DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaporite Interactions with Magma Part 3 of 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

www.saltworkconsultants.com Salty MattersJohn Warren - Saturday April 13, 2019 Evaporite interactions with magma Part 3 of 3: On-site evaporite and major extinction events? Introduction 60 The previous two articles in this series Siberian Traps dealt with heating evaporites, vola- tiles expelled into the atmosphere, 50 and major biotal extinction events. Emeishan Traps I argued that short-term heating of 40 Deccan Traps a megaevaporite mass during em- Cental Atlantic (+ Yucatan bolide) placement of a Large Igneous Prov- 30 Magmatic Province ince (LIP) or heating of evaporities at atmosphere into volatiles the site of a large bolide impact, will 20 of evaporitic volumes Large Carribean-Columbian move vast volumes of sulphurous Generic extinctions (%) Columbia Karoo Traps and halocarbon volatiles, as well as 10 Paraná Traps River Brito-Arctic Ontong-Java solids, CO2 and CH4 into the earth's No on-site upper atmosphere (Figure 1a). The Ethiopian Traps evaporites resulting catastrophic climatic effects 0 1 2 3 4 19 20 link in time and probable causes to A. Volume of ood basalts (x 106 km3) earth-scale major extinction hori- Emeishan Traps Siberian Traps zons. (Figure 1b). In this article shall (269-265Ma) (253-250Ma) examine how three of the five major Deccan Traps CAMP, Brazil Phanerozoic extinction events have 50 3. End-Permian (67-65Ma) an evaporite association, starting with (201.5Ma) the most intense extinction event of 40 1. Late Ordovican Capitanian 5. End-Cretaceous the Phanerozoic; the end-Permian 4.Late Triassic and its link to LIP emplacement into 30 two separate sequences of massive 2. Late Devonian bedded evaporite (Cambrian or De- 20 vonian mega-salts) in the Tunguska Basin, Siberia. 10 Extinction Intensity (%) 0 End-Permian - Saline 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 interactions during em- Camb. Ord. Sil. Devonian Carb. Perm. Trias. Jur. Cret. Pal. Neo. B. Years (Ma) placement of Siberian Figure 1. End Triassic Extinction. A) Comparison of generic extinction percentages (from Sepkoski, 1996) with estimated original volumes of coevaligneous provinces, which show no correspondence Traps between the two (from Wignall 2001), until the on-site evaporite association is added (previous The Siberian Traps LIP is of signif- article), whereby all significant extinction events (>20% extinction at generic level) have an associ- icant size (~7 × 106 km2) and total ation with thermally-disturbed saline giants. Note the scale splice on the volume axis. B) Intensity of volume (~4 × 106 km3) (Ivanov et al., extinction at the genera level across geologic time (replotted from data table in Rohde and Muller, 2005). Shows the 5 main extinction events (1-5) as first defined by Raup, 1982. Extinction intensity 2013 and references therein). It is, (%) is defined as the precent of genera, from a well-resolved diversity curve which are in their last however, smaller than the Late Creta- appearance. (diversity curves were published by Sepkoski, 2002). Igneous trap emplacement times ceous Deccan Traps and has a volume are from Jones et al., 2016). that is about a half of the Late Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province it seems that the volume of igneous material in a LIP does not (CAMP). All three of these continental LIPs are dwarfed by the directly relate to the intensity of the extinction event (Figure 1b). Early Cretaceous marine Ontong-Java LIP (≈20 × 106 km3). So, Page 1 www.saltworkconsultants.com 85°E 90° 95° 100° 105° 110° 96 108 120 71°N Noril'sk A. 72 B. Kotuy Putorana Maymecha Plateau Norilsk 67° Severnaya R U S S I A Nizhnyaya Tunguska Enisey Traps 64 62° Abundant magnetite pipes 1400 m 1700 m enisey Nepa Potash Y 1700 m 2000 m Basalt dyke (accessible) Angara region 57° Documented well Pipes with magnetite Ust-Ilimsk Krasnoyarsk Basalt pipes 1700 m Present-day Siberian Traps Bratsk Basalt lavas Bratsk Krasnoyarsk 56 a 1700 m r Volcaniclastic rocks Lava a g n 2000 m Doleritic intrusives 52° Volcaniclastic rocks A RUSSIA Devonian salt extent Intrusives Cambrian salt extent Thickness of Cambrian Tunguska Basin sediments Irkutsk al Irkutsk 500 km saline sediments (m) 500 km Lake Baik 2000 Lake Baikal Figure 2. Geological map of the Siberian Traps , Tunguska Basin, Russia. A) Shows present-day outcrop extent of lavas, volcaniclastics and intru- sives, along with thickness isopach of saline Cambrian carbonates and the position of the Cambrian Nepa otash region (after Black et al., 2012, 2015; Polozov et al., 2016, Zharkov, 1984). B) Shows present-day outcrop extent of lavas, volcaniclastics and intrusives, along with positions of explosive pipes with magnetite and basalt pipes as well as the approximate extent of halite dominated cambrian and devonian salt basin remnants (after Svensen et al., 2018). Maps have slightly different scales. Note the relative lack of pipes in the Nepa potash region. The Siberian Traps include ultramafic alkaline, mafic and felsic Thickness of volcaniclastic material in the Siberian Traps ranges rocks that erupted in different proportions within a vast region from intercalated layers less than a meter