Of Sheep & Fish: an Historical Archaeology Project Proposal on the South Downs Between Brighton and Lewes, 1830--1942

Of Sheep & Fish A History of the South Downs between Lewes and Brighton

An Historical-Archaeology Project Proposal

by David Cuthbertson 4th June 2019

Photograph of Newmarket Farm c.1925. From a collection by Capt. Bertie Hubbard MacLaren, in Brighton Pavilion and Museums, HA930078. Title: Of Sheep & Fish: A History of the South Downs between Lewes and Brighton: An Historical Archaeology Project Proposal

Authors: David Cuthbertson Derivation: Meetings of Peggy and David Cuthbertson with Desmond (Bob), Lucy and Sylvia Phipps at the Woodingdean Then and Now Event; the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig project and correspondence with Mark Barratt, OASIS.

Origination Date: 2010

Revisers: David Cuthbertson Date of last revision: 4th June 2019 Version: 0.51 Status: Draft Summary of Changes: Content planning, writing, layout & proof reading

Circulation: Preliminary consultation with the East Sussex County Archaeologist and Sussex Archaeological Society Research Officer Then, East Sussex Historic Environment Record, OASIS; Finalised project document also to Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society, Brighton and Hove Royal Pavilion and Museums, East Sussex Record Office, Hodson family, Kingston Heritage Group, Natural England, Peter Mercer (Woodingdean historian), Phipps family, Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology, South Downs National Park Authority, Sussex Archaeological Society.

Required Action: Feedback

Approval: Provisional

File Name/Location: OSF-0_51.pdf

1 Contents

1 Executive Summary3

2 Project Name4

3 Summary Description4

4 Background5

5 Research Aims and Objectives7

6 The Business Case7

7 Methods8

8 Stages, Products and Tasks 19

9 Project scope 22

10 Interfaces 22

11 Stakeholder Communications 23

12 Proposed Project Team 26

13 Ownership 27

14 Estimated Overall Budget 28

15 Estimated Overall Timescale 29

Appendices 30

Appendix A Glossary 30

Appendix B Sub-Projects; Stages, Products, Tasks 31

Appendix C SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL STANDARDS: 2019 51

2 1 Executive Summary

This amateur project aims to research, record, interpret and communicate the historical archaeology of an area of the South Downs associated with a remote outfarm— Newmarket Farm — a c.1830 agricultural labourer’s cottage, farmyard and barns, destroyed during WW2. The site is located just inside the Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, about 100m due east of the communications mast near the summit of Newmarket Hill, the highest hill on the ancient ridgeway between Lewes (the county town of (East) Sussex), and Brighton (one of the largest south coast towns since at least the 17th century). As project director, I aim to record its associated history and archaeology, and to interpret this in relation to its wider historical and geographical contexts. It begins with studies of pre- and post-enclosure Kingston near Lewes — the parish to which Newmarket Farm belonged — then follows its post-WW1 history, which connected it with the former chapelry of Balsdean (the northern half of Rottingdean Parish), including the plotland village of Woodingdean with which the later history of the outfarm was closely involved. The parish of Kingston near Lewes has a large quantity of surviving documents as a result of the enclosure and sale of effectively the whole of the parish inthe 1830s to the Gorings of Wiston. I wish to explore the possibility that Newmarket Farm was built as a model outfarm, to increase the attractiveness of the estate for this sale. I also intend to explore the social consequences of this action. A murder in 1868 of a Newmarket Farm labourer by a young man from the Brighton slums gives an insight into aspects of everyday life on the Kingston Estate. It provides an opportunity to compare urban and rural poverty. Newmarket Farm’s twentieth century history requires research into the pre- and post-WW1 socio-economic factors which resulted in the sale of land for housing developments. These played a big role its history. My 2013 excavation of the cottage (as yet unpublished) provided insight into the lives of its tenants, owners, and those who destroyed it during WW2. Further research into the use of the Balsdean Downs for military training and defence has revealed many new and as yet unpublished insights. This document explores the questions of what, why, where, how, with whom, and how much might be required (not necessarily financial), in order to enable this ambitious study of a former remote Southdown outfarm to proceed towards the best of possible outcomes. Much research has already been done; the importance of its geography, military activities, hunting, sheep, coal, welsh slate, the lives of the people involved, and their wider historical context. My findings have been communicated via my website, talks, stalls, guided walks, and short articles. Target audiences include both the general public and professional archaeologists.

3 2 Project Name

The project name is ‘Of Sheep & Fish: A History of the South Downs between Lewes and Brighton’.

Figure 1: Map of Project Area. Contour data traced from Ordnance Survey maps.

3 Summary Description

Of Sheep & Fish is an amateur historical archaeology project, aiming to research, record and communicate the history of an area of the South Downs associated with a remote 1830 outfarm, Newmarket Farm. It was the birthplace of the project director’s mother, shortly before its destruction as part of WW2 military training exercises. The site is located just inside the iconic chalk grassland of Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, just below the summit of Newmarket Hill. This is the highest hill on the ancient Juggs Road ridgeway, between Lewes (the county town of (East) Sussex) and Brighton (one of the largest south coast towns since at least the 17th c.).

4 4 Background

Newmarket Farm was an outfarm, built as part of the enclosure of Kingston near Lewes, East Sussex, in 1830. My mother, Peggy Cuthbertson nee Latham, was born there in April 1942. Her family lived there as farm labourers for three years, working for Balsdean Farm, which acquired it in 1921. In 1925 it was compulsory purchased by Brighton Corporation. May 1942, it was requisitioned as part of No.3 South Downs (Military) Training Area, which resulted in its destruction. It was not rebuilt. In 1975 its bulldozed remains were enclosed within Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, a chalk grassland site of European importance.1

4.1 Newmarket Farm’s remains are located just inside the north-west boundary of Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, just below the summit of Newmarket Hill, about 100m to the east of the 1950s television aerial; centred on grid reference TQ 36355 06992.2 This new project covers farmland that is largely owned by Spring Barn Farm, Kingston Farm, and Balsdean Farm (the latter leased from Brighton and Hove City Council). Other landowners are too numerous to record here.

4.2 This project was (informally) initiated as a result of meeting the Phipps family in 2010. They were tenants in Newmarket Farm from 1934 – 1938. I was asked, with Peggy’s help, to research the history of Newmarket Farm with the aim of publishing a book. In 2012 a preliminary draft copy of our book was completed — about the origins, lives and events associated with the cottage, based on desk-based and oral history studies. As a result of our research, in 2012 I was invited by Natural England to conduct an excavation of the cottage’s remains, with permission from the County Archaeologist and support from Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society. This was my first archaeological dig and it necessarily involved a very steep learning curve! The 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13) was (relatively speaking) a great success; it revealed the layout and construction of the cottage, its front yard, and outside toilet; material finds provided an insight into the lives of its agricultural labourer tenants3 as well as the changes which occurred over time. Most importantly, the dig generated excellent community involvement and interest. It also revealed considerable material evidence of the military exercises which resulted in its destruction. Post-excavation work is ongoing and the report is now hoped to be published by 2020.

1See (D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012a), and (Natural England 2016). 2D. Cuthbertson 2013. 3The only exception was an army pay roll officer for about a year, from sometime in 1938till shortly after September 1939, who was the probable owner of our gold pen nib NMF13 find.

5 4.3 To understand the dig’s WW2 finds, in 2016 I conducted detailed research at both The Keep (East Sussex Records Office), The National Archives, recorded oral histories, and field work, as well as studies of the defence of both Sussexand Britain to better understand the historical context. I was surprised just how much previously unpublished information I was able to find. My preliminary results were presented to Sussex Military History Society in 2017.

4.4 Further material finds, desk-based, landscape, and oral history researches, mostly in response to requests for talks, have revealed a surprising amount of history, from the prehistoric to the present day, all of which are important to record. As yet most of these have not been formally recorded. One of the purposes of this project is to determine the best ways in which this can be done.

4.5 This document is a proposal for the project as a whole to be formalised as an historical archaeology project, of which the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13) is a part.

4.6 This project, to date, has produced a number of outputs: 4.6.1 Six additions, in 2012, were made to the Historic Environment Record from fieldwork, desk-based, and oral history sources.

4.6.2 Twenty-eight volunteers were directly involved with the dig. Dozens more visited.

4.6.3 Several hundred people have attended two guided walks, eight talks, and visited six stalls at a number of historical events and village fairs. A lot of interest has been shown by the general public, historians and archaeologists — both adults and children.

