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IN THIS ISSUE Carnival! Successful Suggesters '•SweepinorTHeOe^rX lnter-A(i)C^&frrav^^;.

Tol. 13, No. 7

February 1,1963 Joseph Connor, Acting Press Officer

Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Governor-President Publications Editors W. P. Leber, Lieutenant Governor Robert D. Kerr and Julio E. Briceno

Official Panama Canal Publication Frank A. Baldwin Editorial Assistants Published monthly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Panama Canal Information Officer Eunice Richard, Tobi Bittel, and Tomas A. Cupas Printed at the Printing Plant, Mount Hope, C.Z.

On sale at all Panama Canal Service Centers. Retail Stores, and the Tivoli Guest House for 10 days after publication date at 5 cents each. Subscriptions, $1 a year; mail and back copies, 10 cents each. Postal money orders made payable to the Panama Canal Company should be mailed to Box M, Balboa Heights. C.Z. Editorial Offices are located in the Administration Building. Balboa Heights. C.Z.

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Index

Carnival! 3

Javier Fair 4

"Sweeping" the Canal 5

Successful Suggesters 6

Honor for Professors 7

The Inter-American Highway 8

Promotions and Transfers 10 i4Jlto? . . . M^? . . . Canal History 12 OF COURSE I'm going to the Carnival. Isn't everyone? Anniversaries 13 Carnival merrymakers probably could get along without me and my kind, but it wouldn't be the same. Canal Traffic, Transits, Trade 14 We're the spirit and symbols of gaiety, music, song, and laughter, serpentine-wrapped and confetti-sprinkled. Shipping 16

Carnival, Mardi Gras, Saturnalia, Fasching, Fastnacht ... by whatever name such celebrations are known, they date back to earliest history, are found in all civilizations,

all cultures. For centuries and centuries they've been annual events to free mankind from cares of daily chores, open avenues of mirth, mummery, dancing, singing.

Illusion becomes reality, dreams materialize, sorrow, ABOUT OUR FRONT COVER: It's water, he's perched and worries are forbidden. Through King Momo in on an outrigger, and he has a line—but that isn't a new Panama there reign 4 days dedicated to fuller enjoyment type lure on it. It's a gadget devised to double check on of life, laughter, and, we're told, even some kisses. sonar devices used to inspect the bottom of the Canal The days of Carnival are historically for relief from channel, electronically, for "lumps" or obstructions.

the workaday world's weights so all may return to Manning the line is John Flynn, member of the technical normal duties with renewed vigor, refreshed hope, and crew of the motor launch Shad of the Surveys Branch. rebalanced perspective. For more information on their work, see page 5.

February 1, 1963 c

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of merriment. People, people, people . . . testimonial to measures n V n L

will be IT'S CARNIVAL time in Panama once Januai-y 18, the first ceremony taking Canal Zone Carnival Queen Ball will again, and polleras and montunos, cos- place in Paraiso, followed by the Santa Februar)^ 15 and a Coronation House on tumes and floats are being readied for Cniz flag raising. be held at the Tivoli Guest February 21. the festivities which this year start In Rainbow City, the Carnival flag Atlantic side Carnival Queen will Saturday, February 23, and close at went up on January 26. The dawn Ash Wednesday, February 27. be crowned on Washington's Birthday, An unusual note was introduced in Febraary 22, at the Breakers Club, and While the Carnival celebration is the Carnival flag raising ceremony at the Coronation Ball will follow the scheduled for the latter part of Feb- Palo Seco Leprosarium on January 18. ceremony. ruarv, the traditional music of Carnival The two queens who officiated are Sattuday, February 23, will be a busy has been heard in Panama and in the mother and daughter. The 1962 Palo day for the Panama City Queen, whose Canal Zone since the first days of Seco Carnival Queen, Angela Calderon, coronation will take place in the Olym- flag was January. The first Carnival is the mother of the 1963 Palo Seco pic Stadium, Panama City. During the raised in Panama City on January 5 and Carnival Queen, Zenaida Avila. day, she will receive an official greeting in the Canal Zone on January 9. Throughout January beautiful candi- from Panama's Ministry of Foreign The Canal Zone Atlantic side Carnival dates for Carnival Queen competed Affairs and will be received in audience flag raising took place January 26, in for the coveted crown to be worn by bv the President of the Republic of Margarita. the representative of each respective Panama. The Pacific Side Canal Zone The Paraiso and Santa Cruz com- community and each social center. Carnival Queen, the Queen of the munities raised the 1963 Carnival flag Coronation Day for the Pacific Side Chinese colony in Panama, and other Queens will be received by Panama's Colorfully bedecked floats bedecked with beauties, too. President at the same time. Immediately afterward, Panama City's Mayor will present the Queens the "Keys to the City of Panama." The night will be filled with music and gaiety, with dances in all the hotels, and social centers, in the open air dance pavilions, and in clubs. Traditional Pollera Day will be Sunday, Februaiy 24, M-hen the Pacific Side Carnival Queen, accompanied by King Momo and all the court, will parade through the Canal Zone and Panama, up to the Panama Golf Club, where a dance will be held, attended also by all the other Carnival Queens and their courts. The Carnival Classic is scheduled to (See p. 4) Carnival {Contitwed from p. 3) be held at the Remon Race Track in Panama City Sunday afternoon. All the Carnival Queens will be honored. All during Sunday afternoon un- official parades vvill be held on the streets and roads of Panama City, with groups dressed in Panama's pollera and montuno winding in and out in a gay kaleidoscopic scene of color and gaiety. Pollera Day's events will close with a dance at the Panama Architects' and Engineers' Center. Carnival Monday will be sprinkled with confetti and looped with serpen- tine from the "battles" by Carnival merrymakers up and down Central and other streets of Panama City. The Canal Zone Queen on the Pacific Side will make a tour of her domain that evening, visiting clubs, hotels, and social centers, impartially spreading the music and color of Carnival through civilian military communities. She and Governor Fleming chats with the Reverend Juan D. Iriarte, center, Director of Colegio also will attend the Carnival masque- Javier, and the Reverend Jesus Hergueta, principal of the primary school, during last rade ball at the Panama Hilton Hotel, year's Javier Fair. where the Panama City Queen will receive visiting royalty. The Canal Zone Pacific Side Queen will be joined there by the Chinese Colony Queen, and other 2-10 reigning beauties of the 1963 Carnival. Javier Fair Feb. The climax of Carnival in Panama, the most important day of all, is Car- APPROXIMATELY 50,000 persons are F. Chiari will declare the Fair closed nival Tuesday, when the traditional expected to visit the Javier Fair, on the final day and Canal Zone Gov- parade of floats is held in the afternoon. 6th annual commercial, industrial, and ernor Fleming i'j among the dignitaries Each Carnival Queen and her court electrical exposition, to open at 7 p.m., invited to attend the exposition. will ride on a gaily decorated float. The Saturday, February 2, at the Colegio The Fair hours will be 4 p.m. until Queens' bands of musicians and march- Javier, Panama City. midnight daily. Admission is 15 cents, ing bands will fill the air with melody, Panama's Minister of Agriculture, with a $1 ticket also available and valid while the groups of masqueraders will Commerce, and Industry, Dr. Felipe for all 9 days of the exposition. compete for the prizes offered for the Juan Escobar, will officially open the Fair da)'s themes are: most original, gayest, and noisiest. Fair, which will continue through February 2—Typical Motif Day, The ascending note of gaiety reaches Febnaary 10. honoring the Minister of Agriculture, a climax in the early hours of Ash Wed- A number of Zonians will be among Commerce, and Industry of Panama. nesday mom "when it's so late it almost those attending and the Panama Canal February' 3—Friendship Day, honor- seems early." The dance music changes will participate officially, having re- ing the Canal Zone. into a funeral march. Pallbearers carry served space in front of the swimming February 4—Panama City High tinv coffins, in each of which lies a fish, pool and at the \'ery entrance to the Schools' Da)-. at the head of a candlelighted parade school building. February 5— Jewish Night. that winds through the city's streets. About 50 local industries and com- February 6—Spanish Night. Now and then recalcitrant merrymakers mercial concerns are taking part in this February 7—Gala Night. may burst into gaiety, but the majority, year's Fair, and Colegio Javier students February 8—Chinese Night. bearing lighted candles, pretend to will have displays of their own crafts February 9— Carnival Junta's Night. weep at the sad end of Carnival, work and animals stuffed and mounted February 10—Fair Closing Night. although certain that it will be reborn by biology students. Entertainment will include Spanish once again in another 11 months. February 3 will be "Friendship Day" dances, folk dancing, Jewish dances, When the rosy fingers of dawn sweep at the Fair in honor of the Canal Zone. and a horse show by Fort Kobbe riders. back the curtains of night, the merry- The Panama Canal exhibit stall will Colegio Javier is a Jesuit school for makers abandon their masquerade, feature a Selectrovision display, pictures boys, kindergarten through high school, dress once more in their everyday cos- of Canal operations and points of in- with an enrollment near 1,000. The Fair tumes and once again appear as serious terest, models, and organ music by is being held to raise funds with which persons. Frank Azcarraga, a member of the Canal to complete constiuction of a $200,000 The religious go to church, before Zone Guide Ser\'ice and well-known gym and a 8150,000 church for the taking up their everyday affairs, and Panamanian perfoiTner. school. Graduates from the school another Panama Carnival becomes a There will be a change of Fair recei\e diplomas as bachelor of science, page in history. program every night. President Roberto letters, and philosophy.