thick on the Putora- extending over several thousands of square kilometres across na Plateau to hundreds of meters near the base of the volcanic Western and Eastern Siberia (Figure 2a). The Siberian Traps are sections in the Angara and the Maymecha-Kotuy areas (Figure considered have been emplaced atop a hotspot in a relatively 2a). The total volume of mafic volcaniclastic material has been short time frame (≈1 million years), when a large volume of estimated at >200,000 km3 or >5% of the total volume of the deep mantle-derived igneous material was intruded and erupted Siberian Traps (Black et al., 2015). Volcanic rocks of this age at the Permo-Triassic boundary (Burgess et al., 2017). are also present in drillcore in the West Siberian Basin (Ivanov et al., 2013). Trap geology Magma-sediment and magma-water interactions active during Near Noril'sk, lava outflows reach thicknesses of over 3 km, emplacement of the Siberian Traps in the upper lithosphere en- while further to the northeast in the Maymecha-Kotuy region, compass a variety of heated evaporite interactions: batholith half of the total lava pile is composed of ultramafic rocks in- metal-evaporite interactions, lava-water interactions and intense cluding magnesian rich meimechites (Figure 2a). The very high phreatomagmatic explosions via vents and breccia pipes that MgO contents (8-40 wt %) of the meimechites in such low-de- formed saline-igneous volatile fountains reaching the upper at- gree melts indicates that the site of initial melting was very deep, mosphere. The positions of these fountains are perhaps indicated as much as 200 km, and either in the lowermost continental lith- by vent-related iron-rich diatremes (Figure 2a; Svensen et al., osphere or in the underlying asthenosphere (Arndt et al., 1995). 2009). All these interactions are critical inputs to the End-Perm- Melting probably was linked with the arrival of a mantle plume ian extinction event that links vast volumes of altered evaporites that was in its turn the source of the Siberian basaltic flood vol- with the heating mechanisms inherent to Siberian Trap geology. canism. Page 2 www.saltworkconsultants.com 10 10 10 10 10 Voisey’s Bay: Mesoproterozoic rift (anorthosite-granite-troctolite magmatism) 5 6 7 8 t Ni t Ni t Ni t Ni Raglan Kambalda Agnew, Kambalda, Raglan, Thompson: Archean rifted continental margin with komatiite lava ows 66 @ 2.9 22.1 @ 3.12 Pechenga: Paleoproterozic rifted continental margin (ferropicrite sills) Thompson Noril’sk (E) Voisey Bay 89 @ 2.5 900 @ 2.7 Great Dyke: Archean intracratonic rift hosted in Archean greenstones 124.4 @ 1.66 Agnew Jinchuan Sudbury Jinchuan: Neoproterozoic sill rifted continental margin (Rodina break-up) 10 52 @ 1.9 1 4 t Ni 515 @ 1.06 1648 @ 1.2 Merensky Reef (Bushveld): Paleoproterozoic stratiform sills (norite to anorthosite with chromitite) Mt Keith Platreef (Bushveld): Paleoproterozoic concordant sills (norite to anorthosite with chromitite) Grade (wt % Ni)Grade Flood-basalt related 478 @ 0.6 Komatiite-related Duluth: Mesoproterozoic rift (triple junction, ore within troctolitic and gabbroic igneous rocks) Basal Ni-Cu sulphides in mac-ultramac intrusions Duluth Magnesian-basalt related Sudbury: Palaeoproterozoic vein ore hosted in a norite melted by meteorite impact Astrobleme - impact-related 4000 @ 0.2 Noril’sk- Talnakh: End Permian rift (triple junction) with assimilated Devonian anhydrites 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 A. Production + reserves in Millions of tonnes Voisey's Bay (Basal Ni-Cu sulphides in mafic-ultramafic intrusions) 2.2 Thompson (Ni-Cu sulphides in komatiites) 3.5 Pechenga (Basal Ni-Cu sulphides in mafic-ultramafic intrusions) 4 Great Dyke (Stratabound PGEs-Ni-Cu sulphides in mafic-ultramafic intrusions) 5.4 Jinchuan (Basal Ni-Cu sulphides in mafic-ultramafic intrusions) 5.5 Merensky Reef (Stratabound PGEs-Ni-Cu sulphides in mafic-ultramafic intrusions) 6.3 Platreef (Basal Ni-Cu sulphides in stratiform mafic-ultramafic intrusions) 6.5 Duluth (Ni-Cu sulphides in intrusions related to flood basalts) 8.0 Sudbury (?astrobleme-associated Ni-Cu sulphides) 19.8 Noril'sk (Ni-Cu sulphide intrusions with evaporite assimilation and flood basalts) 23.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 B. Ni reserves in Millions of tonnes Figure 3. Magmatic Sulphide deposits. A) Ore grade in wt.% Ni versus production and reserves in millions of tonnes for major magmatic Ni-sulphide deposits of the world. B) Ranking of these deposits by their published reserves (after Naldrett, 1999, 2004; Warren, 2016). Evaporite basins (Devonian and Cambrian) Lake Siberian traps The Siberian Traps region is not only significant because of its A. Pyasina vast extent and its deep nickel-prone mantle source, but also (layered basalt) in that the immense volumes of igneous rocks that making up Talnakh the traps were emplaced into two chemically prone saline gi- Devonian ants with differing dominant mineralogies and ages; 1) Cam- outcrop brian mega-halite sediments in the south, with interlayers of hydrated potash salts (mostly carnallitite) and 2) Devonian Noril’sk Lake Melkoe megasulphates in the north, containing two 50-100m beds of anhydrite (Figures 2b, 5).
Recommended publications
  • Spring 1998 Gems & Gemology