4.6.4 A blog was created at the end of 2012, where I have posted information about the project’s progress. It has been viewed over 20,000 times by people from at least 80 countries, with an average of 2.7 views per visitor.4

4.6.5 A personal, illustrated draft of the book received excellent feedback from the heads of West Sussex Library Service and West Sussex Record Office at a genealogical event.5

4D. Cuthbertson 2012. 5D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012a; the book is currently unillustrated online, for many image reproduction permissions have yet to be obtained.

6 5 Research Aims and Objectives

The project’s aims and objectives have been largely based on the recommendations of a range of the South East Research Framework’s many contributory documents.6 The central themes were those of context: whole landscape studies and an understanding of the motivations of those who lived, worked and played there. My overall aims are twofold: 1. To research, record, interpret and communicate, using a range of documentary sources, oral history, and archaeological fieldwork, the history of a remote outfarm on the South Downs and its associated areas of Kingston near Lewes, and the former chapelry of Balsdean. 2. To disseminate the project findings to as wide an audience as possible. They have been broken down into a series of seven aims and thirty-eight objectives, which have been detailed in AppendixB.

6 The Business Case

This amateur project — to research the history of a remote early 19th century outfarm (its landscape, people and associated events) situated in an iconic part of the South Downs National Park — is very much worth pursuing. Newmarket Farm was an example of a late Georgian outfarm. They have received little study, yet most large farm estates possessed one or more of them. The downland area in which it was situated lies between the county town of Lewes and the popular seaside town of Brighton. For this reason it has been associated with an extraordinary amount of historical activity. This is largely a reflection of its location, though many other socio-economic and material factors, as well as the personalities of its many stakeholders through history, have all played a role. My academic scientific training, as well as my more recent philosophical studies, have been of great help in teaching myself both archaeological and historical interpretation, especially in understanding the importance of context. Also, with my family connections, I am very much a part of this project. Archaeological training and support has been received from County Archae- ologist Greg Chuter, Brighton and Hove Archaeological Society’s John Funnel, Sussex Archaeological Society’s Research Officer Luke Barber, Lisa Jayne Fisher

6“The South East Research Framework (SERF) aims to identify what we know about the south east’s historic environment and what we want to know more about.” Kent County Council 2019

7 (Managing Director of Archaeology Services Lewes), and many others. Member- ship of Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society, the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology, and online social media have enabled me to make connections with other amateur and professional archaeologists. Further guidance has been obtained via books and online publications, such as English Heritage (2009), Museum of London Archaeology Service, et al. (1994), Wilkinson (2007). Also a number of courses were attended from Sussex School of Archaeology, including Post-Medieval ceramics, building and other stones, and bone. Geographical and historiographical methodologies, and the use of a range of digital tools, have also been studied. However, the main reason for this project has been the wide range of support and interest I have received from the local community. Both sides of my family are well known as ‘old Woodingdeaners’, having lived there since the 1920s.7 I was born in a house on Balsdean Road, and the remains of an ancient trackway to Balsdean runs through my parents’ garden, where bronze age pottery and flints have often been found. The Balsdean Downs, Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, and the Juggs Road ancient ridgeway route from Brighton to Lewes via Kingston (with its popular pub, The Juggs) are all well known and loved by a wide range of walkers, runners, cyclists, horse riders and nature lovers from far and wide, but the depths and breadths of its rich history — ancient and modern — are hardly known at all.

7 Methods

Though I am an amateur, this project aims as far as possible to be professional in its approach. My primary guidance is from the County Archaeologist, Greg Chuter. In 2019 he co-authored (with West Sussex and Chichester) a new Sussex- wide standard which I have included, with comments, in Appendix C. I intend to follow these guidelines wherever practicable.

7.1 Guiding Principles The guiding principle of my work is, as far as practicable, the academic ideal of “a culture of participation and sharing”8. However, Open compromise is often necessary when open source standards, or digital tools, are Source less accessible or functional than proprietary ones. Copyright restrictions may also spelling???be associated with maps, images, or other information sources, which are of great importance to this project. Even if I gain rights to use such copyrighted material, those rights cannot necessarily be transferred to others.

7Cuthbertsons, Hollands, and Lathams all moved to Woodingdean in the 1920s. 8Morgan and Eve 2012.

8 7.1.1 Creative Commons Licence I therefore wish to freely and openly share as much of my work and findings as possible. This means, wherever possible, using data sources free from copyright restrictions. Also, all aspects of the project are being run in a not-for-profit manner. In general a Creative Commons licence will be used. Any exceptions to this will be clearly noted and respected. The particular details of such a licence will be arranged with the County Archaeologist.

7.1.2 Digital Data Management Wherever possible I will be working digitally. My laptop is dual-boot, running Ubuntu Gnu/Linux9 and (when necessary) Windows 10. Wherever possible I use Free and Open Source Software (see subsection 7.5). The software to be used is fully capable of reading from, and writing to, the majority of industry standard file formats.

7.2 Historical Sources

7.2.1 Historical Events

• Primary and Secondary Literature: The standard historical sources include the Victoria County History of Sussex, though this is less useful for the 19th and 20th century. Another important secondary source is Cooper 2006. Many primary sources have already been accessed from the Barbican Lib- rary, East and West Sussex Archives, The National Archive, and elsewhere. Further sources are listed in Farrant et al. 2000.

• Document Image Capture and Storage: Many archived documents contain large amounts of information which I have only discovered to be important after further research has revealed their significance. I have therefore chosen to make photographic copies wherever possible, for later examina- tion. For example, the cost of a one-day camera pass at The Keep is less than the transport costs of multiple visits. However, my photographic records now run to several thousand images. This requires the use of suitable photographic management software. For this project I propose to use the open source, digiKam, for local storage and image tagging.10 To share my image collection, an online photograph album, probably Flickr, would be suitable. This would enable others to make use of my copies, thus helping preserve the archived originals (the more popular items in The National Archives are badly suffering from over-use). I would require a professional account. Though such an account, at the discretion of Flickr, can

9Canonical 2019. 10digiKam 2019.

9 be provided free to certified non-profit organisations, this project is not directed by a constituted organisation so is unlikely to be eligible for such a discount.

• Text-Based Timelines: In general, when collating information from historical sources, I have chosen to record such information by organising the data chronologically, in an outline format, as a simple text file.

7.2.2 Cultural

• Census, Birth and Death Records:A prosopographical analysis is to be made of the census returns of Kingston — 1841–1911 — and also including the birth and death records of the village of Kingston. It should be noted I am very much aware of the dangers of the inappropriate use of statistics in historical studies, but this is not the place for a discussion of the subject.11

7.2.3 Biographical

• Genealogical & Historical Research: The intention is to identify individual, personal histories. This enables their personal social and cultural networks to be assessed. I have an account with Ancestry.co.uk, as well as membership of Sussex Family History Society. Complementing this with studies of the lives of better documented but similar individuals may then enable something of each of their long lost voices to heard.

7.3 Archaeological Fieldwork My Newmarket Farm excavation in 2013 was about as easy a dig as one might find, ideal for a beginner. I was pleased tofind the site’s interpretation to be relatively straightforward. However, I found the formalities of context recording to be particularly challenging. Now that I have more training and experience 12

7.3.1 Standards & Guidelines These include:

• 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards. These are the main guidelines to be followed, though they are primarily designed for professional archaeologists involved with planning developments. Nevertheless, wherever practicable I will endeavour to comply with them. They have been included in AppendixC for my own guidance during the implementation of this project.

11For an introduction to the use and misuse of prosopography see, Keats-Rohan 2019. 12My previous experience was a single day’s fieldwork with Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society!

10 • Though I am not registered with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, I intend to comply with their codes, standards and guidelines. (CIfA)

• English Heritage (2009) Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment: The MoRPHE Project Manager’s Guide.

• English Heritage (2008) Project Planning Note: Archaeological Excavation. This document is largely based on the recommendations of the above two project management guides. In particular I agree that:

– “The precautionary principle should apply. Project Managers should initially treat a project as complex, aiming for a detailed approach, and planning for appropriate commitment to planning, reviews etc. It may be possible to scale down the resources devoted to project management once a project is underway and going well. It is much more difficult to introduce more rigorous management later in a project.”13

• MoLAS (1994) Archaeological Site Manual. In general my fieldwork has been guided by a number of MoLAS publications.

7.3.2 Historic Environment Record Firstly, I will require a copy of the His- toric Environment Record to inform me of the current archaeological knowledge of my study area. This was done for NMF13. Secondly, but not of less importance, my archaeological finds require recording: prehistoric artefacts, crop marks on aerial photographs, the sites of former historic structures, ancient field boundaries, etc. I need to arrange with the HEROfficer how this might best be done.