February 1, 1963 All set, after only 5 minutes of preparation, and ready to go. The survey boat Shad prepares to leave the dock in the early pre-dawn on its way to patrol the Canal channel bottom between Gamboa and Pedro Miguel.

^Sweepin^ ' The Canal

ANY MORNING at the crack of dawn, In former years, when few ships early birds, worms, and any others in passed through the Cut at night and tlie vicinity of Gaillard Cut are Hkely before extensive work of Cut widening to find the Panama Canal motor launch started, the task of checking the Canal Shad making a patrol of this narrow part channel for obstructions was done with Before the Shad moves away from the dock a simple pipe drag at a known depth in Gamboa, an electronic "fish" is moved of the Canal. out into place at the end of the outrigger. Festooned with red lights and decked if inspection of the banks indicated that device is directly imdemeath the A similar with red flags, the Shad moves up the there had been some movement during boat and a third one on an outrigger on channel like a bloodhound following a the night. the other side of the boat. With outriggers spread, the sonar devices "sweep" a 40-foot trail. It sniffs cautiously along the With the beginning of Cut widening path. AH three are 2 feet under the water channel centerline at about 8 knots, and and the marked drop in lake level surface. The pointed object at bottom of in sections where dredges have been at because of increased ship traffic and picture is one of the submerged "fish." work during the night, the launch circles reduced water supply during the dry back, crosses the centerline, checks any season, the problem of obstructions in questionable area of the channel and the Cut became more serious. moves on. The daily patrol now is conducted A group of serious men bend over a with a launch fitted with three trans- battery of electronic machines as the ducers or sonar devices, called "fish," craft proceeds down the Cut from which extend 2 feet below the water Gamboa to Pedro Miguel. Two out- surface and send electronic signals on rigger devices extend from port and star- depth of the channel back to three board, thus accurately co\'ering a width recorders installed inside the launch. of 40 feet, and a gasoline-operated gen- Each recorder is operated by a tech- erator, providing power for the delicate nician who watches it closely. Any machines, chugs away at the stern. lumps rising above the safe depth of The men aboard the U.S.S. Shad are 42 feet below the surface are reported not out fishing—nor are they looking for immediately to the Dredging Division. gold. They are employees of the Hydro- Accuracy of the work requires close graphic Section of the Panama Canal cycle control on power generation, con- Surveys Branch checking the bottom of trolled to not more that two tenths of Gaillard Cut for obstacles, "lumps," or a cycle variation from the 60 cycles any other obstructions which might be required. a hazard for shipping. One morning recently, when lake The "lumps" may simply be small level was slightly below 87 feet, the heaps of silt kicked up by deep draft highest lump encountered was 45 feet ships' propellor action. Or they could below the water surface. be rock upheavals or drop-ins. When an area needing immediate The dawn patrol is a daily operation attention is discovered, an emergency carried out by Canal engineers and call is made to the Dredging Di\'ision, the Marine Bureau to provide the Port Captains at Cristobal and Balboa safest possible conditions through the are alerted, and reports made to the waterway for world shipping. Marine Director and Director of Armando de Sedda, foreground, and Ray- The morning investigation with elec- Engineering and Construction. mond Kielhofer, two of the trained cartog- tronic devices was started early in the The Dredging Division goes into raphers aboard the survey boat Shad, check I940's under supervision of the Chief action first \\i\h a dredge to remove recorder charts showing depth of the Canal bottom. of the Hydrographic Section. (Seep. 11)

The Panama Canal Review SUCCESSFUL SUGGESTERS

Annual recognition for the top award under the Panama Canal Incentive Awards Program for 1962 brought gold watches to three men, supplementing cash awards. Gov. Robert J. Fleming, Jr., is shown presenting the watches to (left to right): Cyrus W. Field, Owen J. Corrigan, and Ray M. Smith.

