swimming species is utilizes small and large hand-held nets that are used in combination and separately, depending on the species and aggregation numbers. Similarly, depending on various factors, the collectors work both in pairs and separately. As the fishery is demand driven, the sites and locations for collection on any given day, are based on the orders received from the overseas clients.

It must be noted that the methods employed in collecting the fish species that tend to hide within the coral structure has not been discerned. Specimens collected are transferred to the holding facility in containers. Specimens caught at greater depths are treated with a hypodermic needle, to release the gas and prevent the swim bladder from rapturing when air expands

3.4 Export Trends

Export records for the MAF are available from 1980 onwards. This data is officially maintained solely by the MCS, documenting quantities and values declared at the time of export. Furthermore, proforma data which is for the most part segregated by species and quantity is also maintained at the Ministry. This data is received by the Maldives Customs Service at the time of export and is shared with the Ministry digitally. However, country specific export records only became available from the mid-1990s onwards. From inception, trade has not shown much apparent decline, except for 1998-2000, but each successive year since then has continued to show a trend of increase until 2005. The collective leap in FOB from 2000 onwards is due to increased exports to UK and Japan, as both destinations offer some of the highest price per fish. Data trends leading up to 2014 from 2005 showed that trade was very stable, at approximately 300,000-350,000 fish per annum (average= 325,473) and dealers reported that there was no increase in demand. However, in 2015, the number per annum was reported as 460,000 and over 50% of the exports were sent to Sri Lanka, 32% to Europe, while USA received 9% and East Asia and Middle East made up, approximately, the remaining 3%. However, further scrutiny of the data does show that a single exporter was responsible for the ≥100,000 increase in exports in 2015, the destination for all of which was Sri Lanka. In 2019, the number remains high at 409,717 fish. Sri Lanka received over 80% of Maldivian MAF exports in the early 1980s (Wood et al. 2014), but received under 35% in recent years. Relative to other destinations, the average unit price per fish received from exports to Sri Lanka is much lower, mainly because almost all exports to Sri Lanka are exported out to European and US markets, at more profitable rates. The expansion in to the Western markets, with the development of airports and more efficient transport, meant that the unit price of fish increased by virtue of having access to other markets, thus increasing the profit derived per fish.

500 10.0

400 8.0

300 6.0

200 4.0

100 2.0

0 0.0

Numberexports of in000s Export value inMVR 000,000

Series2 Series3

Figure 2: Total number of MAF exports and associated FOB from 1997-2015, where FOB refers to the ‘Free on Board’ value, which indicates the cost and risks involved with shipping and delivery of goods. Data retrieved from: Maldives Customs Service.

120 2.50

100 2.00 80 1.50 60 1.00 40 20 0.50 0 0.00 Europe UK USA Far East/ Middle East Sri Lanka

No. of exports in 000s FOB in 000s

Figure 3: Comparison between the average exports and FOB to major export destinations, from 1997-2015. Data retrieved from: Maldives Customs Service.

2019 -

20 1997 10

% Exports to Sri Lanka from from Lanka Sri to Exports % 0

Figure 4: Percentage exports to Sri Lanka from 1997-2019. Data retrieved from: Maldives Customs Service.

3.5 Demography and Socio-economic Status

While a large percentage of the work force, especially divers, was Sri Lankan at the beginning of the fishery, collection has since been restricted to Maldivian nationals due to the re-enforcement of clause 15 of the Maldivian Fisheries Regulation in 1997 (Wood et al. 2014), enacted by the authority given to the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, as per clause 3 of the Maldivian Fisheries Act (Law No. 5/87), which states that operation of foreign nationals in fishing vessels in the commonly fished zone of the Maldives, defined as 75 nautical miles from the outer fringes of atoll reefs, is prohibited. This was mainly seen to be due to the damage caused by the Sri Lankan collectors by using moxy-nets to collect specimens, especially species that tend to hide within the coral reef structure (Adam 1995). This measure is maintained under this Plan.

Despite the clear expansion of the industry, surveys conducted by the Ministry in 2017 and 2018 showed that fewer than 100 people work in it, across 8 outer atolls and Malé atoll. The estimated monthly income for divers is USD 1000, a notable increase from the previously reported USD 325–650 (Wood et al. 2014).

3.6 Reef Area in Use

The first assessment to determine the area of reef used and the potential yield of the species utilized in the Maldivian MAF was done by Edwards and Shepherd in the early 1990s. The data was collected in situ, most of which came from independent surveys, though some of the sampling was conducted with aid from the UK Overseas Development Administration, ODA (now Department for International Development - DFID), which funded projects to assess the impact of environmental degradation on reef fisheries and the potential environmental impacts of mining coral and sand (Brown and Dunne 1988). Their crude estimates were based on a number of assumptions. Taking them into account, the estimated area of reef utilized at the time of the study was 850 ha (0.05 metres*170 metres*100).

The interviews and observations conducted as part of the 1995 MAF (Adam 1995) review suggested that the length of suitable reef habitat for aquarium-fish collection present per linear metre of reef front was greater than 50m (Edwards and Shepherd 1992), accounting for approximately 11% of the total reef area, and an alternate value of 15% was proposed (Adam 1995).

The review in 2014 (Wood et al. 2014) included resource-use mapping and consequently, the percentage of the atoll in which the MAF operates was calculated for all the atolls where MAF was reported to operate at the time of the review. A study (Naseer and Hatcher 2004) to estimate the total coral cover across the Maldives was used to extract the total reef areas for the atolls in which MAF was operating.