7.3.3 OASIS The Government’s database of archaeological projects and literature. It was on their advice that this project is being formalised as an historical archaeology project.

7.3.4 Archaeological Excavation Until the publication of the 2013 Newmar- ket Farm Dig Report, no further archaeological works are planned, as agreed with the County Archaeologist.14

13English Heritage 2009, p. 25. 14Future dig targets could include: confirmation of the existence of a rainwater-tank south of the cottage, as shown on a 1921 plan, for the supply of drinking water; whether the barn may have been used for threshing; to examine whether the stable may have originally been constructed for oxen.

11 • Within Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, all digging must be done by hand, without the aid of a mechanical digger.

• Also, within the NNR, metal detectors can only be used for health and safety purposes, due to the relatively high risk of unexploded WW2 ordnance in the area. However, they might be used within open trenches and on the spoil heap. Elsewhere they might be used to actively search and identify WW2 activity, such as identified in subsubsection B.5.8.

• All excavation work requires prior information regarding mains services, Rights of Way and environmental constraints, to prevent potential problems.

• All excavated areas are to be planned onto a copy of an OS map of not less than 1:2500 scale.

7.3.5 Context Records I seriously struggled with the recording of contexts:

• I tried and failed to differentiate between the two phases of destruction rubble, which was found within an inch or two of the topsoil: (a) that associated with WW2 ordnance, (b) that associated with the post-WW2 bulldozer site clearance. The professional advice I received, after the completion of NMF13, was to treat everything above the 1942 ground surface as ‘topsoil’.

• I struggled to characterise the clay-with-flints sub-soil, based on recommended soil tests. I also struggled with characterising its colour. I tried using Dulux colour charts as a replacement for the very expensive Munsell archaeological standard. It was alleged that they were capable of interconversion, but I discovered considerable variation for the same colour on different charts. I have since been told that detailed soil characterisations are only essential for large and complex multi-phase sites.

• I had problems delineating the extent of a midden which sat on top of the same ground surface as the demolition rubble. There was also a tendency for some of my volunteer diggers to chase finds, digging down through context boundaries whenever further finds were visible. This led me to spend most of my time supervising my diggers and not working on context recording sheets or drawing formal plans and sections. The idea I have since had is to mark each find with a golf tee. The diggers would be instructed not to dig below the level of the golf tees. Different

12 coloured tees would be associated with different find types. One of the most important to be recorded was that of Welsh roof slate. It appeared to be the first to hit the ground as a result of explosive ordnance used inWW2 training exercises. Therefore the 1942 ground surface was easily identifiable by the preponderance of roofing slate.

7.3.6 Harris Matrix I did a lot of reading about context recording and the construction of a Harris Matrix. I was particularly challenged by the presence of a single context consisting of a fill of chalk which in reality represented a series of tips of chalk. In the centre of this fill was a flat ceramic floor tile, possibly used as a temporary post pad for scaffolding. My challenge was that it was a separate context embedded within what was otherwise a single seemingly homogeneous context. Fortunately, the professional advice I retrospectively received was not to bother with a Harris Matrix on simple sites with very few phases.

7.3.7 Photography Unfortunately no measuring scales or poles, north arrows, context numbers, or photograph numbers were used in any of the archaeological photographs. My attempt to improvise using a tape measure or plastic ruler was unsuccessful. I have since been on a short archaeological photography course and intend to comply with archaeological standards to the best of my ability in future.

7.3.8 Planning, Mapping and Surveying See AppendixC for further details.

• 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps from National Library of Scotland (late 19th and mid-20th centuries) have been used to indicate the position of our trenches to within a few metres, based on a visual alignment.

• It should be noted that when overlaid with other mapping or with aerial LIDAR?? imagery such as Google and Bing satellite maps or lidar, it appears that sp, at least the older (1952 surveyed) OS maps may contain errors of up to 5m. Therefore a 10 figure OS grid ref based on such maps would onlybe approximate.

• Due to the proximity of a large communications aerial, a GPS survey of NMF13 failed.

• We were unaware (at that time) of any surviving OS bench marks within a kilometre of the site, so a dumpy level (of which I had no experience) was not used.

13 • Since then the Ordnance Survey have included (potentially) surviving bench marks on their online mapping which indicate the possibility of the site being resurveyed, if required (though this would require the loan of equipment and expertise and my practical experience of its use is limited).15

3D?? • A high resolution 3d laser scan of the excavated site was obtained, though check the levels were only relative. all in- 7.3.9 Finds stances • Treasure: Any items which might legally be considered as Treasure are to be reported to the relevant authorities. The requirement of mapping any such finds to within 1 metre is unlikely to be achieved, though +/-2mmight be managed.

• Finds are to be retained for recording before being reburied on site, either immediately or at the project end.

• All finds, suitably bagged and labelled, are removed from the site at theend of the day.

• First Aid for Finds (3rd. ed. 1998) has been followed wherever practicable.

7.3.10 Health & Safety This is important. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) are the ones I need to take on board. Fortunately the Citb website has an excellent range of introductory and practical help and guidance.16

7.3.11 3d Laser Scan The software used to analyse the scan data is Faro Scene Lt. Though it is capable of exporting point cloud data as an ASCII xyz text file, the free version of its software is not capable of exporting a CAD drawing of the site.

7.3.12 2d CAD I therefore intend to use measurements taken from the laser scan data to redraw the site plan and elevations using suitable 2d-CAD software, such as Librecad. In the drawing of the site plans I would also make use of my site notes, sketches and photographs.

15Ordnance Survey 2018, and Ordnance Survey 2019 16Construction Industry Training Board 2019.

14 7.3.13 3d Modelling I hope to use simple 3d-modelling software to help visualise the interior of Newmarket Farm cottage. However, I do not intend to use a 3d-CAD application, or high-end modelling software (the learning curve is too steep). Fortunately there are a number of promising-looking easy-to-use alternatives, including the Open Source Sweet Home 3d, which is designed to model a simple building and its internal rooms, to arrange furniture within it, and to generate fly-through videos or static png images of the rooms. Though its file format is relatively obscure, models can be imported by Blender, which can then export the model to a number of industry standard formats.

7.3.14 Scalable Vector Graphics For the purposes of report publication, images are required to meet certain design and format criteria. See Section 4.4 of the 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards.

7.4 Geographical Fieldwork

7.4.1 GPS Recording Both my Android phone and tablet have been used for geo-referencing and are accurate to about 5 metres or less.

7.4.2 QField A mobile QGIS app is QField, which enables the collection of geographic data in the field. Since I first discovered it about 3 years ago, anumber internet??of guides to its use have been written on the Internet. sp. Check 7.5 Digital Tools all in- 7.5.1 LibreOffice My office suite of choice, fully compatible with Microsoft Of- stances... fice.

• Writer: Fully compatible with Microsoft Word .doc and .docx formats, amongst others.

• Calc: This is an Excel spreadsheet equivalent from LibreOffice, capable of importing and exporting Excel files. I have used it to tabulate information, such as WW2 order of battle data, to record the organisational structures of British and Canadian military units who were active in the area.

• Base: I may find myself using this database application (possibly as afron- tend to MySQL), to collect and collate census data. It is likewise capable of importing and exporting from Microsoft Access.

15 • Impress: A (mostly) compatible PowerPoint presentation program. It has been used for all my presentations. Most recently I have converted the finished presentation to PDF to ensure that my formatting is fully conserved with other computer systems.

7.5.2 Data Management Systems This project has, and will further generate, a large volume of information. The use of computers has greatly helped. Their impressive search facilities enable excellent data retrieval. On Ubuntu Linux I use Recoll for a full text search of all my documents, etc. including embedded meta data of image files.17 I had considered the use of a database for managing the project’s data as a whole but I have (so far) found ‘off-the-peg’ solutions to be unsuitable and the design of a suitable relational database has involved too much of a learning curve. This is due to the wide-ranging nature of the different research questions I wish to ask and the disparate natures of the data sources. However, they may prove useful for analysis of census and related data.18

7.5.3 Visualisation Software

• Inkscape — A scalar vector graphics editor, similar to and partially compatible with CorelDRAW.

• Gimp — An image editor, similar to Adobe Photoshop.

• LibreCad — A 2d CAD app, (partially) compatible with AutoCAD.

• 3d Modelling — SketchUp used to be fully compatible with Google Earth and relatively easy to use but is not available on Linux; Blender is an excellent Open Source animation program, but its learning curve is very steep and is not specifically designed to work with scale models; Sweet Home 3d is my current favourite, for it is supposed to be very easy to use for simple models.