Russell A. Weade, $25, Lights on Las SHARING top honors in the 1962 expected to improve the Canal opera- Graces dock. Panama Canal Incentive Awards Pro- tion's financial status by more than Locks Division gram were three Industrial Division $52,000 a year. employees: Cyrus W. Field, Ray M. Eishteen of the incentive awards Frank R. Costanzo, $20, Uniform clothing Division Corrigan. They winners were Marine Bureau employees, for Canal seaman and Locks Smith, and Owen J. helpers. received $260 each for devising a new 10 from the Engineering and Construc- Paul Badonsky, $15, Handbag hooks on more economical procedure for tion Bureau and 5 or more each from and cafeteria tables. 28-inch pontoon pipes, the Ci\il Affairs Bureau, Supply and fabrication of John M. Klasovsky, $50, Gathodic Protec- Community Service Bureau, Health adoption of the suggestion resulting in tion for miter gates. estimated average annual savings of Bureau and staff units. John M. Klasovsky and C. V. Scheidegg, $23,633. "If each individual uses his imagina- $15 each, Locks divers safety. Besides the savings, technical im- tion in a search for improvements, we Raymond L. Whitney, $15, Safety for provement and increase of productivity, will draw on vast resources that will visitors at Miraflores Locks. Everett White, $15, Uniform headgear. side effects were generated improving bring fresh water to the well of prog- Carlos Melendez and Eliot Brathwaite, Industrial Division shop efficiency and ress," declared President John F. Ken- J. $12.50 each. Fire e.xtinguishers on locks thereby providing craftsmen for other nedy in a recent statement on vital locomotives. values in suggestion systems. requirements. Raymond Dixon, $15, Phone number "To maintain our forward pace," he J. Other top 1962 suggesters were: index. Electrical Division, said, "it is imperative that we have a Roy R. Burgener, Industrial Division with a $375 supplemental award for steady flow of constructive ideas di- Earl R. Boland, $25, Bulkhead sheathing. impulse re- rected at all of our problems, large and conversion of microwave Henry Heppenheimer and Richard F. Pen- small, ranging from those needing the peaters for telephone circuits; nington, $40 each. Redesign of welder. experts to those Vincent Biava, Dredging Division, attention of scholars and Thomas V. Frost, $45, Improved balancing $250, for a new method for recondi- needing the day-to-day knowledge of machine. tioning countershafts and bearings on the man on the job." Carl H. Starke, $125, 28-inch dredge pipe. scholars, experts, men and the dipper dredges; Here, and ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Herman H. Keepers, Dredging Divi- women on the job, were the other 1962 BUREAU sion, $225, for a way to remachine and PanCanal incentive awards winners: (Director's Office) adapt acetylene gas sun switches to MARINE BUREAU Russell T. Wise, $25, Littering highways. electrical operation. (Director's Office) Division besides netting the Contract and Inspection These three ideas, dry Ethel W. Brown, $25, Weekly flier for Shirley Finlason, $125, Routine letters to suggesters extra folding money, repre- cleaning. contractors. sent estimated total savings of an Navigation Division Division $15,000 per year in Canal operations. Electrical Richard A. McClean and William T. Lyons, In all, there were 57 incentive award Delmas A. Swafford, $25, Littering high- $25 each, Radio telephone handset ideas ways. winners in 1962. Their on new and button guards. betterment Maintenance Division improved methods, product John Chandler, Jr., $15, Messenger bags and savings in manpower, material and for launches. Owen W. Smith and George P. FuUman, time, and reduction of safety hazards Frank V. Kerley, $15, Thatcher Ferry $15 each. Safety switch. brought them more than $3,200 and are Bridge ceremony. John W. Acker, $25, Abrasive wheels.

6 Februaby 1, 1963 Roderick N. Macdonald, $15, Nonskid material for ladders. De Leon Tschumy and William I. Hollo- well, $40 each, floculator drive chain and sprocket. CrVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Fire Division Calvin Shepherd, $20, Emergency light. Library-Museum Evelyn H. Howell, $15, Pencil stubs. Police Division Russell E. Oberholtzer, $25, School bus recognition. Anthony Malagutti, $20, Traffic regulations. Morris E. Cherry, $15, Water. John Kozar, $25, Sanitary protection for policemen. Postal Division Joseph L. Sestito, $20, Box rent cards. SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY SERVICE BUREAU Supply Division Cyrus A. Morris, $15 each, Improvement Faculty members of the Canal Zone Junior College pictured above are, front row, left to of IBM room and substitution on form. right: Subert TurbyfiU, Mrs. Mary Joumeay, Dr. Dorothy Moody, Miss Margaret Gately, Finkelstein, Charles R. Bowen, Warren D. Marquard, $100, Stock control. and Kenneth Vinton; second row: Shephard Clark, Morris DeWitt Myers, Dr. Kenneth Lake, and Donald Musselman; back row: Dr. James Johnson, Ashton D. Worrell, $15, Unloading ramp. Dr. Charles L. Latimer, Jr., Dean of the College, and Clarence Vosburgh. (Photo by Eugene A. Johnson, $15, Accident protec- Scott Wellman.) tion. George E. Shoemaker, $15, Self-checking numbers. HEALTH BUREAU Gorgas Hospital Margaret C. Yerkes, $25, Littering high- FOR JUNIOR COLLEGE FACULTY: ways. Coco Solo Hospital Alfredo Archibald, $20, Glo-colored vest. Fred L. Workman, $25, Anti-panic lights in elei'ators. More Recognition Earl L. McClean, $15, Bags. Luis E. Wong, $25, Gamboa dispensary. STAFF UNITS Mabelle B. Walker, Administrative Branch, THE CANAL ZONE Junior College higher education, corresponds to the $15, Decals of Canal Zone seal. has a distinction shared by only a American Medical Association for doc- Joyce H. Boatwright, E.xecutive Planning, handful of colleges and universities: tors and to the American Bar Associa- conveniences. $15, Cafeteria Every full-time instructor has been tion for lawyers. It is the recognized Maria Hernandez, Office of the Governor, accepted for membership in the Amer- national profesional organization for $15, Pictures of governors in rotunda. ican Association of University Pro- college teachers. Eloise Smith, Office of the Secretary, $15, institutions share this For some years a few of the faculty Standard hole punching. fessors. Few of the junior college have Henry M. Winter, Safety Branch, $15, distinction, as requirements for AAUP members of the Soap tissues in first aid kits. membership demand at least a mas- been accepted as members TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS ter's degree plus 3 years of teaching AAUP. Last March a Canal Zone BUREAU experience at the college level. Chapter of the association was officially Railroad Division The 100 percent acceptance is unique launched when Lt. Gov. W. P. Leber training of the faculty presented the charter from the national Chris E. Haywood, $15, Gasoline station evidence of the Officers of the Canal Zone hours. members and also is recognition of the organization. Arthur B. Rigby, $15, Safety hazard at high standards of selection for teachers Chapter are: Mr. TurbyfiU, president; Miraflores bridge. in the Canal Zone Junior College. Mr. Bowen, vice president; and Miss Terminals Division C.Z.J.C. has been accepted by the Gately, secretary. association has head- Joe R. Sanders, $25, Man overboard American Association of Junior Colleges The national ladders. since shortly after its establishment quarters in Washington, D.C. It is a PERONNEL BUREAU almost 30 years ago. It was fully accred- constituent member of the American on Education and member of (Director's Office) ited by the Middle States Association Council of Colleges and Secondary Schools more the International Association of Univer- Nina J. Jenkins, $20, Handling of national emblem. than 20 years ago. This latest honors sity Professors and Lecturers. Indepen- Carlos M. Garcia de Paredes, $15, Index to listing with the American Association of dently and in cooperation with other new book titles. University Professors stands as a third organizations, it has sought the formula- OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER type of recognition. tion, recognition, and observances of (Accounting Division) The association, a national ethical and principles and practices necessary to the Helen T. Kat, $20, Labor distribution. professional organization for teachers in free quest for knowledge.