After taking an average of the two percentage estimates for reef area utilized for collection (11 % in 1995 and 15% in 1992, giving an average of 13%), and with due consideration to the expansion of MAF operation outside of Male’ atoll, the newly estimated reef area used for collection was 4,972ha. It is noted that the number of atolls in which the MAF operates had been under reported or has rapidly increased since this review and the figure is expected to be revised with information received from logbooks, as implemented under this Plan.

Part 4: Purpose, Objectives and Strategies

4.1 Overall Purpose

4.1.1 The overall purpose of the Plan is to:

a) sustainably manage the MAF resources, through establishment of an effective management regime for the fishery and trade, thereby ensuring that future generations continue to benefit from them; and

b) act as the primary basis for guiding the authorities as well as stakeholders in the sustainable development of the MAF and trade.

4.2 Objectives and Strategies

4.2.1 The plan comprises of four specific objectives;

(1) Ensure all activities associated with the MAF and trade are carried out in an environmentally sound manner most beneficial to Maldivians through the application of principles of sustainability, ecosystem-based management and the Precautionary Approach

(2) Implement Monitoring, Control and Surveillance and strengthen data collection and data reporting mechanisms for the MAF and trade

(3) Prioritise evidence-based policymaking through the collection of ecological, and socio- economic data on the MAF and trade and associated resources

(4) Increase education and awareness amongst stakeholders and the general public.

4.2.2 The objectives presented in this plan gives due consideration to the biological and socio- economic aspects of the fishery, but are not specified to a species level due to the highly variable and species rich nature of the fishery.

4.2.3 Strategies and actions developed to achieve these objectives are summarised in Table 3.

Table 3: Breakdown of each objective, by strategies, actions, time frame and responsible parties.

Objective 1: Ensure that the resources utilised within the MAF are biologically sustainable, through the application of the principles of ‘Precautionary Approach’ and ‘Ecosystem Approach’ to resource management. Strategy Action Time frame Responsible parties

o MoFMRA 1.1.1 Strengthen and implement the existing Total o MMRI Immediate Allowable Export (TAE) limits for the MAF o MoED 1.1 Based on Best Available Data, o MCS take precautionary measures to ensure the sustainability of the 1.1.2 Enact export and/or harvest bans for specific MAF and trade species, if best available evidence suggests that the o MMRI Immediate fishery may be harvesting species at unsustainable o MoFMRA levels

1.2.1 Implement and enforce the restriction on the use of o MoFMRA any fishing method or gear prohibited by the Immediate o MPS 1.2 Promote the use of Fisheries Act or any other regulations o MNDF-CG environmentally friendly gears and practices in the MAF 1.2.2 Implement and enforce the ban on harvesting Immediate o MoFMRA MAF species using moxy nets

1.3 Maintain a leading role in regional fishery bodies (RFBs) 1.3.1 Actively participate in the scientific and and relevant Intergovernmental o MoFMRA management processes of SWIOFC and other Immediate Organisations (IGOs) in the o MMRI relevant regional and international bodies management of the MAF and conservation of associated species

Objective 2: Implement Monitoring, Control and Surveillance and strengthen data collection and data reporting mechanisms for the MAF and trade

Strategy Action Time frame Responsible parties

2.1.1 Establish a harvest licensing mechanism to o MoFMRA incorporate all harvesters into the system, thereby Immediate o Local Councils effectively monitoring catch, effort and mortality

2.1.2 Improve and implement the current licensing 2.1 Establish an effectively controlled o MoFMRA mechanism to ensure all MAF holding facilities Immediate and monitored trade flow o MFDA remain within the system

2.1.3 Establish registration arrangements in Fisheries o MoFMRA Information System (FIS), Keyolhu, to control and Immediate o MCS* monitor MAF and trade

2.2.1 Require harvesters to submit catch-log data, Immediate o MoFMRA including spatial information, to the Ministry.

2.2.2 Require licensed MAF holding facilities to maintain o MoFMRA and submit purchase records, by species and Immediate o Local Councils 2.2 Establish an efficient quantity to the Ministry documentation scheme for MAF and trade 2.2.3 Require exporters to maintain and submit purchase Immediate o MoFMRA records, by species and quantity, to the Ministry

2.2.4 Establish and manage a catch certification mechanism to ensure all export consignments are Immediate o MoFMRA accompanied by a catch certificate.

2.2.5 Further develop the FIS to accommodate the entry of current proforma data or equivalent by the Immediate o MoFMRA exporters for timely tracking of quota performance.

o MoFMRA 2.3.1 Work with other government agencies (e.g. o MFDA Immediate Customs, MFDA, MIRA) to monitor exports o MIRA o MCS*

2.3 Establish an effective monitoring 2.3.2 Conduct trainings in species identification for o MoFMRA o and enforcement system to ensure Maldives Customs Service officials and other Immediate MMRI o effective compliance inspectors MCS*

2.3.3 Conduct spot checks at MAF holding facilities and o MoFMRA the airport to ensure compliance to relevant Immediate o MCS* requirements o MMRI

Objective 3: Prioritise evidence-based policymaking through the collection of ecological, and socio-economic data on the MAF and trade and associated resources

Strategy Action Time frame Responsible parties 3.1.1 Gather geographical information on fishing grounds using fishery data and field surveys in o MMRI Immediate order to study the spatio-temporal exploitation o MoFMRA patterns in reef fishery 3.1 Improve data collection on 3.1.2 Conduct series of socio-economic surveys every 4 ecological, and socio-economic years to identify and understand the scale of MAF Immediate o MoFMRA aspects of MAF to support in the Maldives evidence-based policymaking