    Spring 1998 Gems & Gemology

    VOLUME 34 NO. 1 SPRING 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 1 The Dr. Edward J. Gübelin Most Valuable Article Award FEATURE ARTICLE 4 The Rise to pProminence of the Modern Diamond Cutting Industry in India Menahem Sevdermish, Alan R. Miciak, and Alfred A. Levinson pg. 7 NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 24 Leigha: The Creation of a Three-Dimensional Intarsia Sculpture Arthur Lee Anderson 34 Russian Synthetic Pink Quartz Vladimir S. Balitsky, Irina B. Makhina, Vadim I. Prygov, Anatolii A. Mar’in, Alexandr G. Emel’chenko, Emmanuel Fritsch, Shane F. McClure, Lu Taijing, Dino DeGhionno, John I. Koivula, and James E. Shigley REGULAR FEATURES pg. 30 44 Gem Trade Lab Notes 50 Gem News 64 Gems & Gemology Challenge 66 Book Reviews 68 Gemological Abstracts ABOUT THE COVER: Over the past 30 years, India has emerged as the dominant sup- plier of small cut diamonds for the world market. Today, nearly 70% by weight of the diamonds polished worldwide come from India. The feature article in this issue discuss- es India’s near-monopoly of the cut diamond industry, and reviews India’s impact on the worldwide diamond trade. The availability of an enormous amount of small, low-cost pg. 42 Indian diamonds has recently spawned a growing jewelry manufacturing sector in India. However, the Indian diamond jewelery–making tradition has been around much longer, pg. 46 as shown by the 19th century necklace (39.0 cm long), pendant (4.5 cm high), and bracelet (17.5 cm long) on the cover. The necklace contains 31 table-cut diamond panels, with enamels and freshwater pearls.
  • Evolution of the Iron–Silicate and Carbon Material of Carbonaceous Chondrites A