The Panama Canal Review EVERY MONTH the Inter-American Highway from Texas to the Canal moves a notch nearer the goal; a hard-topped, two-lane 3,142-mOe road all the way through Middle America. Last fall, the U.S. Congress allocated $32 million to be matched with $16 million pledged by Guatemala, Nicara- gua, Costa Rica, and Panama for com- pleting some sections and paving others to provide an all-weather road. Year-round access already is an accomplished fact. Some links are rough and unpaved. Others are subject to slides. Along some stretches vehicles travel by roads that will not be the route of the finished highway. The U.S. Bureau of Public Roads has provided technical guidance for the entire Inter-American project. of the most troublesome links ^CIPICO One put through in recent years was that in highway beautiful bridges from the Paso Motorists entering Panama find a paved and new Costa Rica near the Panama border. de Canoa frontier point to the town of Concepcion and on beyond the city of David in It required 44 modern bridges, includ- Chiriqui Province. In the Puerto Escondido area, paving is under way, but traffic moves daily. East of this vehicles must swing out to the scenic coast road which will be by-passed ing many with steel-truss spans. As late when the shorter, official route is finished. At Santiago, concrete starts again, stretches as last May, motorists had to ford 19 all the way to the Canal. rivers. Now all streams are bridged, either temporarily or permanently. But an incomplete approach to one bridge still requires a shallow ford. Cars from Mexico, Canada, and Call- A Profile: MllR-AMiRKAH HIGHWAY

Travelers pause under the fresh-cut scaffolding providing temporary support for one of the big new concrete-piered bridges in Costa Rica. fornia-to-Vermont have been rolling into Panama from Costa Rica. They visit tourist sites in the Interior and the terminal cities, and on the Canal Zone. Some motorists head straight for Miraflores Locks on arrival. Many Canal people already have driven over all of the road or parts of

it, and others plan to do so. Since 1937, when the "Road to the States" became a committed project. Canal employees have been among the highway's pioneers at road-rut level, and enthusiastic boosters in the United States and elsewhere. The Canal itself has lent encourage- ment and informal aid to the venture. Another Zone-based agency has con- tributed steadily to the physical layout of the highway. This is the Inter- American Geodetic Survey, which has headquarters at Fort Clayton. It is attached to the U.S. Army Caribbean. lAGS has made its mapping skills available when called on to provide terrain data often useful in the selection

8 February 1, 1963 of detailed routes, for bridges or road grades. Here's a profile on what the highway

is like today: Of Panama's 321-mile stretch from the capital cit)' to Costa Rica, some 205 miles are paved with concrete. The paved links on the eastern end are from ^^^^•^SSSe ^v^- Panama City to Santiago, and on the western end from the Costa Rican border to a point in the Puerto Escon- dido area (see map). This leaves, in the central provinces, somewhat more than 100 miles of rough-surfaced road requiring slow vehicle speeds. Part of the jiggly and often dusty going follows the route of eventual paving, but most of it lies along the Spanning the Rio Chiriqui \ iejo ii this new 4-span structure which is one of the first winding coastal route of the old National bridges crossed by tourists who enter Panama from Costa Rica. Highway. This sector now has some dramatically beautiful lookout points Mexico has buMt all of her road the route most desirable for such a road touard mountains and sea. It will without foreign aid. Only some 60 miles may be based, and to determine cost es- become a secondary road when the new of the total 1,.587-mile stretch between timates. Preliminary studies reportedly and shorter route is built. Guatemala and Laredo, Tex., are not are to start this year. Some 28 miles of the new alinement black-topped or concrete. No funds have been appropriated to are neither under construction nor con- Hotels, pensiones, or motels are ade- build roadwa)'s to span this approxima- tract. The United States commitment quate or better throughout Mexico tely 450-mile gap through mountains made last fall included 87.2 million in and in capital cities along the route. and river-slashed jungles. At rough pre- matching funds for building this, and Motorists are cautioned not to try to liminary estimate, $100 million would for paving another 35 miles now par- make the trip too fast. And regardless be required to do so. tially constructed, but not open to of maps, it is wise to check on local To underline the usability of the traffic, between Santiago and El Pajal. conditions with the tourist commission Inter-American Highway from the The basic United States agreement in each country visited—before any trip. Canal to the continental United States, with the Central American countries and To the east of the Canal lies the last it is planned to assemble a bus motor- Panama was to provide two-thirds of uncut area dividing the road systems of cade in Panama in mid-AprO to trans- the cost of a hard-surfaced (black- North and South America. This is the port officials, businessmen, and others topped) road. Darien Gap in eastern Panama and along the road as far as Mexico City. In Costa Rica, surfacing with asphalt western Colombia, through which no From there, the group is expected to will be done on more than 150 miles of traffic can pass. travel by plane to Detroit, New York, the that country's 410-mile link. About The United States has appropriated and other centers before going to Wash- 206 miles already are paved. On the $2 million of the $3 million cost of a ington for the ninth Pan American Road 17-mile section that rises to cross the detailed engineering survey on which Congress. 12,000-foot pass between San Isidro General and Cartago, widening and In good weather the Rio Corredo, in Costa Rica not far from the Panama border, is shallow realinement are necessary, also removal enough to be forded. But a year-round all weather crossing for the Inter-American Highway required a steel-truss structure on foundations sturdy enough to withstand the freshets of slide areas, and stabilization of road- that sweep down from the Talamanca Range. bed. The United States allotment for this work is $13.8 million. In Nicaragua, only a final 28-mile section remains to be paved of the total 238 miles. United States funds of $1 million are earmarked. In Honduras, the entire 97-mile link ^^-^ is paved. The same is true of El Salvador's 126 miles of highway. In Guatemala, some 88.2 million of the United States allocation will be spent for 170 miles of roadwork. Most of this will go into the 95 miles between the Mexican border and San Cristobal. In the past, this sector often has been closed by slides. Work will involve removing these, building revetments, base construction, widening, and e\'entual paving. Currently some 158 miles of Guatemala's 313-mile road are paved.