3.1.3 Establish, maintain and update a fishers’ registry, o MoFMRA Masveringe Dhaftharu, to understand the level of Immediate o Local Councils engagement in MAF fishery and trade

3.1.4 Implement a citizen science monitoring programme Medium-term to collect and record photographic and o MMRI (3 – 5 years) observational data on key MAF species

Objective 4: Increase education and awareness amongst stakeholders and the general public

Strategy Action Time frame Responsible parties o MoFMRA 5.1.1 Based on data availability, compile and disseminate 4.1 Promote awareness and o MMRI information on: understanding of the MAF and its o MoED • fishery status; Annual contribution to the Maldives o MIRA • trade and exports; economy o MCS* • revenue to Maldives o NBS

Part 5: Previous Management Measures

Several of the species exploited under the MAF are under TAE, however, not all of the top most exported species are under TAE limit within the previous management regime. Fluctuations and turn-over in the top 20 most exported species every few years due to the export demand-driven nature of the fishery makes establishing a quota system difficult. Previously, while the MMRI had set the quotas, they were implemented by the Ministry of Economic Development, up until 2012, when the management of quotas was turned over to the Ministry. The submission of proforma sheets was enforced with each export consignment. However, because the sheets are submitted to MCS*, there was a significant time lag between MCS* receiving the data, and it being transferred to the Ministry. The quotas underwent review in 2014 (Wood et al. 2014) and amendments were proposed Thorough stakeholder consultation workshops and site visits were carried out prior to their finalisation.

Part 6: Management Measures Under This Plan

6.1 Establishment of an Advisory Committee

6.1.1 An advisory committee (herein referred to as the Committee) will be established to advise the Ministry on policy matters relating to the MAF and trade.

6.1.2 The Committee shall be appointed by the Minister within three months of implementation of the plan, and will comprise of the following members:

(a) A Chairperson (representative of the Fisheries Division)

(b) A representative from MMRI

(d) A representative from the Ministry of Environment

(e) A representative from the Ministry of Economic Development

(f) A representative from the Maldives Customs Service

(g) A representative from a relevant locally registered NGO

6.1.3 The Ministry shall make a public announcement to call for Expression of Interest for the following Committee positions:

• Representatives of MAF harvesters and exporters • Representative from the NGO

6.1.4 The Fisheries Management Section of the Ministry shall execute the responsibilities of the Secretariat, including maintenance of records, hosting meetings and sharing of relevant documents with Committee members prior to meetings.

6.1.5 The Committee may invite specialists/advisors, representatives of industry, or relevant government agencies, relevant regional or international organisations / institutions to specific meetings.

6.1.6 The Committee will meet on a biannual basis with special meetings to be called by the Chairperson when urgent matters arise.

6.1.7 The quorum for a meeting of the Committee shall be five members.

6.1.8 The mandate of the Committee shall be:

(a) Monitoring the implementation of the Plan and providing advice to the Minister on a biannual basis

(b) Discussion of policy matters relating to MAF and trade;

(d) Advising the Ministry on management measures in response to the outcomes and recommendations from the technical reports and stakeholder workshops

6.2 Licensing

6.2.1 The following parties operating within the MAF and trade must require a license:

(a) All commercial fishing vessels

(b) All MAF holding/packing facilities

6.2.2 The Ministry shall maintain and update a database of licensed parties in Section 6.2.1.

6.2.3 The commencement of 6.2.1 (a) shall begin 12 months from the date on which the Plan is published in the Government Gazette.

6.2.4 The general process of application for an issuance of licenses shall be in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Licensing Regulation 2020.

6.2.5 Prior to application for a fishing license, the applicant shall ensure the following requirements of the vessels are met:

(a) Vessel is registered at the Maldives Transport Authority

(b) Vessel has a valid Seaworthiness Certificate issued by the Maldives Transport Authority

6.2.6 Terms and conditions of the Fishing License for commercial MAF fishing vessels are:

(a) License

• The captain must keep the license (or a certified copy) on board the vessel at all times

(b) Fishing Area

• All vessels shall operate strictly within the maritime zones of the Maldives as defined by Act No. 6/96 (Maldives Maritime Zones Act)

• The captain must keep a logbook onboard the vessel at all times and produce it at the request of a fisheries ranger or enforcement officer • The captain shall ensure accurate and timely catch log reporting to the Ministry, as per the Data Reporting Guideline published on the Ministry’s website. • All information provided in this manner shall be true, complete, and accurate. • Failure to submit the log or provision of inaccurate or falsified information is an offence

(d) Cooperating with Enforcement Officers, Fisheries Rangers and Fisheries Observers

• The captain should cooperate fully with all enforcement officer(s), fisheries ranger(s) and fisheries observer(s), as defined by the fisheries act of the Maldives and the General Fisheries Regulation 2020

(e) Prohibited Activities

The captain and or master shall refrain from and ensure crew of the vessels refrain from, engaging in any if the activities listed below:

• Using moxy nets for the harvesting of MAF species • Fishing within designated protected areas under any other Laws or regulations of the Maldives, as per harvesting restrictions • Targeting any species of fish protected under the Fisheries Act of the Maldives or any other Laws, regulations and management plans.