    Evolution of the Iron–Silicate and Carbon Material of Carbonaceous Chondrites A

    ISSN 01458752, Moscow University Geology Bulletin, 2013, Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 265–281. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2013. Original Russian Text © A.A. Marakushev, L.I. Glazovskaya, S.A. Marakushev, 2013, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Geologiya, 2013, No. 5, pp. 3–17. Evolution of the Iron–Silicate and Carbon Material of Carbonaceous Chondrites A. A. Marakusheva, L. I. Glazovskayab, and S. A. Marakushevc aInstitute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, 142432 Russia email: [email protected] bFaculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia email: [email protected] cInstitute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, 142432 Russia email: [email protected] Received February 18, 2013 Abstract—The observed consistence of the composition of chondrules and the matrix in chondrites is explained by their origin as a result of chondrule–matrix splitting of the material of primitive (not layered) planets. According to the composition of chondrites, two main stages in the evolution of chondritic planets (silicate–metallic and olivine) are distinguished. Chondritic planets of the silicate–metallic stage were ana logs of chondritic planets, whose layering resulted in the formation of the terrestrial planets. The iron–silicate evolution of chondritic matter is correlated with the evolution of carbon material in the following sequence: diamond ± moissanite → hydrocarbons → primitive organic compounds. Keywords: meteorite matter, carbonaceous chondrites, hydrocarbons DOI: 10.3103/S0145875213050074 INTRODUCTION 2003) in star–planet systems that are similar to the solar system, in which nearstar giant planets were still The occurrence of diamond in a stable paragenesis preserved and are distinguished under the name rapid with moissanite (SiC) in an ironrich matrix is a char Jupiters.
  • Guadalupian, Middle Permian) Mass Extinction in NW Pangea (Borup Fiord, Arctic Canada): a Global Crisis Driven by Volcanism and Anoxia

    Guadalupian, Middle Permian) Mass Extinction in NW Pangea (Borup Fiord, Arctic Canada): a Global Crisis Driven by Volcanism and Anoxia

    The Capitanian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) mass extinction in NW Pangea (Borup Fiord, Arctic Canada): A global crisis driven by volcanism and anoxia David P.G. Bond1†, Paul B. Wignall2, and Stephen E. Grasby3,4 1Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 3Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2L 2A7, Canada 4Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada ABSTRACT ing gun of eruptions in the distant Emeishan 2009; Wignall et al., 2009a, 2009b; Bond et al., large igneous province, which drove high- 2010a, 2010b), making this a mid-Capitanian Until recently, the biotic crisis that oc- latitude anoxia via global warming. Although crisis of short duration, fulfilling the second cri- curred within the Capitanian Stage (Middle the global Capitanian extinction might have terion. Several other marine groups were badly Permian, ca. 262 Ma) was known only from had different regional mechanisms, like the affected in equatorial eastern Tethys Ocean, in- equatorial (Tethyan) latitudes, and its global more famous extinction at the end of the cluding corals, bryozoans, and giant alatocon- extent was poorly resolved. The discovery of Permian, each had its roots in large igneous chid bivalves (e.g., Wang and Sugiyama, 2000; a Boreal Capitanian crisis in Spitsbergen, province volcanism. Weidlich, 2002; Bond et al., 2010a; Chen et al., with losses of similar magnitude to those in 2018). In contrast, pelagic elements of the fauna low latitudes, indicated that the event was INTRODUCTION (ammonoids and conodonts) suffered a later, geographically widespread, but further non- ecologically distinct, extinction crisis in the ear- Tethyan records are needed to confirm this as The Capitanian (Guadalupian Series, Middle liest Lopingian (Huang et al., 2019).
  • Cretaceous - Tertiary Mass Extinction Meteoritic Versus Volcanic Causes