The Panama Canal Review 9 PROMOTIONS AND TRANSFERS

Stanford M. Clement, Stanley W. Simmons, EMPLOYEES promoted or transferred HEALTH BUREAU Heavy Laborer to Warehouseman. 5 and January 5 are Dr. Edward W. Healey, Hospital Resident between December Ralph E. Holder, High Lift Truck Operator (2d Year), Gorgas Hospital, to Medical listed here. Within-grade promotions to Heavy Leader Laborer. OflBcer (General Medicine and Surgery), reclassifications are not listed. McVin L. Gibbs, Utility Worker to Truck and job Coco Solo Hospital. Driver. Elizabeth M. Hayden, Staff Nurse (Medi- Utihty Worker to Mes- ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH cine and Surgery), Gorgas Hospital, to Phil E. Rowland, senger. Mercedes T. Palomeras, Clerk-Stenog- Head Nurse (Psychiatry), Corozal Hos- Alvin Girdwood Utility Worker to Counter- rapher, from Balboa Bridge Project. pital. Sterrett, Laborer Cleaner, man. Stephen W. Thome, Title Printer to Leader Edward T. A. Electrical Division, to Nursing Assistant Harold C. Blackman, Utility Worker to (Printing). (Leprosy), Palo Seco Leprosarium. Sales Clerk. CrVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Andres Barria, Laborer (Heavy-Pest Con- Beryl Wright, Counterwoman to Food trol), Division of Sanitation, to Animal Service Sales Checker. Police Division Caretaker, Division of Veterinary Medi- Thelma F. Ward, Counterwoman to Sales C. DeRaps, Police Sergeant, Class 3, Henry cine. Clerk. to Police Sergeant, Class 4. Torres, Hospital Attendant to Ward Jorge Carlton Dawkins, Waiter to Heavy Laborer. Emmett A. Collins, Police Private to Police Service Aid, Gorgas Hospital. Byron Dixon, Waiter to Counterman. Sergeant, Class 3. MARINE BUREAU CliEord A. Hinds, Bus Boy to Utility Division of Schools Navigation Division Worker. Feeney, Substitute Teacher to Lucile G. Andrew Stohrer, Pilot to Senior Assistant Services Division School Community Elementary and Secondary Captain of the Port. Concepcion Barrios, Albert E. Watson, Teacher. Richard C. Sergeant, Kenneth S. Roscoe, Lead Foreman (Grounds Maintenance Wilfred G. Earle, Leader Heavy Laborer Pilot to Assistant Captain of the Port. Equipment Operator) to Lead Foreman to Leader Maintenanceman. Preston Trim, Jr., Marine Traffic Con- M. (Grounds). Stanley M. Hawkins, Roy Fleming, Leader troller to Supervisory Marine Traffic Darrington A. Moss, Heavy Laborer to Laborer Cleaner to Lead Foreman Controller. Lead Foreman (Grounds). Laborer Cleaner. Carlos L. Irumluig, Seaman, from Dredg- Remigio Sanjur, Grounds Maintenance Nicolas Barria, Utility Worker, Supply ing Division. Equipment Operator to Animal Care- Division, to Laborer Cleaner. Dixie P. Bender, Towing Locomotive Oper- ator to Lock Operator (Iron Worker- taker. ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Welder). Florentino Duarte, Gregorio Sanchez, BUREAU George N. Stone, Machinist to Lock Oper- Laborer to Animal Caretaker. ator (Machinist). Division TERMINALS Electrical Bernardino Berrio, Andres Bonilla, Luis A. TRANSPORTATION AND Painter DFVISION John B. Corliss, Jr., Electrician to Test De Lo Rios, Melanio Moreno, Operator-Foreman (Electrical Power (Maintenance) to Painter. Terminals Division Asphalt or Cement Worker System). Carlos Ortega, Glendora A. Dorsey, Cargo Claims Clerk to Cement Finisher (Limited). Jose Dixon, Utility Worker, Supply Divi- to Cargo Claims Assistant. Humberto B. Stelle, Laborer Cleaner, Divi- sion, to Helper Electrician. Theodore L. Kaufer, Liquid Fuels Gager sion of Schools, to Line Handler. to Leader Liquid Fuels Wharfman. Dredging Division Vincent A. Williams, Utility Worker, Joseph F. De Costa, Stevedore to Leader Scott McKay, Chief Engineer, Towboat Supply Division, to Line Handler. J. Dock Stevedore. or Ferry, Navigation Division, to Chief Industrial Division Erique, Service Man to Engineer, Towboat. Teodomiro Water Nathaniel A. Daley, Foundry Chipper to Leader Line Handler. Jesse De W. Tate, General Foreman Elec- Melter. Leonard Baldonado, Line Handler to Car- trician to Chief Foreman (Electrical Alfred Braithwaite, Laborer Cleaner to (Maintenance). Navigation Aids). penter Laborer. Mark, Line Handler Howard Green, Leader Navigational Aid Oscar Aguilar, Luis C. to Stevedore. Maintenanceman to Leader Maintenance- OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER Ernest L. Reid, Line man (Distribution Systems). Diamantina E. Davis, Office Machine Oper- Alfonso S. Aribo, Handler to Water Serviceman. LeRoy A. Cooper, Edmond C. Elliot, Clerk- ator to Bookkeeping Machine Operator, Aubrey O. Hall, Vincent Hall, Julio Val- Typist to Supervisory Timekeeper. Accounting Division. J. verde, Dock Worker to Stevedore. Anderson G. Dow, Clerk to Procurement SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Celestino Ramirez, Dock Worker to Line Clerk. SERVICE BUREAU Handler. Oscar S. Green, Clerk to Property Record Supply Division Leonard Richard, Utility Worker, Supply Clerk. Clarence W. Kilbey, Service Center Assist- Division, to Cargo Marker. Sidney A. Richards, Harold G. Walkes, ant Superintendent to Service Center Napoleon B. Ashby, Service Station Attend- Clerk-Typist to Timekeeper. Superintendent. ant, Supply Division, to Cargo Marker. Everton R. Archbold, Bertram M. Ramsey, Henry Chase, Administrative OfiBcer to Homer E. Welsh, Clerk to Timekeeper. J. Motor Transportation Division Service Center Assistant Superintendent. Richards, Clerk to Launch Cleveland H. James, Motor Vehicle Dis- Rudolph A. Rutherford P. Rivet, Jr., Guard, Locks Di- to Supervisory Motor Vehicle Dispatcher. vision, to Service Center Supervisor. patcher Luis G. Fields, Leader (General) to Leader George A. Mercier, Restaurant Manager Dispatcher. to Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems). (Caterer), to Graduate Intern (Business Antonio Flores, Helper Tire Rebuilder Victoriano Carrion, Navigational Aid Administration). Truck Driver. Worker to Maintenanceman Distribution Francisco A. Bravo, Clerk to Accounting not Systems. Clerk. OTHER PROMOTIONS which did Gertrude M. Patten, Clerk-Typist to Clerk. involve changes of title; Maintenance Division Clifton O. Bailey, Messenger to Time- W. Allen Sanders, Whitney E. Smith, Gen- Agustin Carrera, Cement Finisher (Lim- keeper. eral Attorney, Office of General Counsel. ited), Locks Ehvision, to Cement Finisher. Frederick D. Simmons, Utility Worker to Barca, General Engineer, Aureliano Bejarano, Heavy Laborer to Cash Clerk. Lawrence Jr., Pipelayer. George M. Weeks, Heavy Laborer to Clerk. Locks Division. Marine Traffic Con- Dionisio Navas, Laborer Cleaner to Heavy Robert C. Husband, Heavy Laborer to Robert L. Rankiii, Laborer. Messenger. troller, Navigation Division.