• Retaining on-board, storing on-board, transhipping, transporting to a landing facility or land any of the species protected by other laws or regulations in any form. • Conducting fishing or engaging in any related activities within 3 nautical miles around FADs. • Acting in contravention of any measures in this Plan or the Fisheries of the Act Maldives or any of the regulations or management plans pursuant to the Act or any pertinent laws or regulations;

• Employment of foreign nationals in the direct harvesting of MAF species; and

• Disposal of non-biodegradable waste or chemicals into the sea.

6.2.7 Prior to application for a MAF holding facility license, the applicant shall ensure the following requirements are met:

(a) Licensee must be of Maldivian nationality or if the party is a company, it must be registered in the Maldives.

(b) The facility has a valid hygiene certificate issued by the Maldives Food and Drug Authority.

6.2.8 Terms and Conditions of MAF Holding Facility License are:

(a) Facilities

• A separate licence shall be acquired for each holding/packing facility.

(b) Purchasing

• In cases where purchases are made from non-holding facility affiliated vessels, the purchases must be from a licensed MAF fishing vessel

• Packing premises, equipment, materials and tools may be subject to random inspections by the Ministry

(d) Reporting

• All individuals and parties with this licence should submit a purchase report to the Ministry, on a monthly basis, as per the Data Reporting Guideline published on the Ministry’s website. • Purchase report must include, but not be limited to, the following information: o Vessel that harvested the fish o Species and their respective quantity o Where applicable, details of the licensed party from whom the fish was purchased o Where applicable, purchase date • All information provided in this manner shall be true, complete, and accurate. • Failure to submit the log or provision of inaccurate or falsified information is an offence. • Licensees shall maintain the confidentiality of the data received from non- holding facility affiliated fishers as part of a requirement from the Ministry and not share such data with any other party besides the Ministry.

(e) Cooperating with Enforcement Officers, Fisheries Rangers and Fisheries Observers

• The licensee should cooperate fully with all enforcement officer(s) and fisheries ranger(s), as defined by the fisheries act of the Maldives and the General Fisheries Regulation 2020

(f) Offences

• Packing and storing any species without a valid licence. • Acting in contravention of any management measure in this Plan or the Fisheries Act or any of the regulations pursuant to it

6.2.9 The categories, details of the licence fees and the period of validity of the licenses are summarised in Table 3 below.

Table 4: Details of license categories, their respective fees and period of validity

Licensing Category Duration (months) Fee

License to Harvest MAF Species

MAF Fishing Vessels 12 200

License for MAF Holding/Packing Facility

MAF Holding Facilities 12 400

6.2.10 The licenses issued under this Plan shall not be transferable.

6.2.11 Licenses should be renewed as per the Licensing Regulation 2020 and renewal will be subject to annual reviews and payment of the licence fee.

6.2.12 Where there is a need, the Ministry may change the conditions at the time of renewal or within the licence period. Any such changes shall be publicly announced.

6.3 Fishing Gears and Methods

6.3.1 The targeting of MAF species using indiscriminate fishing gears and methods that damage the coral reef ecosystems is prohibited.

6.3.2 The harvesting of MAF species should not involve the use of moxy nets or any other methods of fishing that are prohibited by the Fisheries Act of the Maldives and its pursuant regulations.

6.3.3 Notwithstanding 6.3.1, the use of hand-held scoop nets to harvest MAF species is allowed.

6.4 Involvement of foreign nationals in MAF operations

No foreign national shall be engaged in the direct harvesting of MAF species.

6.5 Total Allowable Export (TAE) Limit

6.5.1 A Total Allowable Export (TAE) limit shall be set for every species exported within the MAF.

6.5.2 All TAE limits shall be applicable from the 1st of January to 31st December.

6.5.3 The TAE limits shall be reviewed after every 5 years, to ensure that they are relevant to the fishery status and socioeconomic climate at any given period in time.

6.5.4 The TAE limits will not be reviewed on a time period of relevance for each species, as this would make management increasingly and unnecessarily difficult, given the species rich nature of the fishery.

6.6 Export Requirements

6.6.1 Ownership of the Export Operations

MAF exporters must be of Maldivian nationality or if the exporting party is a company, it must be registered in the Maldives.

6.6.2 Purchasing

(a) Where purchases are made from a non-holding facility affiliated vessel or party, exporters shall ensure that all purchases are made from a licensed party

(b) Exporters shall record via Fisheries Information System, Keyolhu daily fish purchases pertaining to but not limited to the following information:

• Details of the licensed party from whom the fish was purchased • Vessel that harvested the fish • Purchase date • Species and their respective quantity

6.6.3 Catch Certificate

(a) Every MAF export consignment shall be accompanied by a catch certificate issued by the Ministry.

(b) Application for the catch certificate shall be submitted via the Fishery Information System (FIS), Keyolhu. This will require the exporter to register online at Keyolhu.

6.6.4 Packing Conditions

(a) All MAF export packages shall be clearly labelled with the species names, quantity per species and the licence number of the exporter.

(b) Exporters shall prepare a packing list that reflects the aforementioned information for each consignment.

6.6.5 TAE Limits

All export consignments shall adhere to the TAE limits set forth in this Plan (Annex 2)

6.6.6 Prohibited Activities

Acting in contravention of any measures in this Plan or the Fisheries Act or any of the regulations pursuant to the Act is an offence.

6.7 Precautionary Measures

6.7.1 Where the Ministry finds evidence or has been advised that any MAF resources within the Maldives is under stress or at a critical risk of being overfished, the Ministry, in consultation with MMRI and the advisory Committee, may take precautionary management measures not stated in this Plan to protect the wild stock.