    Cretaceous - Tertiary Mass Extinction Meteoritic Versus Volcanic Causes

    GENERAL I ARTICLE Cretaceous - Tertiary Mass Extinction Meteoritic Versus Volcanic Causes P V Sukumaran The bolide impact theory for mass extinctions at the Cretaceous-tertiary (K-T) boundary was a revolutionary concept. This theory was contested by short duration global volcanism as a possible alternative cause for the K-T extinction. Though there is a converging evidence for an extra-terrestrial impact coinciding with the P V Sukumaran took his terminal Cretaceous, the causative link between the M Tech degree in impact and the K-T mass extinction is debatable. Thus, Applied Geology from the while the impact theory is re-emerging, available evidence University of Saugar and has been with the is still insufficient to rule out either of the two hypotheses. Geological Survey of India since 1974. His interests Introduction include geochemistry, petrology and palae­ oceanography. He is It is now widely believed that life on earth began very early in presently posted to the its geological history, probably about 4000 My (million years) Marine Wing of the ago (Mojzsis and others, 1996). Since then it underwent Department and has participated in many several evolutionary branchings to the complex diversity as scientific cruises both as we see today. Nevertheless, it was not a smooth voyage for life Chief Scientist and as a all along, the evolution was punctuated by geologically participating scientist. ins tan taneous events of mass mortality. New species emerged at the expense of their predecessors following each extinction event and life went on evolving ever more vibrantly. In the geologic record of rock strata, such mass extinction events are identifiable based on sudden absence and reduction in diversity of fossil assemblage across stratigraphic boundaries.
  • Wrangellia Flood Basalts in Alaska, Yukon, and British Columbia: Exploring the Growth and Magmatic History of a Late Triassic Oceanic Plateau

    Wrangellia Flood Basalts in Alaska, Yukon, and British Columbia: Exploring the Growth and Magmatic History of a Late Triassic Oceanic Plateau

    WRANGELLIA FLOOD BASALTS IN ALASKA, YUKON, AND BRITISH COLUMBIA: EXPLORING THE GROWTH AND MAGMATIC HISTORY OF A LATE TRIASSIC OCEANIC PLATEAU By ANDREW R. GREENE A THESIS SUBMITTED iN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Geological Sciences) UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2008 ©Andrew R. Greene, 2008 ABSTRACT The Wrangellia flood basalts are parts of an oceanic plateau that formed in the eastern Panthalassic Ocean (ca. 230-225 Ma). The volcanic stratigraphy presently extends >2300 km in British Columbia, Yukon, and Alaska. The field relationships, age, and geochemistry have been examined to provide constraints on the construction of oceanic plateaus, duration of volcanism, source of magmas, and the conditions of melting and magmatic evolution for the volcanic stratigraphy. Wrangellia basalts on Vancouver Island (Karmutsen Formation) form an emergent sequence consisting of basal sills, submarine flows (>3 km), pillow breccia and hyaloclastite (<1 1cm), and subaerial flows (>1.5 km). Karmutsen stratigraphy overlies Devonian to Permian volcanic arc (—‘380-355 Ma) and sedimentary sequences and is overlain by Late Triassic limestone. The Karmutsen basalts are predominantly homogeneous tholeiitic basalt (6-8 wt% MgO); however, the submarine part of the stratigraphy, on northern Vancouver Island, contains picritic pillow basalts (9-20 wt% MgO). Both lava groups have overlapping initial and ENd, indicating a common, ocean island basalt (OIB)-type Pacific mantle source similar to the source of basalts from the Ontong Java and Caribbean Plateaus. The major-element chemistry of picrites indicates extensive melting (23 -27%) of anomalously hot mantle (‘—1500°C), which is consistent with an origin from a mantle plume head.
  • Lindsey Prewitt,Moissanite &#8211

    Lindsey Prewitt,Moissanite –

    Feature Friday – Lindsey Prewitt I was looking for a job when someone told me Stuller was having a career fair. I went and met with a few people from marketing then I applied for a position as a Loyalty Program Manager. I landed an interview and clearly remember the interesting question asked on my way out: If I were the Public Relations person for Jeep and their vehicles’ gas tanks began exploding, what would I do to keep customers coming back? I was asked to send my response via email in the next few days. So I got online and researched everything from Jeep loyalty to gas tank explosions! I even called my uncle, a mechanic, to talk through the design aspects of automobiles and gain a better understanding of the “issue” at hand. I typed up my report and sent it to my interviewers. I suppose I left a lasting impression because they told me I’d be a great fit for a different position within the company. That’s when I met with Stanley Zale and the gemstone team. I started working here in May of 2015. Lindsey with a customer at JCK Las Vegas Here I am a year and a half down the road, and I still feel grateful for the wonderful opportunity. I am a Gemstone Product Manager. Many know me as the Moissanite Lady as well, but I’m in charge of all the brands:Charles and Colvard Moissanite, Chatham, and Swarovski, plus imitations and synthetics. I have a hand in everything associated with these gemstones, from marketing on the web and in print, facilitating customer interaction atBridge , tradeshows, Transform Tours, etc.
  • Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions: an Update

    Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions: an Update

    Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on April 29, 2015 OLD G The Geological Society of America Special Paper 505 2014 OPEN ACCESS Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update David P.G. Bond* Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK, and Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway Paul B. Wignall School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ABSTRACT The temporal link between mass extinctions and large igneous provinces is well known. Here, we examine this link by focusing on the potential climatic effects of large igneous province eruptions during several extinction crises that show the best correlation with mass volcanism: the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian), Capi- tanian (Middle Permian), end-Permian, end-Triassic, and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinctions. It is clear that there is no direct correlation between total volume of lava and extinction magnitude because there is always suffi cient recovery time between individual eruptions to negate any cumulative effect of successive fl ood basalt erup- tions. Instead, the environmental and climatic damage must be attributed to single- pulse gas effusions. It is notable that the best-constrained examples of death-by- volcanism record the main extinction pulse at the onset of (often explosive) volcanism (e.g., the Capitanian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic examples), suggesting that the rapid injection of vast quantities of volcanic gas (CO2 and SO2) is the trigger for a truly major biotic catastrophe. Warming and marine anoxia feature in many extinc- tion scenarios, indicating that the ability of a large igneous province to induce these proximal killers (from CO2 emissions and thermogenic greenhouse gases) is the single most important factor governing its lethality.
  • "Ringing" from an Asteroid Collision Event Which Triggered the Flood?

    "Ringing" from an Asteroid Collision Event Which Triggered the Flood?

    The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 6 Print Reference: Pages 255-261 Article 23 2008 Is the Moon's Orbit "Ringing" from an Asteroid Collision Event which Triggered the Flood? Ronald G. Samec Bob Jones University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Samec, Ronald G. (2008) "Is the Moon's Orbit "Ringing" from an Asteroid Collision Event which Triggered the Flood?," The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 6 , Article 23. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings/vol6/iss1/23 In A. A. Snelling (Ed.) (2008). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Creationism (pp. 255–261). Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship and Dallas, TX: Institute for Creation Research. Is the Moon’s Orbit “Ringing” from an Asteroid Collision Event which Triggered the Flood? Ronald G. Samec, Ph. D., M. A., B. A., Physics Department, Bob Jones University, Greenville, SC 29614 Abstract We use ordinary Newtonian orbital mechanics to explore the possibility that near side lunar maria are giant impact basins left over from a catastrophic impact event that caused the present orbital configuration of the moon.
  • Downloaded 9/27/2021 10:18:48 AM

    Downloaded 9/27/2021 10:18:48 AM

    JAAS TUTORIAL REVIEW View Article Online View Journal | View Issue Isotopes in cosmochemistry: recipe for a Solar System Cite this: J. Anal. At. Spectrom.,2016, 31, 841 Steven Goderis,*ab Ramananda Chakrabarti,c Vinciane Debailled e and Janos´ Kodolanyi´ Extreme isotopic variations among extraterrestrial materials provide great insights into the origin and evolution of the Solar System. In this tutorial review, we summarize how the measurement of isotope ratios can expand our knowledge of the processes that took place before and during the formation of our Solar System and its subsequent early evolution. The continuous improvement of mass spectrometers with high precision and increased spatial resolution, including secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multi collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), along with the ever growing amounts of available extraterrestrial samples have significantly increased the temporal and spatial constraints on the sequence of events that took place since and before the formation of the first Solar System condensates (i.e.,Ca– Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Al-rich inclusions). Grains sampling distinct stellar environments with a wide range of isotopic compositions were admixed to, but possibly not fully homogenized in, the Sun's parent molecular cloud or the nascent Solar System. Before, during and after accretion of the nebula, as well as the formation and subsequent evolution of planetesimals and
  • Natural Moissanite Properties and Terrestrial Occurrence Griffin, W