10 February 1, 1963 Ethel W. Brown, Statistical Clerk (Stenog- raphy), Office of the Director, Marine Bureau.

Doris J. Clendenon, Time, Leave, and Pay- roll Clerk, Accounting Division. Dudley G. Jones, Gardener (Management), Community Services Division. Elaine E. Heyd, Clerk-Typist, Coco Solo Hospital. Ruby C. Smart, Clerk-Typist, Division of Schools. Calvin Thompson, Clerk-Typist, Terminals Division. Virginia A. Peterson, Clerk-Typist, Com- munit>' Ser\'ices Division. Stephanie Gordon, Clerk-Typist, Supply Division. Cynthia Forbes, Clerk-Typist, General Manager's Office, Supply Division. Ernesto M. Stewart, Clerk-T>-pist, Dredg- ing Division. Reno G. Patrick, Lifeguard, Division of Schools. Alejandro Gerald, Hector F. H. McCarthy, Haten C. Springer, Timekeeper, Locks Division. Alvin L. Cameron, Edwin P. Carson, Carl

DaCosta, Alberto H. Dogue, Cecil J. Dutton, Herman G. Edwards, William H. Foster, Aurelio J. Llorach, Pablo E. Ramos, Randolph F. Simmons, Time- keeper, Terminals Division. Two members of the survey boat crew lower a 9-foot pipe drag used to test the nature of Villarreal, Facundo Sur\'eying Aid, Engi- any obstruction found. Devices are on board to procure samples of bottom if necessary. neering Division.

HOW TO DEVELOP THAT GOOD IDEA Sweeping ihz Canal 1. Don't try too hard. Don't over- reach, tr)'ing to develop ideas in (Continued from p. 5) areas with which you're unfamiliar. 2. Concentrate on small sugges-

tions. Big ideas are fine, but there the lump. Meanwhile, the obstacle is If there is a discrepancy, an adjustment just aren't as many of them. And reported to pilots guiding ships through is made. smaller awards can count up fast. the Canal, and, if necessary, it is marked After the regular daily sun'ey is com- 3. Don't assume that someone else with a buoy. pleted, the men aboard the Shad have has already thought of your idea. During rainy season, when the level of by no means completed their day's Someone has to first. be Whv not Gatun Lake remains high, the morning work. They return to the Survey Branch you? patrol from Gamboa to Pedro Miguel headquarters at Pedro Miguel and carry 4. Jot down half thought-out ideas, on the centerline usually is sufficient. on other routine duties.

even if only sketchy notes. Other- In the dry season, when the lake level The survey boat with its battery of wise you may forget. You can work is lower, there may be as many as three electronic instruments also is used on out details later. or four trips during the day or night a standby basis when there is blasting

5. Check out your suggestion covering the sailing lines on each side in the Cut or when it is necessary to

thoroughly, especially if it involves of the channel as well as the area under measure the depth of the bottom of more than your area. There may be the centerline. the channel in any other part of the problems you aren't aware of. Canal. Information obtained is telephoned to 6. Supervisors can help develop the Marine Bureau before shipping Not long ago, the equipment-laden ideas fully. You may have only an enters the locks, usually at 7 a.m. In Shad was taken to Balboa Harbor to inkling of the scope. Your supervisor order that the Shad crew can be sure help determine the position of a sand can point out all possibilities. the recorders report the correct informa- barge which sank after a collision with 7. Let your imagination go when tion, they are checked out at regular an oil tanker. developing ideas. intervals by means of a strange looking The work being done by the Shad is crow's foot device 8. Don't be afraid to turn in ideas (see page 1). This so important that another Dredging that come out of informal group flat metal instrument was developed to Division launch is being fitted with determine discussions. You can share the award, the accurate depth recorded similar equipment and will be used but turn in the idea! by the transducers. It is lowered to during busy times as a spare or in approximate bottom at a known depth. conjunction with the Shad.