6.7.2 These measures may include but are not limited to the following:

(a) Declaring the closure of a specific area and prohibiting the extraction of MAF resources from the no-take zone;

(b) Prohibiting the harvesting, trade or export of a specific species harvested in the MAF;

6.8 Best Practices

6.8.1 The harvesting of MAF species should not involve any methods of fishing that are prohibited by the Fisheries Act of the Maldives and any pursuant regulations.

6.8.2 In the event where any unintentional catch of protected species occurs, the animals should be released immediately without harming, using a method that will result in minimal harm while releasing;

6.9 Offences and Penalties

6.9.1 Acting in contravention of any of the above management measures or conditions of a license is an offence.

6.9.2 Penalties for non-compliance shall be applied as per Table 5.

6.9.3 If an offense is repeated for a third time, the license of the offender shall be revoked and withheld for a period of three months.

6.9.4 Procedures for penalisation shall be in accordance with the Penalty Regulation. 134

Table 5: Listed of offenses and their respective penalties

Offence Fine (MVR) Repeated Offence

Using moxy nets for the harvesting of MVR 700, in addition to the previous 2000 MAF species fine (up to MVR 5000)

Engaging in the harvesting of MAF MVR 500 in addition to the previous 3000 without a valid licence fine (up to MVR 10,000)

Conducting fishing or engaging in any MVR 500 in addition to the previous related activities within 3 nautical 5000 fine (up to MVR 10000) miles around FADs (licensed)

Employing a foreign national to MVR 1000 in addition to the previous 3000 harvest MAF for commercial purposes fine (up to MVR 10000)

A foreign national engaging in MVR 300, in addition to the previous 1000 harvesting of MAF in a licensed vessel fine (up to MVR 5000)

Failure to submit trip logs to the MVR 200 every time, up to MVR Ministry as conditioned by the 750 10,000 harvesting licence

Operating a MAF Holding/Packing MVR 500, in addition to the previous 3000 Facility without a license fine (up to MVR 10000)

Failure to submit reports / MVR 300 in addition to the previous information to the Ministry as fine (up to MVR 10000) 1000 conditioned by the MAF Holding Facility license

Provision of inaccurate or falsified MVR 500 in addition to the previous 3000 information to the Ministry fine (up to MVR 10000)

Breaching the confidentiality of the MVR 500 in addition to the previous data received from fishers as a part of fine (up to MVR 10000) a requirement from the Ministry and 5000 sharing such data with any other party besides the Ministry

MVR 5000 every time, in addition to Exporting or attempting to export revoking the Keyolhu registration MAF species in contravention of the 5000 and withhold reregistration for 2 TAE limits as set forth in this Plan years

In addition to the fine, no catch Attempting to export MAF species 5000 certificates will be issued to the without a catch certificate offender for 3 months

Part 7: Implementation of the Plan

7.1 The Ministry is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of this management plan.

7.2 The Ministry shall also work closely with other key stakeholders, in particular enforcement agencies, to monitor and ensure compliance and enforcement of all management measures.

7.3 The Maldives Marine Research Institute shall formulate a plan of action to guide all research activities that the institute is responsible for under this Plan.

Part 8: Reviewing the Management Plan

8.1 This plan shall be reviewed and revised every five years by the Ministry.

8.2 The Ministry shall engage with MAF fishers, licence holders, processors, exporters and other stakeholders in the review process.

8.3 Upon review, if and where applicable, management measures shall be revised, or new measures put in place based on scientific findings and other relevant data.

8.4 The Maldives Marine Research Institute shall provide advice on the state of the resources within the scope of this plan to inform review process.

References

Adam, M., R. Anderson, and H. Shakeel. 1997. Commercial exploitation of reef resources: examples of sustainable and non-sustainable utilisation from the Maldives. Malé.

Adam, M. S. 1995. Review of the aquarium fish trade of the Maldives with proposals for monitoring and regulation. Malé.

Brown, B. E., and R. P. Dunne. 1988. The Environmental Impact of Coral Mining on Coral Reefs in the Maldives. Environmental Conservation 15(2):159–165.

Edwards, A. J., and A. D. Shepherd. 1992. Environmental Implications of Aquarium-fish Collection in the Maldives, with Proposals for Regulation. Environmental Conservation 19(1):61–72. Cambridge University Press.

Geange, S. 2010. Effects of larger heterospecifics and structural refuge on the survival of a coral reef fish, Thalassoma hardwicke. Marine Ecology Progress Series 407:197–207.

Naseer, A., and B. G. Hatcher. 2004. Assessing the integrated growth response of coral reefs to monsoon forcing using morphometric analysis of reefs in the Maldives. Coral Reefs 23:161–168.

Rasher, D. B., A. S. Hoey, and M. E. Hay. 2013. Consumer diversity interacts with prey defenses to drive ecosystem function. Ecology 94(6):1347–1358. NIH Public Access.

Saleem, M., and F. Islam. 2008. Management of the aquarium fishery in the Republic of the Maldives. Page Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Session 22: 1038–1042. Ft. Lauderdale.

Saleem, M. R., and M. S. Adam. 2004. Review of the Aquarium Fish Industry in the Maldives – 2003. Malé.