7.5.4 Document Typesetting Editor TeXstudio is a cross-platform open- source LaTeX editor. LaTeX is a markup language commonly used as a document preparation system/typesetting editor for scientific and technical documents. It outputs to PDF, including basic level accessible Pdf/A documents. This I have complied with to the best of my ability, for I consider accessibility to be important. Accessible PDF documents are an East Sussex County Council requirement. Sadly LaTeX, as yet, does not produce fully tagged documents, nor does it consist- ently produce well rendered tables (essential for text reader software). However,

17Recoll 2019. 18Institute of Historical Research 2019.

16 nor did the 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards PDF which stated this requirement. Unfortunately, this is not the place for a discussion of PDF/A accessibility issues.

7.5.5 Maps Maps are essential to researching aspects of the natural and built landscape, including changes through time. Copyright issues need to be borne in mind.

• QGIS — The geographical information system software I plan to use (see below).

• Satellite Images — Bing allows users free access to its data and is recommended for use in conjunction with Open Source mapping, but Google Earth’s historical timeline of satellite imagery is excellent for identifying crop and plough marks.

• Base Maps — OpenStreetMap (OSM) is the most open and can be freely updated and modified.19 However, Sussex Archaeological Standards (2019), section 3.3, requires an Ordnance Survey basemap. Fortunately they have already opened up their older mapping database. Other advantages are that its contour data is more detailed and its grid reference system is still the industry standard in British archaeology. It must be noted though, that the current process of opening up its modern mapping data is likely to be available for this project only at a cost.20

• Historic Maps — In particular: Yeakell & Gardner’s late 18th c, 2 inch to the mile map of Sussex has proved to be an excellent resource; Late 18th and early 19th c. estate maps of Kingston; A paper copy of the original 1813 Ordnance Survey map; The 1840 Tithe map; The many late 19th to mid 20th century maps freely available to view on the National Library of Scotland website.

• Other maps include; Defra’s Magic Maps application, land use maps, Lidar, etc. 19OSM Contributors 2019b. 20Though out of date, a good overview of mapping providers, including the Ordnance Survey, is provided by OSGeo 2013; a recent consideration of licence issues with the use of Ordnance Survey data for OSM mapping is discussed by OSM Contributors 2019a.

17 A geographic information system (GIS) enables a number of maps and other geo- referenced data such as aerial photographs to be overlaid, displayed and queried, enabling and enhancing map regression exercises, and much, much more.21

• I have limited experience with Quantum GIS (QGIS).22

• Other free open source GIS software is available;

– gvSIG — apparently easier to use for data entry and 3d visualisation. – GRASS GIS — apparently better for data processing and analysis and thus may be of use, for example, recording field sizes when analysing the 1853 Kingston Farm valuation. – QGIS — is supposed to be better at cartography and map making, and should therefore be better suited to my general cartographic needs than GRASS GIS. Fortunately the two have been designed to compliment each other. – gvSIG Community Edition — this gvSIG OADE fork also works with GRASS.

• The Open Source Geospatial Foundation website (OSGeo) contains excellent resources relating to the use of such software and has helped me focus in on my expected needs:23

– To scale and orient a wide range of maps and aerial photographs (cor- recting any surveying errors where possible), onto a geo-referenced background map. – To produce a range of static maps of the project area for both Internet use and publication quality images. – To freely share my geo-spatial dataset for use by other parties. – The creation of an interactive website is outside the scope of this project.

• A number of organisations hold maps of relevance to the project. These include: 21An example of use might be to calculate field boundary sizes to help identify surveying errors, land ownership and field name issues (fields are often listed by area and not always identified on a map). 22I have used it to visualise the records of a Livens Projector (mustard gas bomb) test firing exercise in the Balsdean/Castle Hill area in 1941, for a presentation to Sussex Military History Society in 2017 (D. Cuthbertson 2017b). This was achieved in conjunction with GoogleEarth (D. Cuthbertson 2017a). 23OSGeo 2019.

18 – National Library of Scotland; holds an excellent collection of online copies of Ordnance Survey and other maps, freely usable (with relevant attribution).24 – Magic; online habitat and land use maps.25 – Lidar; currently, within the project area, only the far west of Kingston has been surveyed. However, the government has promised that the whole country will be completely surveyed by 2020. – The National Archives, East and West Sussex Record Offices; all hold a wide range of maps and other documents of importance to this project.26 – Aerial photographs; though technically not maps, Historic England, Swindon, holds the national collection. I have already visited them for imagery of the Newmarket Farm area.27 – Satellite imagery; another valuable source of historical information, often showing crop and plough marks. Bing has allowed its satellite imagery to be freely copied, though Google has not. Nevertheless, Google Earth, with its timeline of satellite images contains a unique record of natural, historical and archaeological information.

8 Stages, Products and Tasks

The table below outlines (in relatively general terms) the project’s stages, products (outcomes), and some of the tasks required to achieve each of the project’s objectives. The individual sub-projects (or the aims and objectives on which they are based) are given in AppendixB. The project consists of a series of interrelated sub-projects, the biggest of which is the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13), which had stalled at the post- excavation stage. This project proposal gives NMF13 a wider context. More importantly it helps me to separate some of my planned deeper analysis from the core archaeological dig (sub-) project.28

24National Library of Scotland 2019. 25Department for Environment and Affairs n.d. 26TNA 2019, Keep 2019, WSRO 2019 27Historic England 2019. 28An example would be a minimum vessel analysis for tea drinking ceramics, to look for patterns of tea consumption, 1830–1942.

19 Stage Product Tasks

Start Up; The Project Proposal (this document), is to provide an initial statement The tasks required to complete this document included previous The first formal of my Aims and Objectives (section 5), the Business Case (section 6) historical research, reference to South East Research Framework stage of my and a general plan of how this project is expected to develop during the documents30, review of MoRPHE (English Heritage 2009) for the project Initiation Stage. An initial estimate of project costs (section 14) is document’s design and content, proof reading and consultation with management presented.29 archaeology professionals and other key stakeholders. process, covering initial identification and early planning.

Review Point A decision in principle, based on the Project Proposal, whether to Consultation with major stakeholders in this project; see section 11 and R1 develop the project further. If approved, the project will proceed to the section 12. Initiation Stage. At this Review Point, a commitment will have been made to support Initiation. If the project is to proceed no further, no additional time or funds are required.31

Initiation; The Project Design articulates Aims and Objectives (section 5) and the Prior consultation with the County Archaeologist and other This project’s Business Case (section 6) in detail, identifies Stakeholders (section 12), stakeholders during R1 will help determine the tasks required to design stage. proposes project Execution Stages (this section), and the Products to complete this stage. be completed in each of them. Uncertainties, potential problems and opportunities are to be documented in a Risk Log.A Project Team is proposed and consulted as to availability. Plans are developed for communication within the Team and with Stakeholders, as well as for Review Points (section 11). For familiar, well understood projects, Initiation may consist simply of an agreement by those involved that the Project Proposal is a suitable basis for managing the project. In this case the Project Proposal in effect becomes the Project Design.32

29English Heritage 2009, pp. 12, 21. 30Kent County Council 2019. 31English Heritage 2009, pp. 12, 23. 32I believe the in-depth nature of this document should enable the Project Design document to be a simple revision, based on the feedback it receives during R1. Stage Product Tasks

Review Point R2 is a Possible outcomes are: Tasks depend on decisions made in previous stages. decision on whether to 1. Project authorisation and commitment of resources to the first authorise the project on the Execution Stage; basis of the Project Design. 2. Repetition of Initiation Stage with aim to revise the Project Design (for example, to alter the scope of the proposed work); 3. Exceptional Project Closure without further work.33

Execution refers to my Each stage will also involve: As before, the tasks to be done depend on the nature of the project’s research work, • Preparation of the archive of that stage’s results and sub-project concerned. These are based on the objectives including stages of collection, documentation of how the results were achieved; given in section 5. Some of the products and tasks assessment and analysis of • Dissemination of the stage’s results or products; associated with their execution have been provisionally data, report preparation, user • Project-management activities as specified in the Project Design, detailed in AppendixB. consultation, documentation, including Highlight Reports, Issue Log (see Glossary), review of the peer review, testing etc. The Risk Log and planning for any unforeseen changes; number, duration and • Assessment of the potential of the results, or products to achieve products of the Execution the Aims and Objectives of the project.34 Stage(s) will have been set out in the Project Design.