    Natural Moissanite Properties and Terrestrial Occurrence Griffin, W

    B"H Natural Moissanite Properties and Terrestrial Occurrence Griffin, W. L. (1), Toledo, V. (2), Gain, S.E.M. (1), Huang, J-X. (1) 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia 2. Shefa Yamim (A.T.M.) Ltd., Akko, Israel Composition: Silicon Carbide (SiC). Silicon 70%, Carbon 30% by weight. Crystal Structure Hexagonal - Dihexagonal Pyramidal H-M Symbol (6mm) Space Group: P 63mc Properties Cleavage: {0001} Indistinct Color: Blue, Colorless, Green, Green yellow, Yellow. Density: 3.218 - 3.22, Average = 3.21 Diaphaneity: Transparent to Opaque Fracture: Conchoidal - Fractures developed in brittle materials characterized by smoothly curving surfaces, (e.g. quartz). Habit: Usually microscopic crystals, hexagonal plates Hardness: 9.5 - Silicon Carbide Luster: Metallic Refractive index: 2.691-2.648; slightly higher than diamond (2.42) Streak: greenish gray Dichroism (e): weak blue. Dichroism (w): weaker blue. Optical Data: Uniaxial (+), w=2.654, e=2.967, bire=0.3130. The historical background of Moissanite and of Charles & Colvard that, if properly cut, the its use as a gemstone crystals could make a beautiful jewel. Charles & Colvard recognized the mineral's potential. In 1893, the Nobel Prize-winning French They also realized that in order for the scientist Dr. Henri Moissan discovered minute moissanite gems to be used, they would have quantities of a new mineral, natural silicon to be manufactured, since there is essentially carbide. The mineral was discovered in an iron no natural supply for this stone. In 1995, meteorite (Canyon Diablo) in Arizona. It was Charles & Colvard collaborated with Cree to later named "moissanite" in honor of Dr.
  • T£OR CRATER ARJZQNA 5Ery'ic& JTTE€0AIL, RJEPOIRJT

    T£OR CRATER ARJZQNA 5Ery'ic& JTTE€0AIL, RJEPOIRJT

    JTTE€0AIL, RJEPOIRJT MO. -2\ > !£T£OR CRATER ARJZQNA 8Y VINCENT W VANDIVER DEPARTMENT OF THE.- IHTERIOf^ HATiOHAL PARJC 5eRy'ic& JM£J£OR GRATER, ARJXOJNA By Vincent W. Vandiver, Associate Regional Geologist. INTRODUCTION It is the purpose of this report to summarize some of the various theories which have been advanced, during the past 35 years, to account for the origin of Meteor Crater. To outline some of my observations re­ garding this phenomena of nature which has attracted scientists fron all parts of the earth for many years. Efforts to exploit the meteoric mass by commercial interests in which large sums of money have been expended will be noted. Briefly it is proposed to bring up to date our present knowledge of Meteor Crater for the Park ServicG records and the possible interest for various members of the staff concerned. The noted Astronomer, Arrhsnius, is said to have declared that Meteor Crater is the most fascinating spot on earth. The interesting fields for investigation in this area are innumerable. Facts may be disclosed which to an astronomer might give concrete evidence as to our theories of origin and the building up of our solar system. Should the crater be definitely proven the result of a meteoric impact, the. geologist will be interested to have the evidence to be found in the behavior of rocks under sudden stress, not to mention the later effects of chemical reactions underground. From the point of view of the physicist and chemist the various features prove none the less interesting. The average visitor stands in amazement when the great pit is viewed from the rim for the first time.
  • Download the Scanned

    Download the Scanned

    TH n A MERlcelt M IN ERALocIST JOURNAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Yol.26 MARCH, 1941 No.3 PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF METEORITES*I W. F. Fosnec, Curator, Mineralogy and.Petrologt, (I . S. National Museurn, Washington,D.C. INrnorucuoN The fall of meteorites from heaven has been a recognizedphenomenon for many centuries. It is stated that the first record is one among the Chinese 6,000 years ago. The Persians, Greeks and Romans considered them as messagesfrom the Gods, built temples over them and revered them. During the Middle Ages they were looked upon as omens of evil, bewitched personagesand similar prodigies. Later, a belief in the possibility of stones fallen from heaven brought forth only ridicule, gven from scientific men. Stiitz, a famous Austrian mineralogist, remarked, concerning the reported fall of a mass of pure iron at Agram in 1751,that "in our times it would be unpardonableto considersuch fairy tales even probable." The German physicist, Chladni, in 1794first challenged this disbelief and even suggestedthat meteorites are, in fact, "world fragments." Mineralogists now recognizedthem for what they are-celestial rocks-rocks with many unusual characters, but amenable to study by the same methods as the better known ter- restrial rocks. The earliestpreserved meteorite is one that fell at Ensisheim,Germany, on November 16, 1492.Since then 1,250 distinct meteoriteshave been recovered,some only as a small individual of but a few grams, others very much larger, even weighing tons. Some reach the earth in thousands of fragments as a shower of stonesduring a single fall, as those of Pultusk in 1868, when 100,000fragments are said to have fallen.