Waldie, P. A., S. P. Blomberg, K. L. Cheney, A. W. Goldizen, and A. S. Grutter. 2011. Long-Term Effects of the Cleaner Fish Labroides dimidiatus on Coral Reef Fish Communities. PLoS ONE 6(6):e21201. Public Library of Science.

Wood, E., M. Ushan, S. Sattar, A. Najeeb, and F. Islam. 2014. Maldives Marine Aquarium Fishery Review. Male’.

Annex 1: Glossary

Person holding the most responsible position at any given (a) Captain / Master time on-board a fishing vessel

Fishing or Harvesting for the purpose of obtaining a (b) Commercial Fishing financial benefit

(c) Enforcement officer Any officer designated pursuant to Section 57 of the Act No. 14/2019 (Fisheries Act of the Maldives) to enforce regulations made under the Act.

Persons who are appointed for and by the Ministry under (d) Fisheries Ranger Section 58 of the Act No. 14/2019 (Fisheries Act of the Maldives).

(1) Searching for the purpose of catching, taking, killing and harvesting of fish; (2) Attempting to search for, catch, take, kill or harvest fish; (3) Engaging in any other activity that results in the searching, catching, taking, killing or harvesting of fish; (e) Fishing / Harvesting (4) Placing or searching or retaking of any fish aggregating device or equipment including “radio beacons”; (5) Undertaking any operation at sea or on an island in preparation for any activity mentioned in subsections (1), (2), (3) or (4).

(f) Fishing vessels Any type of vessel, ship or any other thing which is used for fishing, which has been prepared for fishing, or which is usually used for fishing or related activities.

(g) Genetic diversity of ecosystems The diversity within the genetic makeup or genes of living resources in ecosystems.

Any instruments used to record data on fishing trips, (h) Logbook including catch and effort data, submitted electronically or via any other medium determined by the Ministry

(i) Management plans Plans made with regard to fisheries planning, management and development pursuant to Chapter Three of the Act No. 14/2019 (Fisheries Act of the Maldives).

(j) Minister The minister responsible for fisheries, including aquaculture.

(k) Ministry The ministry responsible for fisheries, including aquaculture.

(l) Moxy net

(m) Offence Administrative offences prescribed in this Plan.

(n) Precautionary measures In the absence of complete information based on scientific research or where a matter has not been proved, measures adopted to manage the natural resources in a sustainable manner considering the possibility of an adverse outcome if such measures are not taken.

(o) Harvesting/Packing facilities Lands, buildings, or such other places on or in which:

(1) fish or aquaculture products are cleaned, packaged, dried, salted, chilled, frozen or otherwise processed for sale in and outside the Maldives; or

(2) fish or aquaculture products are stored for the purposes of packaging, canning, drying, cleaning, salting, chilling, freezing or otherwise for processing for sale in and outside the Maldives.

Annex 2: List of TAE for Each Species

Species name Quota Species name Quota Species name Quota Amphiprion chagosensis 0 Centropyge flavipectoralis 50 Tomiyamichthys latruncularius 50 Apolemichthys armitagei 0 Cephalopholis sonnerati 50 Valenciennea puellaris 50 Arothron stellatus 0 Chaetodon decussatus 50 Valenciennea helsdingenii 50 Canthigaster coronata 0 Chaetodon vagabundus 50 Variola albimarginata 50 Canthigaster tyleri 0 Cheilinus trilobatus 50 Canthigaster janthinoptera 100 Centropyge eibli 0 Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis 50 Anampses lineatus 100 Cetoscarus bicolor 0 Cirrhilabrus rubriventralis 50 Anyperodon leucogrammicus 100 Chaetodon andamanensis 0 Cirrhitichthys aprinus 50 Apolemichthys xanthurus 100 Chaetodon bennetti 0 Cirrihitus pinnulatus 50 Cephalopholis miniata 100 Chaetodon meyeri 0 Cirripectes quagga 50 Coris formosa 100 Chaetodon triangulum 0 Cirripectes stigmaticus 50 Heniochus singularis 100 Chaetodon trifascialis 0 Coris aygula 50 Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 100 Chaetodon trifasciatus 0 Dendrochirus brachypterus 50 Plectorhinchus vittatus 100 Diodon liturosus 0 Dendrochirus zebra 50 Pterois volitans 100 Exallias brevis 0 Epinephelus flavocaeruleus 50 Variola louti 100 Paracanthurus hepatus 0 Hologymnosus doliatus 50 Acanthurus maculiceps 200 Pomacanthus annularis 0 Labrichthys unilineatus 50 Anampses caeruleopunctatus 200 Pomacanthus semicirculatus 0 Oxycheinus bimaculatus 50 Chaetodon interruptus 200 Rhinomuraena quaesita 0 Plesiops coeruleolineatus 50 Inistius pavo 200 Acanthurus tristis 50 Pseudanthias hypselosoma 50 Naso unicornis 200 Bodianus anthioides 50 Pseudochelinus octotaenia 50 Platax orbicularis 200 Bodianus bimaculatus 50 Ptereleotris hanae 50 Pomacanthus xanthometopon 200 Calloplesiops altivelis 50 Rhinecanthus cinereus 50 Pseudobalistes fuscus 200 Centropyge acanthops 50 Sebastapistes cyanostigma 50 Coris cuvieri 250 Centropyge bispinosa 50 Stethojulis bandanensis 50 Acanthurus guttatus 300 Centropyge flavicauda 50 Taenianotus triacanthus 50 Chaetodon lineolatus 300