Review Point R3 is a The review may generate an Updated Project Design, to be applied This review would include a range of tasks, depending on review, conducted at the to subsequent Execution Stages. The nature and format of the circumstances. conclusion of each Execution review will have been set out in the Project Design or any existing Stage (sub-project), of the updates to it. The outcome is either: project’s progress against its A. Acceptance of an Updated Project Design and commitment of Aims and Objectives. resources to the next Execution Stage; B. Planned Closure; C. Exceptional Closure.

Closure is the project’s final Following closure the completed project archive will consist of the Checks are made to ensure that all tasks and products have planned stage. products of the Execution Stages and the Project Documents. been completed, Aims and Objectives have been met, lessons learned from the project have been recorded and recommendations for future evaluation, where applicable, have been documented in an End-of-Project Report.

33English Heritage 2009, pp. 14, 29. 34English Heritage 2009, p. 14. 9 Project scope

This project entails an in-depth evaluation of the historical archaeology associated with a remote farm labourer’s cottage, with particular emphasis on communicat- ing an understanding of its wider context. It may have been a remote outfarm but it cannot be considered in isolation from its wider landscape: geographical, prehistoric, historical, natural. The lives of the poor labourers were both affected by, and had an effect on, their wider environment. Because the project’s scope is so wide, it would be easy for it to get out of control. To prevent this from happening, the scope of each project element requires careful delineation, in the Stages, Products and Tasks process (section 8), with particular reference to the project’s Aims, Objectives (section 5) and Methods (section 7). Because I have discovered the existence of such a large quantity of research material relevant to the project, I no longer intend that this project should be a complete record of all available documentary sources. This is especially true for the huge quantity of WW2 regimental diaries and other such military records. To fully research the No.3 Balsdean Training Area would be a project in itself. Therefore this project is more of an in-depth evaluation with an emphasis on facilitating others to be able to conduct further research in the area, or similar studies elsewhere. The geographical scope is the former Parish of Kingston, before it separated in 1894 into Kingston Urban and Kingston near Lewes. Also the northern part of Rottingdean, which originally formed the chapelry of Balsdean, which includes modern Woodingdean. However, an understanding of context will often require a wider area to be considered. The historical scope is primarily from the late Georgian to the end of the Second World War. Again, an understanding of its context will require a foray far into the study area’s geological, prehistoric and historic past. To round the project off, a consideration of the study area’s recent past, present and future will also be included.

10 Interfaces

This project directly interfaces with the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13), which now lies at the heart of the wider Of Sheep & Fish project. The completion of its post-excavation work is a project priority (see section 15). Now that it is part of a wider project, some of my deeper research questions and all but the most important contextual information, can be placed in separate sub-projects, to be completed at a later date.

22 The other project with which this project interfaces, on an informal basis, is the Kingston History and Heritage Workshop. Most recently, it was from them that I found out about Kingston’s Beggars’ Bush furlong name, which connects with my own studies in relation to Brighton’s late Stuart/early Georgian history, and the Juggs Road.35

11 Stakeholder Communications

This is a small amateur project, though with big ambitions. Without a committee and just a team of two, internal communications are kept to a minimum. However, I am answerable to a number of stakeholders who are effectively gatekeepers for many aspects of this project. I also wish to keep them all informed of my progress and findings.

11.1 East Sussex County Archaeologist I consider the East Sussex County Archaeologist to be the project’s primary gatekeeper to whom I am answerable for all archaeologically related activities. I therefore hope that he will be able to advise on a number of matters or be able to recommend where I might seek advice elsewhere.

• I require access to a range of maps of the project area, preferably digitised, suitable for importing into the project’s QGIS database. These include O.S. base maps, geological maps, etc. The County Archaeologist may be able to advise.36 • As yet I have not investigated the extent of possible publication costs. I have given some information in section 14. • Advice is required regarding the suitability of a non-commercial, attribution- based Creative Commons licence for the project’s publicly shared products. See subsubsection 7.1.1 for a few more details. • Do I require to be registered with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists? I might be eligible to apply for accredited practitioner membership (PCIfA). • Access permissions from landowners and managers for a range of project objectives will need to be sought. Advice on the best way to approach farmers, etc. would be gratefully received.

35See Whittick, Thorburn and Pennington 2011 and Objective subsubsection B.1.4. 36For details of my mapping requirements see subsubsection 7.3.8, subsubsection 7.5.5, 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards: section 2.2.2, section 2.2.5, section 3.3, Appendix 1: section 1, and more.

23 • Who are my stakeholders? Who are potentially useful contacts? Who might be interested in my work? • All new archaeological works will be formally communicated to the County Archaeologist, though none are planned at present. • Suitable site codes are required for surface finds collected during the course of the project. • So far the project has kept a low profile. Advice on media relations would be welcome, should this become an issue.

11.2 OASIS In 2017 I was invited to register my project with OASIS and was offered advice and support by their project officer. I need to renew contact, once I have agreement with the County Archaeologist.

11.3 Barbican House Museum The recommended recipient museum for NMF13 was Sussex Archaeological Society’s Barbican House Museum. They agreed to receive only the documentary archive. An accession number was not issued. My material finds were to be retained by myself during post-excavation work, then reburied on site. This arrangement needs to be confirmed, with the exception of my wish to retain the finds throughout the lifetime of this project as a whole.

11.4 Brighton & Hove Archaeology Society Our bone finds from NMF13 had a promise of help for their identification some time ago from the Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society. This needs to be reaffirmed. I also had an offerof photogrammetry from them to produce a 3d-model of a pre-1934 aluminium milk bottle top, to help read and record its embossed name.

11.5 Historic Environment Record Officer

• The Historic Environment Record Officer will need contacting to obtain detailed archaeological records for the project area. Ideally this would be in a digital format suitable for importing into QGIS. • I also need to enquire as to what kinds of new historic records are accepted by the HER Officer, in what format, how much detail, etc.

11.6 Sussex Archaeological Society The Research Officer for Sussex Archae- ological Society has offered me advice on the recording of Post-Medieval ceramics

24 and other such finds, by way of my assisting in a voluntary capacity with the post- excavation processing of the late-18th – mid-20th century Bishopstone Tidemills37 excavation finds during the winter of 2019/20.

11.7 Historians and Historical Organisations Newmarket Farm’s origins lie in the Georgian period. Therefore I wish to contact Dr Sue Berry, an academic authority on the history of Brighton, Sussex, and the Georgian period in general.38

11.8 Methods of Communication

• I prefer to communicate by email, immediate communication by text or phone. Email provides a written, searchable record which can be archived for future reference and so has fewer possibilities for misunderstanding.

• Highlight Reports will be produced on the completion of each Stage of the Project (section 8) and will be published on my blog.39

• Formal (Sub-)Project Reports will be completed at the end of each part of the Project. Academic articles will also be produced, including in the Sussex Archaeological Collections.

A wide range of ongoing communications with the general public about my findings, has already been produced. Ongoing communications include:

• A meeting with a Sussex University digital animation modeller, and Wood- ingdean historian Peter Mercer, about the possibilities of creating a video fly-through past a reconstruction of (1930s?) Woodingdean’s Warren Road to the Downs Hotel crossroad, possibly including as a soundtrack an edited oral history recording. I am hoping an animated reconstruction of Newmar- ket Farm might be possible. • As part of Brighton’s Health Walks programme, I am leading a 5-mile guided history tour of Balsdean, Castle Hill and Newmarket Hill, and will be show-

37Barber 2007. 38The advice I received from her on researching the strange object shown on Newmarket Hill on the Yeakell and Gardner map was invaluable. Unfortunately I will be unable to attend her forthcoming workshop at The Keep on ‘Tudor and Stuart Brighton, 1540 – 1750’ (Berry 2019), detailing the importance of Brighton’s North Sea fishing and their return via Newcastle laden with coal. I had postulated a link between sheep, corn and coal, and knew of the North Sea fishery, as well as the landing of coal on Brighton Beach in the late Georgian period, butnotof their connections, and only had a few historical sources to support my hypotheses. 39https://southdownhill.wordpress.com

25 ing several old photographs of its many ancient buildings, as well as telling something of the history of this beautiful and iconic downland.40 • I will (probably) have a history stall at Rottingdean Village Fair, Saturday August 3rd.

12 Proposed Project Team

12.1 Project Director As project director, though fairly knowledgeable with regard to archaeological and historiographical theory, I am relatively inexperi- enced practically in both disciplines. I therefore intend to plan my activities and responsibilities accordingly, based on the 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards document. Though I am currently not a CIfA member (affiliate or otherwise) I nevertheless agree to follow the CIfA Code of Conduct.41 As the responsible individual, I agree to be on-site at all times during all future fieldwork. If anyone is given delegated authority to act on my behalf, I have aduty to communicate their name(s) in advance to the County Archaeologist (section C appendix C: subsection 1.2).