The Panama Canal Review 11 the single track in 10 hours, a rate of /O^-ears fffO 1 in less than 4 minutes. About 80 of CANAL these were dirt trains, the rest passenger PRICE REDUCTIONS on approxima- and freight trains. tely 100 food and household items, to A train 940 feet long, traveling at represent an aggregate savings of 10 miles an hour, took not less than $200,000 for customers of the Canal HISTORY 48 seconds to pass clear of the single commissaries during 6 months, were track span, and successive trains in the announced. Egg prices were to be 3 and same direction could not pass over, with 4 cents lower per dozen and beef and 50 yiearJ c4^o safe headway, faster than one a minute. sausage products were 1 to 5 cents a pound lower. Atlantic EXCAVATION FOR THE A merger of the Office of the Comp- approach to the Gatun Locks disclosed, 25 y^eari cAg.o troller and the Finance Bureau of the at feet beyond the lower end about 150 Canal organization, with two divisions of the locks proper, a sharp dip in the CANAL ZONE and Panama residents and four staff groups, was announced. rock on which the center guide wall was —2,000 strong—crowded the hangar line Port-au-Prince, Haiti, was made a to rest. It was decided to build the wall at Albrook Field to witness the histor\'- regular port of call for Panama Line 200 feet shorter than was proposed in making arrival of six new U.S. Army Air ships. No change was made on days of the original plans. Force B-17 bombers known as "Flying arrival and departure from Cristobal, Rail traffic problems were of concern Fortresses." Under the command of but the ships left New York a day earlier as work progressed on excavation at Lt. Col. Robert Olds, the bombers southbound and arri\'ed there a day the site of Miraflores spillway. In spite were on the last lap of a goodwill flight later on northbound trips. of new trackage, there remained 1,050 to South America which had taken them to Buenos Aires, Chile, and Peru. They feet of single track from the south end One y[ear a4g.o of Miraflores tunnel to Corozal. had made the flight from Lima to Pan- Scheduling became a problem, with ama in only 9 hours. The planes re- An appeal was made to residents of approximately 175 trains to pass over mained here 2 days for inspection and the Canal Zone to conserve electrical then continued their flight to the U.S. energy because of the unusually dry west coast. weather and increasingly heavy de- mands for water In Washington, D.C., Adm. William for lockages and power generation. Water levels DuBose, Chief of the Bureau of Naval of Gatun and Madden Lakes were dropping much RETIREMENTS Construction, stated that the Panama faster than desireable Canal could accommodate battleships because of dry weather in the upper river areas RETIREMENT certificates were pre- up to 60,000 tons, 980 feet in length and supplying the basin. sented at the end of December to the 108 feet in beam. He indicated that a employees listed below, with their posi- United States fleet powerful enough to The first six new Japanese-built locks tions at the time of retirement and vears repel simultaneous attacks against both towing locomotives were delivered to of Canal service: coasts may be achieved in 7 or 8 years. Gatun Locks for tests. More than twice Eduardo Blandon, Stevedore, Terminals as powerful as the old locomotives, they Bills providing for widows' annuities Division; 3 years, 20 days. also are faster, an important factor in Joseph M. Cooke, Supervisory General En- and for 30-year optional retirement for increasing the number of lockages gineer, Engineering Division; 7 years, Panama Canal employees were intro- 8 months, 9 days. possible in a day. duced into the House of Representatives. Felipe M. Davila, Painter, Maintenance Work on construction of 30 family Division; 32 years, 10 months, 16 days. In Panama, the Fourth Central Amer- units, the first of 119 family quarters Ralph Dugan, Jr., Police Private, Police ican and Caribbean Olympic Games scheduled for Canal Zone Pacific side Division; 16 years, 6 months, 18 days. Burnett Garero, Heavy Truck Driver, Main- were held in the newly constructed communities, was started in Los Rios tenance, Division; 22 years, 10 months, Olympic Stadium. and Corozal. 2 days. Alfred R. Graham, Staff Nurse, Medicine and Surgen.', Gorgas Hospital; 18 years, 6 months, 25 days. Gerald J. Jerome, Leader, Heavy Labor, Be Careful --Not a Statistic Dredging Division; 46 years, 2 months, 11 days. Jose Johnson, Washman, Ancon Laundry; .ACCIDENTS. 22 years, 18 days. Harold Palmer, Clerk Checker, Railroad FOR Division; 33 years, 2 months, 11 days. Albert L. Pope, Inspector, Carman, Wood, and Steel, Railroad Division; 17 years, 1 month, 23 days. Rudolph W. Rubelli, Pilot, Navigation Di- vision; 22 years, 6 months, 18 days. Anthony M. Smith, Extractor and Tumbler- man, Ancon Laundry; 25 years, 4 months, 12 days. Paul S. Stewart, Police Private, Police Divi- sion; 25 years, 7 months, 6 days. Joseph C. Stokes, Carman, Wood and Steel, Railroad Division; 9 years, 1 month, 25 days. Jasper Wilmoth, Helper Marine Machinist, Dredging Division; 21 years, 8 months, 10 davs. ANNIVERSARIES (On the basis of total Federal Service)

CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU OFFICE OF THE Carl W. Hoffmeyer COMPTROLLER Clerk, Mail Handling George T. Damall, Unit Jr. Valuation Engineer, General ENGINEERING AND Wilmer L. Downing CONSTRUCTION BUREAU Payroll Systems Officer Richard W. Fuller Hubert C. A.^tA General Claims Painter Alfredo C. Ci Paver OMMUNITY MARINE B AU Noble A. Phillips [Warren D. MirqJard Planner and Estimatoi ommissa^ Sjpre Manager Christian S. Ski in Towing Loi er Charles H. Ari th-ville Guard Garment Presser

TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS BUREAU

Donald O. Zobel Truck Driver

CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU MARINE BUREAU SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Fitz A. Barnes Everett White SERVICE BUREAU Guard Photographic Laboratory Luis E. Ceballos Technician Bernardino Berrio Service Center Supervisor Crispin S. Mayers Maintenance Painter Martindale Coombs Detention Guard Joseph Butcher Utility Worker John H. West Helper Lock Operator Doris I. Corbin Senior High Teacher, Latin Thomas Carr Baker American Schools Deckliand Maria D. Gil Garment Presser Daniel Pineda Vernon A. Charles Hildred G. Gooden Laborer Cleaner Helper Machinist Utility Worker Manuel Cobo Enid E. Herbert ENGINEERING AND Boatman Utility Worker CONSTRUCTION BUREAU Granville E. Downer Hubert G. Hunter Deckhand Boatswain Laborer Cleaner O. Anderson LesUe Calixto Goliz Clover Jamieson Supervisory Construction glper Lock Shirt Presser Representative (General) oh C. Mary L. John Marguerite Runck Counterwoman Clerical Assistant, Typing Emily R. Malcolm Robert H. Elliott Retail Store Sales Checker Launch Operator Ella Jean Maynard Laureano Hidalgo Sales Section Head Boatman Lucille McLeod Ernesto Pomare Counterwoman Boiler Tender Myrtle E. Monrose Stock Control Clerk Tomas Velasquez Helper Lock Operator Seaman Manuel T. Mosquera Jose M. Ozuna Garbage Collector Helper Lock Operator Angela L. Price HEALTH BUREAU Andres Payan Sales Clerk Amy McFarlane Deckhand Alberto Torres Formula Room Attendant Virgilio Portillo Laborer Cleaner Emilio Rodriguez Helper Lock Operator Victor Valdes Garbage Collector Nursing Assistant, Medicine Stanley Price and Surgery Deckhand TRANSPORTATION AND Syble M. Taitt Leofanor Renterias TERMINALS BUREAU Pantry Worker, Special Diets Launch Seaman Herbert W. Rose Edna C. Tullis Jorge Urriola Engineer, Locomotive Yard Nursing Assistant, Medicine Painter Alejandro Blanco and Surgery Paul H. Zimmerman Truck Driver Marquesa H. Francis Lead Foreman, Marine Edgar C. Erskine Cook Machinist Cargo Checker

The Panama Canal Review 13 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT OVER MAIN TRADE ROUTES The following table shows the number of transits of large, commercial vessels (300 net tons or over) segregated into eight main trade routes:

Second Quarter, Fiscal Year 1963

United States intercoastal East coast of United States and South America- East coast of United States and Central America East coast of United States and Far East United States/Canada east coast and Australasia Europe and west coast of United States/Canada Europe and South America Europe and Australasia All other routes

Total traffic Automated Freighters CANAL TRANSITS - COMMERCIAL AND U.S. GOVERNMENT TWO OF THE world's most automated cargo liners are making regular trips through the Canal these days on speedv voyages between Japan, the U.S. west coast and New York. They are the Kinkasan Mant and the Kasugasan Marii, sister ships of the Mitsui Line.

The Kinkasan Main was built last year as the world's first automated cargo liner of her size. The Ka.stiga.ian Mant. which returned through the Canal in December on the second leg of her maiden voyage, has automation facilities which have been developed on a far wider scale. The ship has full automative facilities at all three major systems; deck, engine, and electric, making it possible to operate \\ ith a cre\\' of fewer than 35 men. Both ships have been chopping time off the run bet^\-een Japan and Nev\' York and ha\e broken a few records for this vo)age. The United Fruit Co.. which handles ships of this line, savs that they stop here for bunkers and sometimes for cargo.

Liners To Be Converted

THE PASSENGER liners Himalaya and Orcades of the P & O-Orient Lines will be converted this year into one-class vessels, according to reports from ship- ping circles. The Himalaya will make her first voyage after conversion in No\ember 1963 and the Orcades earl)' in 1964. Both passenger liners make occasional trips through the Canal on round-the-world vovages.

TRANSITS BY OCEAN-GOING VESSELS IN DECEMBER

1962 1961 Commercial 947 938 U.S. Government 40 8 " Free 9

Total 996 953 TOLLS °

Commercial.... S4,984,677 $4,871,708 U.S. Government 194,245 28,487

Total $5,178,922.54,900,195 CARGO""

Commercial.... 5,422,391 5,901,604 U.S. Government 78,760 20,914 Free 39,354 49,576

Total 5,540,505 5,972,094

•Includes tolls on all vessels, ocean-going and small. •' Cargo figures are in long tons. SHIPPING

Tolls: Biggest, Littlest

PANAMA CANAL records for calendar year 1962 show it was notable in other ways besides recording of the largest

and smallest tolls ( see pictures ) . The largest commercial cargo was listed for October 13 when the Ore Meteor trans- ited, 44,900 long tons, with iron ore en route from Chile to Baltimore. Tolls for this amounted to only $10,836, however, contrasted with the record $30,000-plus for the Orion Hunter, because the Canal tolls fonnula

is based on ships' earning capacity, with no charge for such space as the large ballast area around a heavy, compact ore load. The year also saw introduction of Super tanker Orion Hunter transited early carriers, designed to carry in January 1962, en route to California. super bulk The 860-foot ship has a beam of 104 feet coal one way, to Japan, and iron or and displacement during transit was 60,300 grain from the west coast on the return tons. Toll was a record high $30,446.10. trip. Two such ships are the Nini and Sonic, each of which transited with 40 to 45 thousand tons of coal, more than double most earlier large coal cargoes. The surplus of shipping in the wake of the Suez crisis is evident in the load factor of ships transiting the Canal being the lowest since 1936. During the first 6 months of fiscal year 1963 traffic and tolls were up approximately 4 percent in spite of a drop in cargo of nearly 6 percent. Before the Orion Hunter's transit, the top toll for a commercial ship was

Swimmer Albert H. Oshiver transited from Catun Locks to Gamboa December 29-30, 1962. The 42-year-old Washington, D.C., oceanographer was listed for 5-fect-5 inch length, 1-foot 3-inch beam, 1-foot depth and displacement of approximately one- tenth of a ton. Toll was 45 cents, smallest ever collected by the Canal, on a minimum 1 net ton charge, with half of the 90-cent fee rebated because he didn't go through any locks. Admeasuring Mr. Oshiver, above, is Chief Admeasurer Robert E. Medinger.

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UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

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