Species name Quota Species name Quota Species name Quota Paracheilinus mccoskeri 300 Abudefduf bicolor 1000 Chaetodon octofaciatus 1000 Pterois radiata 300 Acanthurus mata 1000 Chaetodon oxycephalus 1000 Chaetodon mitratus 500 Acanthurus nigricauda 1000 Chaetodon unimaculatus 1000 Gobiodon citrinus 500 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 1000 Cheillinus chlorourus 1000 Halichoeres vrolikii 500 Acanthurus pyroferus 1000 Cheilodipterus isostigma 1000 Oxycirrhites typus 500 Acanthurus strigosus 1000 Chromis dimidiata 1000 Paracirrhites arcatus 500 Acanthurus tennenti 1000 Chromis nigrura 1000 Pseudodax moluccanus 500 Acanthurus triostegus 1000 Comanthina nobilis 1000 Stonogobiops dracula 500 Amblygobius semicinctus 1000 Coris frerei 1000 Pterois antennata 600 Antennarius hispidus 1000 Corythoichthys intestinalis 1000 Balistoides conspicillum 800 Antennarius pauciradiatus 1000 Corythoichthys haematopterus 1000 Ostracion meleagris 800 Arothron nigropunctatus 1000 Cryptocentrus cinctus 1000 Apolemichthys trimaculatus 1000 Apogon apogonides 1000 Cryptocentrus fasciatus 1000 Bodianus diana 1000 Apogon luxuria 1000 Ctenochaetus binotatus 1000 Dascyllus aruanus 1000 Arothron mappa 1000 Echinaster sepositus 1000 Dascyllus carneus 1000 Bodianus bilunulatus 1000 Echinaster sp. 1000 Dascyllus trimaculatus 1000 Bothus ocellatus 1000 Ecsenius minutus 1000 Ecsenius midas 1000 Bodianus opercularis 1000 Epibulus insidiator 1000 Forcipiger longirostris 1000 Bolbometopon muricatum 1000 Forcipiger flavissimus 1000 Halichoeres trispilus 1000 Cephalopholis polleni 1000 Fromia indica 1000 Labroides bicolor 1000 Chaetodon baronessa 1000 Fromia monilis 1000 Naso vlamingii 1000 Chaetodon citrinellus 1000 Fromia nodosa 1000 Paracirrhites forsteri 1000 Chaetodon collare 1000 Fromia sp. 1000 Pomacanthus imperator 1000 Chaetodon ephippium 1000 Fusigobius inframaculatus 1000 Pseudanthias cooperi 1000 Chaetodon guttatissimus 1000 Fusigobius longispinus 1000 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 1000 Chaetodon kleinii 1000 Fusigobius neophytus 1000

Species name Quota Species name Quota Species name Quota Genicanthus caudovittatus 1000 Lysmata amboinensis 1000 Ptereleotris grammica 1000 Gomophia sp. 1000 Macrodontogobius wilburi 1000 Ptereleotris heteroptera 1000 Gomphosus caeruleus 1000 Macropharyngodon cyanoguttatus 1000 Ptereleotris zebra 1000 Gomphosus varius 1000 Meiacanthus smithi 1000 Pseudocheilinus evanidus 1000 Halichoeres hortulanus 1000 Melichthys indicus 1000 Rhinecanthus lunula 1000 Halichoeres lutescens 1000 Myripristis adusta 1000 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 1000 Halichoeres marginatus 1000 Myripristis vittata 1000 Shrimp 1000 Halichoeres melanurus 1000 Naso brevirostris 1000 Stegastes nigricans 1000 Halichores scapularis 1000 Neoniphon opercularis 1000 Stethojulis albovittata 1000 Helcogramma maldivensis 1000 Nudibranch sp. 1000 Terelebrus rubrovittatus 1000 Hemigymnus fasciatus 1000 Odonus niger 1000 Thalassoma amblycephalum 1000 Hemitaurichthys zoster 1000 Ostracion cubicus 1000 Thalassoma hardwicke 1000 Heniochus acuminatus 1000 Oxycomanthus bennetti 1000 Thalassoma lunare 1000 Heniochus chrysostomus 1000 Oxymonacanthus longirostris 1000 Valenciennea strigata 1000 Heniochus monoceros 1000 Parachelinus carpenteri 1000 Zebrasoma veliferum 1000 Heniochus pleurotaenia 1000 Parupeneus cyclostomus 1000 Aluterus scriptus 1000 Hologymnosus annaulatus 1000 Parupeneus rubescens 1000 Amblyeleotris callopareia 1000 Hoplolatilus chlupatyi 1000 Periclimenes 1000 Amblyeleotris steinitzi 1000 Larabicus quadrilineatus 1000 Pomacentrus caeruleus 1000 Amblyeleotris sungami 1000 Lethrinus crocineus 1000 Pomacentrus indicus 1000 Amblyeleotris wheeleri 1000 Liopropoma africanum 1000 Pseudanthias bicolor 1000 Amblygobius phalaena 1000 Liopropoma fasciatum 1000 Pseudanthias charleneae 1000 Antennarius biocellatus 1000 Liopropoma latifasciatum 1000 Pseudanthias dispar 1000 Antennarius maculatus 1000 Lissiosquillina maculata 1000 Pseudanthias taira 1000 Antennarius commerson 1000 Lutjanus kasmira 1000 Pseudanthias truncatus 1000 Antennarius pictus 1000 Luzonichthys whitleyi 1000 Ptereleotris evides 1000 Antennatus nummifer 1000