12.2 Peggy Cuthbertson My mother’s meeting with the Phipps family in 2010 effectively initiated this project. She was born in Newmarket Farm42 to two Woodingdean-based parents and later married an ‘old Woodingdeaner’ herself. She is therefore particularly knowledgable in Woodingdean and Balsdean’s post- WW1 history. Her role has been largely supportive. I have Attention Deficit Disorder and Asperger’s Syndrome. This helps explain my tendency to get ‘carried away’, as the length of this project proposal document may testify. Amongst her many skills, proof-reading has been the most valuable. Peggy has been involved with most of our early project research and was the most active member of my NMF13 dig team.

12.3 Team Organisation and Responsibilities We have chosen not to formally constitute this project as an organisation. Though there would be benefits

40Monday 15 July, 10am. Castle Hill and Balsdean histories: Explore the fascinating history of our eastern downs, from prehistoric remains and WW2 to tales of sheep, fish and murder most foul! Meet at the car park by the junction of Falmer Rd and Bexhill Rd, Woodingdean. 5 miles. https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/sport-and- activity/healthwalks-programme 41Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014. 42Though Peggy’s eldest brother probably correctly believes she was born in Brighton Mater- nity Hospital!

26 in doing so, the time required for meetings and with administration is time that might have been spent on research. Our time and (relatively limited) money has so far been our own to spend as we chose, though bearing in mind any commitments, duties and responsibilities our choices may entail.

12.4 Co-opted Support Wherever possible, help and advice has been sought for a wide range of aspects of the project. For example, I have two friends with theatrical experience with whom I rehearse my talks, though they would not consider themselves part of the team as such. The same would apply to advice and support received from a wide range of individuals and organisations too numerous to mention here.

12.5 Delegated Authority As according to the 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards, no one will be given delegated authority to act on my behalf, without their details having first been forwarded to the County Archaeologist. At present only Peggy Cuthbertson may do so.

13 Ownership

It has always been my intention to freely share all of my findings, wherever legally possible. However, many of the images that I have used in my research are subject to copyright restrictions and whilst I have been granted permission to use them for my own personal research, I do not necessarily have permission to share them with others. I therefore propose to adopt (at least in part) RCUK’s Open Access Policy: “in order to maximise the opportunities for access to and reuse of repository content, this project’s publications are to be made available using the most liberal and enabling licences, ideally CC BY (Creative Commons by attribution), and in particular without restriction for non-commercial use.”43 The particular licences to be used for different Project Products would be subject to agreement with the relevant project stakeholders. The following are two examples of possible licences:

13.1 CC0 Only where the work is entirely my own (such as the forthcoming 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig Report, which is likely to use only my own text and images) might I consider using a CC0 (Creative Commons Zero, all rights waived)

43See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license for examples of Creat- ive Commons licences.

27 licence, which effectively puts my work (entirely, permanently and irrevocably) in the public domain.44

13.2 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Where I have used material licensed by others for non-commercial use, a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence might be appropriate. Individual elements may have to be removed, separately licensed and/or details redrawn where appropriate.

13.3 Finds Retention The NMF13 finds agreement with landowner Brighton & Hove City Council was that the finds are to be retained either by the Barbican Museum or by myself as Project Director, so as to be able to show them to the general public at a range of events. I hope this arrangement may be continued with future project work. At the recommendation of the Barbican House Museum Curator, unless one or more finds are considered worthy of retention by a recognised museum (unlikely), they will be reburied on site, either after being recorded, or at the end of the project.

14 Estimated Overall Budget

This is a self-funded amateur project, so to date a budget has not been required. However, should costs become significant assistance might be sought, either by arrangement with other organisations willing to support me with the free loan of equipment or space for finds processing.

14.1 Image Reproduction It is my intention to use copyright free images wherever possible. However, I am already aware of several images, which are of importance to this project likely to entail costs. This needs to be investigated further.

14.2 Online Subscription Costs The costs of professional subscriptions to Flickr.com and Wordpress.com require researching.

14.3 Modern Ordnance Survey Maps If freely available older OS mapping is not acceptable, there may be licence costs, though these are unknown at present.

14.4 Equipment Costs Surveying equipment, if required, may hopefully be borrowed. 44https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/CC0_FAQ

28 14.5 Other Costs Possible archive costs, consultation charges and publication costs all require investigation.

15 Estimated Overall Timescale

As an amateur, I am fortunate that my time is my own. However, this is not my only big research project. Both are at about PhD level in terms of the amount of research required. I therefore estimate eight years for this project’s completion. Nevertheless, a range of outcomes will regularly be produced throughout the project’s duration.45

15.1 Next Actions The project’s next actions are:

May 2019 Proof reading this Project Proposal.

June 2019 Project Proposal submission for review to the County Archaeologist, the Sussex Archaeological Society Research Officer, the Historic Environ- ment Record Officer and other key stakeholders as appropriate. A Highlight Report to be published on my blog.

July 2019 Review based on consultation feedback, and the proposal document updated as necessary. A summary of this feedback to be published in a Highlight Report on my blog.

August 2019 If successful, the Project Design document will be written and submitted to the OASIS website, with support if required. It will then also be circulated to all relevant stakeholders as well as on my blog.

Autumn 2019 NMF13 Post-excavation work begins; Since it is a new sub- project, I will be following MoRPHE guidelines to “assess and review information collected to date, to consult Sponsors and other Stakeholders, and if necessary to update the [Sub-]Project Design for subsequent [post-ex] work.” 45See AppendixB for an indication of these Products.

29 Appendices

Appendix A Glossary

CAD Computer-aided design software is traditionally used to produce technical drawings of mechanical objects. In archaeology it can be used to generate accurate scale drawings of archaeological features.

NMF13 The site code for my 2013 archaeological dig of Newmarket Farm’s cottage, front yard and outside toilet. Post-excavation work is still ongoing and will hopefully be completed by 2020.

OASIS Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS; http:// ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis, provides a signposting service for all organisations undertaking on-site investigations. OASIS entries can be created early in a project and subsequently updated to reflect progress. Completed entries for projects in England are digitally disseminated to the National Monuments Record and to local-authority Historic Environment Records.46

Outfarm Outfarms consist of one or more buildings set around a yard away from the main farmstead, typically having shelter sheds for cattle flanking a threshing barn. A cottage for a farm worker could also be sited nearby. They are particularly associated with areas of large farms which could have fields a long way away from the farmstead, for example in chalk downland areas where farmsteads located in the valley bottom could be one or more miles from fields enclosed from downland in the 18th or 19th century. Some outfarms eventually became farmsteads in their own right.47

Wiston Archive “[Kingston has] an unusually comprehensive set of documents showing title to lands in the village over a long period. They were brought together in 1830, from manorial and other records, when the estate of Charles Goring of Wiston purchased virtually all the lands and houses of Kingston. This large purchase happened just at the point when Kingston was transformed from a ‘cham- pion’ open field village to a system of enclosed fields. The Wiston Archive makes it possible to trace patterns of ownership over long periods — especially important because the manorial records for Kingston are rather poor... The Gorings were engrossers of entire estates and landlords on a [large] scale... The family had been

46English Heritage 2009, p. 32. 47English Heritage 2006.

30 long established in Sussex; their name has been traced back at least to the time of Henry III and there had been various titled branches. In 1745 Charles Matthew Goring married a Miss Elizabeth Fagg, who stood in line to inherit the old Shirley estate of Wiston in the western part of Sussex. The Gorings established themselves at Wiston thereafter. The first Charles Goring of Wiston was succeeded by a second, who died in 1829. His eldest son, also Charles Goring, in turn succeeded him. He was a minor at the time and Mary Goring his mother was appointed his guardian. The trustees who came looking for land in Kingston had been appointed under his father’s will. This young man of 14 was heir to one of the largest estates in Sussex. Gorings owned land in literally dozens of villages in West and East Sussex. Kingston [1833] was a mere speck in their vast list of possessions.”48

Appendix B Sub-Projects; Stages, Products, Tasks

This section is provisional and will be the basis of future decision making.

48Cooper 2006, pp. 3, 302.

31 B.1 Aim: To research the geographical and historical contexts of the study area, previous to Kingston’s enclosure; Prehistoric–1825.