Species name Quota Species name Quota Species name Quota Antennatus coccineus 1000 Epinephelus polystigma 1000 Myripristis pralinia 1000 Caesio teres 1000 Formia nodosa 1000 Myripristis violacea 1000 Callionymus cooperi 1000 Fusigobius duospilus 1000 Neopomacentrus cyanomos 1000 Callionymus delicatulus 1000 Fusigobius humeralis 1000 Opistognathus lonchurus 1000 Callionymus gardineri 1000 Fusigobius pallidus 1000 Paragobiodon modestus 1000 Callionymus persicus 1000 Gnathanodon speciosus 1000 Paraluterus prionurus 1000 Callionymus tenuis 1000 Halichoeres margaritaceus 1000 Parapercis hexophtalma 1000 Cantherhines pullus 1000 Halichoeres salmofasciatus 1000 Parapercis punctulata 1000 Canthigaster solandri 1000 Hemigymnus fasciatus 1000 Parapriacanthus ransonneti 1000 Centropyge bispinosus 1000 Heniochus accuminatus 1000 Parupeneus barberinus 1000 Cephalopholis cruentata 1000 Heniochus permutatus 1000 Parupeneus indicus 1000 Cirrhitichthys bleekeri 1000 Histrio histrio 1000 Parupeneus macronemus 1000 Cryptocentrus cinctus 1000 Hologymnosus longipes 1000 Parupeneus pleurostigma 1000 Cryptocentrus cyanotaenia 1000 Iniistius dea 1000 Parupeneus trifasciatus 1000 Cryptocentrus fasciatus 1000 Koumansetta hectori 1000 Platycephalus speculator 1000 Cryptocentrus lutheri 1000 Macolor niger 1000 Plectorhinchus albovittatus 1000 Cryptotomus roseus 1000 Macropharyngodon ornatus 1000 Plectorhinchus gibbosus 1000 Ctenochaetus striatus 1000 Malacanthus brevirostris 1000 Plectorhinchus lineatus 1000 Doryrhamphus bicarinatus 1000 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 1000 Plectorhinchus nigrus 1000 Doryrhamphus excisus excisus 1000 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis 1000 Plectorhinchus picus 1000 Dunckerocampus multiannulatus 1000 Myripristis berndti 1000 Pomacentrus coelestis 1000 Epinephelus fasciatus 1000 Myripristis botche 1000 Pseudanthias fasciatus 1000 Epinephelus inermis 1000 Myripristis hexagona 1000 Pseudochromis coccinicauda 1000 Epinephelus megachir 1000 Myripristis jacobus 1000 Pseudojulis melanotus 1000 Epinephelus merra 1000 Myripristis kuntee 1000 Pseudorhombus jenynsii 1000 Epinephelus ongus 1000 Myripristis murdjan 1000 Ptereleotris microlepis 1000

Species name Quota Species name Quota Species name Quota Pterocaesio pisang 1000 Bodianus axillaris 1500 Halichoeres scapularis 5000 Pterocaesio tile 1000 Chaetodon lunula 1500 Naso lituratus 5000 Pterois miles 1000 Chaetodon melannotus 1500 Nemateleotris decora 5000 Rathbunella hypoplecta 1000 Synchiropus stellatus 1500 Pseudanthias bimaculatus 5000 Sargocentron caudimaculatum 1000 Zanclus cornutus 1500 Pygoplites diacanthus 5000 Sargocentron cornutum 1000 Centropyge multispinis 2000 Zebrasoma scopas 5000 Sargocentron diadema 1000 Chaetodon madagaskariensis 2000 Naso elegans 5000 Sargocentron macrosquamis 1000 Macropharyngodon bipartitus 2000 Labroides dimidiatus 7000 Sargocentron melanospilos 1000 Novaculichthys taeniourus 2000 Zebrasoma desjardinii 7000 Sargocentron punctatissimum 1000 Pseudanthias ignitus 2000 Pseudanthias pulcherrimus 8000 Sargocentron spiniferum 1000 Amblyeleotris aurora 2500 Blenniella chrysospilos 10000 Sargocentron tiere 1000 Salarias fasciatus 2500 Chromis viridis 10000 Sargocentron tiereoides 1000 Anampses meleagrides 3000 Nemateleotris magnifica 10000 Sargocentron violaceum 1000 Chaetodon falcula 3000 Pseudanthias parvirostris 10000 Sargocentron microstoma 1000 Ecsenius lineatus 3000 Valenciennea sexguttata 10000 Soleichthys heterorhinos 1000 Thalassoma quinquevittatum 3000 Nemanthias carberryi 15000 Solenostomus cyanopterus 1000 Chaetodon xanthocephalus 4000 Pseudanthias evansi 15000 Sunagocia otaitensis 1000 Ecsenius bicolor 4000 Pseudocheilinus hexataenia 15000 Terelabrus dewapyle 1000 Halichoeres leucoxanthus 4000 Acanthurus leucosternon 20000 Terelabrus flavocephalus 1000 Acanthurus lineatus 5000 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 80000 Terelabrus rubrovittatus 1000 Amphiprion clarkii 5000 Upeneus heemstra 1000 Amphiprion nigripes 5000 Upeneus taeniopterus 1000 Chaetodon auriga 5000 Upeneus vittatus 1000 Cirrhilabrus exquisitus 5000 Wetmorella nigropinnata 1000 Ctenochaetus strigosus 5000 Xanthichthys auromarginatus 1000 Halichoeres cosmetus 5000