B.1.1 Objective: A consideration of the geology, geomorphology and related physical factors which helped create the iconic grassland landscape between Eastbourne and the River Adur, the area from where the place-name ‘South Downs’ originated.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored. Review available data sources (maps), identify possible authorities to contact for advice; review potential issues (copyright, site access for photography); define thesis to be studied; publish proposal.

Investigation, - Maps; contour, solid and surface geology, micro-climate (if one exists), Search for suitable resources: Take photographs illustrating assessment and cross referenced with habitat, archaeology and land use. geographical and geological effects on human and natural landscape; analysis - Sites photographed for illustration purposes. revise knowledge of QGIS. - Maps imported into QGIS database. - Archaeological sites added from HER database.

Dissemination Publish: informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive photo archive on Flickr. deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Follow archive methodology. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.1.2 Objective: The influence of the region’s prehistoric and historic past on this landscape’s creation, with particular reference to southdown sheepandthe sheep-corn system.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources, authorities to contact for advice and Why the South Downs were originally just from the Adur to potential issues (image copyright, access to record sheep folds). Define Eastbourne. thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.

Investigation, Understand sheep management in history and southdown landscape Study: sheep, southdown literature, old maps; collate and analyse; assessment and related info; identified, recorded and photographed dewponds, identify, map, explore and record sheep related locations (lambing). analysis sheepfolds, chalk grassland plants, etc.

Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. B.1.3 Objective: The socio-economic consequences of the resultant deforestation will be investigated, with particular reference to the importation of coal.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored; sheep eat Review potential data sources, including fireplace evidence from trees, so no firewood, so cooking with coal. standing buildings, NMF13, including evidence of pre-Victorian coal, firegrates in excavations in South Down areas east vswest of the Adur.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and assessment and contrast with wider contexts. analysis

Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and Archive photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self and documents. Deposition guided walk leaflet.

B.1.4 Objective: Original research on local place-names providing evidence for study area’s history; i.e., Kingston, Newmarket Hill, Juggs Road & Beggars Bush.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Saxon Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for Kingston; Newmarket from mearc geat = new boundary gap (13th c. hundred advice. Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. boundary changes?); Juggs Rd (OED 15th c. nickname for low woman, mid Publish proposal. 17th c. Brighton is one of biggest south coast fishing towns, late 17th c. collapse of Brighton’s North Sea fisheries, early 18th c. serious poverty possibly forced fishwives to sell wares in Lewes); Beggars Bush furlong name in Kingston near Lewes on route of Juggs Road (first named post-16th – pre-late 18th c., possibly named after first shady tree on route to market in Lewes viasheep deforested downs taken by poor Brighton fishwives).

Investigation, Saxon, Medieval, Post-Medieval (Tudor–Georgian) history (nationally and Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and assessment and locally). contrast with wider contexts. analysis

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Review potential data sources, authorities to contact for advice and Some evidence suggests that Victorian agricultural labourers were review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. better off than their Tudor ancestors, but can it be49 proved?

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.1.6 Objective: Can Georgian/Victorian architecture indicate politics of owner and their treatment of labourers?50

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: (1) Review potential data sources and potential issues: Availability of Were Georgian Neo-Classical buildings built by Whigs and Neo-Gothic information on; voters names, architecture of their houses, political buildings built by Tories?51 (2) Did Whig landowners treat their affiliations, reputation for treatment of labourers. labourers worse than Tories?52

Investigation, Evidence collected, recorded, analysed, assessed. In particular Thomas Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and Rogers IV (1728–1811) and Thomas Rogers V (1754–1833) of Kingston, with wider contexts. analysis and their known associates.

49Condition of England literature stated that monks cared for both material needs of poor, and morality of their feudal lords (noblesse oblige; see for example, Carlyle 1843 & Disraeli 1845 who alleged that liberal Whig politics resulted in labourers being worse off. Led to social reforms. 50Condition of England literature was against ideals of Whig industrialists. Looked to the Medieval past for inspiration. 51Gothic as name for Medieval architecture was (allegedly) Renaissance anti-Catholic propaganda. Landowning Tories looked back to a golden age of Medieval feudalism. 52Rural tories vs industrial whigs, supportive vs exploitative, tradition vs progress. Too simplistic? And all changed with Reform Act. B.1.7 Objective: Research and understand the consequences of the American and Anglo-French War (1778–1783) on the project area.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: My Review data sources and issues: History of Anglo-French War research on American Revolutionary War and resultant Anglo-French (1778–1783) and defence of Sussex by D-of-R. Strange symbol on war, suggested unrecorded signal-fire on Newmarket Hill, based on Newmarket Hill shown on Yeakell & Gardner map, commissioned by studies of Duke of Richmond, strange symbol on Yeakell & Gardner D-of-R at time of war. D-of-R head of Sussex Militia and Master-General 1778-1783 map of Sussex and 1787 print of Brighton Races. Also of Ordnance. Prince of Wales arrived Brighton few days after end of war. probably influenced date of Prince of Wales’ arrival in Brighton. 1787 Brighton Races print showed possible fire beacon (used as raised Identify potential authorities to contact, such as Sue Berry. viewing platform) and large frame capable of supporting a fire cage.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.1.8 Objective: Understand life and times of Rottingdean’s vicar, 1792–1838, Rev. Dr. Hooker.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Enables understanding of local, national and international historical Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. influences on the area.53

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

53Connected with: Jane Austen, the Church of England, cricket, the aristocracy, the Grand Tour, Eton College, the Duke of Wellington, Napoleon Bonaparte, Ireland, hunting, schooling, music and painting, smuggling, the Napoleonic Wars, the shepherd scholar John Dudeney and more!! B.1.9 Objective: Potential influences of smuggling in the area and its connections with national politics.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: In Kingston an Review potential data sources and authorities to ancestor of the Tuppens (a family of shepherds) was believed to be involved in contact for advice. Review potential issues. Define smuggling. In 1802 and 1804 the shepherd, Henry Tuppen, ‘mysteriously’ bought 2 thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. cottages.54 Also Rev. Hooker, Rottingdean, and smuggling as organised with possible political connections.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. assessment and Compare and contrast with wider contexts. analysis

Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Prepare for digital and paper based publication. and Archive Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk Archive photos and documents. Deposition leaflet.

B.1.10 Objective: The influences of the Napoleonic Wars on the study area.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Prince of Wales Task: Review potential data sources and potential required military protection. Organised huge sham battles on and in vicinity of issues. Research Gillray’s political cartoons who, Newmarket Hill. Influenced public opinion of British55 Army . This includes Gillray’s according to Napoleon, “did more than all the armies in 1802 cartoon of Lt. Col. George Leigh, The Prince of Wales’ own 10th Light Dragoons, Europe to bring me down.” Also read and review A Newmarket Hill Character. Also Rev. Hooker and defence of Sussex. Thompson 1991.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. assessment and Compare and contrast with wider contexts. analysis

54See Alexander 1997, and Cooper 2006. 55Jane Austen’s ‘scarlet fever’. B.1.11 Objective: Influences of Georgian tourism on the area, in particular hunting.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: The Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. nationally famous Brookside Harriers which hunted over Kingston and Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. Balsdean Downs, connecting the Rogers family in Kingston, the Rev. Hooker and significant figures both locally and nationally.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.1.12 Objective: Was the South Downs in art and literature seen as an arcadian ideal?

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Review books on South Downs landscape, art and literature. Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. B.1.13 Objective: The isolated downland location of Balsdean as reason for medical activities there.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Mr Sutton’s variolation clinics (1786) and the (lunatic) asylum Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. (1825–29) of Drs. King and Attree — important figures in Brighton’s history.56

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.2 Aim: To understand the enclosure of Kingston near Lewes and the building of Newmarket Farm; 1825–1833

B.2.1 Objective: To understand the pre- and post-enclosure agricultural workings of Kingston’s three manorial estates.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Thesis to be explored: Was expense incurred by enclosure offset by Include assessment of available resources, on and off-farm; mineral, future profitability. timber, labour, etc.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Both desk-based studies (including new place-name researches) and assessment and field work. Of use is the large and detailed Wiston Archive, created for analysis Kingston Estate sale in 1834. This has been analysed in some detail by Cooper 2006. Also of use is the 1853 Kingston Farm evaluation.57

56The Attrees were a well connected Sussex family and the Rogers family married their daughters on two occasions. 57I was kindly allowed to make a copy of this and other documents privately held by the Hodson family. B.2.2 Objective: The socio-economic implications of the enclosure for all in the parish.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Last two chapters of Cooper 2006 detail consequences of ‘agricultural revolution’, mid-18th c.–19th c., including Review potential data sources Kingston residents effected by consequences. Cross-reference with info from Ancestry.co.uk and other family and potential issues. Include history sources, as well as books on rural life and enclosure. To include studies on John Clare. agricultural labour revolts.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter assessment and to be studied. Compare and analysis contrast with wider contexts.

Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal Prepare for digital and paper and Archive digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. based publication. Archive Deposition photos and documents.

B.3 Aim: Life and Death in Kingston and Newmarket Farm, 1831–1921

B.3.1 Objective: A study of post-enclosure Kingston, using census returns, birth and death records, including causes of death and other records.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: To enable an understanding of what life was Review potential data sources like for the village as a whole and how it may have changed with time: Collate available information on the and authorities to contact for population of Kingston; Statistically analyse this data to examine; life expectancy through time, causes of advice. Review potential issues. death, occupations, migration within and outside the village, etc.; Consider possible causes, based on wider Define thesis to be studied. sources of information58. Publish proposal.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter assessment and to be studied. Compare and analysis contrast with wider contexts.

58I.e. the autobiography and diary of James Nye 1981 B.3.2 Objective: To enable a deeper understanding of these findings; to read other Sussex diaries, memoirs, etc. compared and contrasted with general rural studies and their wider historical context. Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: See Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Farrant et al. 2000, etc. for further sources. Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.3.3 Objective: A detailed consideration of the life of an agricultural labouring family in an isolated outfarm.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Review potential data sources and potential issues: Also include info on Worst case of disease, malnutrition and poverty in Kingston given by other outfarms, such as Cambridgeshire Farm, Falmer.60 Cooper was the Rich family of Newmarket Farm.59 They were detailed in 1861 census record.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

59Cooper 2006, p. 326. 60See Bevendean History Group 2017, Goodfield and Robinson 2007, p. 77, Mercer and Holland 1993, p. 75, and Mercer 2010, pp. 51, 132–36. B.3.4 Objective: To read and review the historical evidence for the life and times of agricultural labourers in general.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: See, Review potential data sources and potential issues. for example, Farrant et al. 2000.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.3.5 Objective: To research and interpret the details of the murder story of David Baldy by Martin Brown in 1868, with particular attention to the significance of how the story was told and the public’s reaction to it.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: To Review potential data sources and potential issues: Verbal permission include a study of Victorian attitudes to crime and punishment. has been obtained by the Copper family to use a melodramatic version of the tale, as told to a young Bob Copper by his father.61

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

61Copper 1971. B.3.6 Objective: To compare and contrast slum dwellers of Brighton and agricultural labourers of Kingston.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Review potential data sources and potential issues: For example, the Requires a study of slum life in Brighton, including education of murderer was caught because he could read and write.62 children.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.3.7 Objective: To research ‘Baldy’s memorial stone’ (now lost).

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Was Review potential data sources and potential issues: There is Baldy’s stone erected ~30 years after Baldy’s murder by John Hodson, photographic and documentary evidence for the stone’s inscription and as symbolic gesture to honour the Hodson/Rogers dynasty’s debt of location, as well as for the actual murder location from police reports at gratitude to their labourers in general?63 Brown’s trial.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.3.8 Objective: To consider what the material finds from my 2013 excavation of the cottage have to say about the life and times of those livingthere.

621851 census for the slum street where he grew up recorded the majority of children as scholars, but none were so recorded in Kingston at that time. 63It claimed to mark the spot of his murder, but was in fact placed a mile away on the Shepherds’ Path on Kingston Down, directly overlooking The Street (Kingston’s High Street). John Hodson was supposed to have created the path on his return to Kingston. Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources and potential issues: Starting point is The plates bearing mid/late Victorian fashionable aesthetic movement Casella and Croucher 2010; first English Heritage funded excavation to designs and other mid-19th–early 20th c. highly decorative household explicitly focus on domestic and residential aspects of the Industrial ceramics, glassware, jewellery and dolls, are all strongly indicative that Revolution. It reflected new interest in collection and conservation of even the poorest of households spent a significant part of their money 19th–20th c. archaeological assemblages, of men, women and children of on goods for their aesthetic qualities. rural working-class households who struggled to maintain and improve their conditions of everyday life.

Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis

B.4 Aim: ‘Tourist’ activities on the Kingston/Balsdean Downs; 1830–1942. Those at Newmarket Farm would have seen many such activities which took place on the downs where they lived. Rumour had it that the farm was something like a coaching inn, with people who arrived in posh-carriages being provided with food and refreshments. This was partly true. Newmarket Hill was a well known meeting place for hunting and other activities during this time.

B.4.1 Objective: Victorian Sham battles and reviews on or near Kingston and Balsdean Downs.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Review potential data sources and potential issues: The Illustrated Military displays (Easter Reviews) continued after the Napoleonic Wars London News featured them in great detail, though copyright in the Victorian period, getting progressively larger. permissions may be needed to use these. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. B.4.2 Objective: Hunting activities on the downs, especially the nationally famous Brookside Harriers.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: To Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. research the later history and demise of Brookside (hare) Harriers and Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. the rise of the Southdown (fox) hunt. To include involvement of Rottingdean Beard family and, from 1920s, AWJ Dalgety, who was Master of the Southdown and other hunts.64 Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.4.3 Objective: 1931, Southdown Soarers and Southern Gliders clubs.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. In 1931, Southern Gliders’ Social Club were allowed to fly on Balsdean Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. Farm, storing their gliders in Newmarket Farm’s barn. Woodman had recently become their vice-president. He was in the Royal Flying Corps in WW1. Southern Soarers Club organised the 2nd British Gliding Competition, 1931 which took place in Balsdean in October, involving international competitors.65 Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive; photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr; Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

64Dalgety formed a partnership with Woodman to farm Balsdean on or shortly after 1925. An interesting character, perhaps to be researched here, for his life’s work was that of hunting, though perhaps the detail of his life should be placed later. A slim volume of his poetry reflected his views on horses and WW1. 65My father remembered (aged 5) ‘helping’ launch one of the gliders. Woodman was in the Royal Flying Corps in WW1. B.4.4 Objective: Writers and artists in Kingston and the surrounding area.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Literary and artistic descriptions of the South Downs, in particular in Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. the vicinity of Kingston and Balsdean provide an insight into the lives and landscape of the area. Also of note are the reactions of the locals to these visitors. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.4.5 Objective: Ramblers and nature lovers.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Visitors to the downs included foreign students from Brighton. The Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. Phipps family (1934–1938) sold them cups of tea from 1934–38! The tourists took photographs which it would be wonderful to find... Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. B.5 Aim: Historical developments; WW1 – WW2.

B.5.1 Objective: Costs and benefits of British Empire, technological change, growing population particularly of Brighton and effects on the downland66 landscape.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: To explore the costs Review potential data sources and authorities (and benefits) of our Empire providing an increasing majority of our food and other agricultural to contact for advice. Review potential issues. goods. By the Edwardian period our industrial towns had become the government’s main source Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. of wealth and our agricultural countryside was increasingly seen as a playground for the idle rich. In particular, Edwardian Brighton had one of the highest population densities in Britain. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. assessment and Compare and contrast with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr. Prepare for digital and paper based publication. and Archive Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. Archive photos and documents. Deposition

B.5.2 Objective: This includes Kingston estate’s sale in 1911 and Newmarket Farm in 1921.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: The Gorings of Wiston Review potential data sources and authorities sale of the Kingston Estate to Howell. He then sold a large part of its arable land for housing to contact for advice. Review potential issues. and smallholdings, including fruit and mushroom farms. The far eastern portion of the estate, Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. including Newmarket Farm, was later sold to Selbach who was also interested in property Include ruined chimney from (alleged) development. attempted to extraction silver from flint67. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. assessment and Compare and contrast with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr. Prepare for digital and paper based publication. and Archive Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. Archive photos and documents. Deposition

66See for example, D. Cuthbertson 2014. 67Allcroft 1924, p. 98. B.5.3 Objective: To study and record something of the two plotland developments, 1913 and 1919, which later became the village of Woodingdean.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: My family (both sides) accumulated a large number of Woodingdean Woodingdean was (and still is) home to several generations of both sides photographs; these require digitising, tagging and possibly adding to a of my family since the 1920’s. I wish to record its social and material GIS database. Also of interest is the Warren Farm Dairy Farm dairy, legacy to the end of WW2. This includes the Phipps and Latham which became an independent business. Its (broken) milk bottles were family reminiscences, for whom Woodingdean played an important role. found in NMF13. Its unpasteurised nature was featured. Also of The local histories by Peter Mercer will be of particular use here.68 interest was the lack of services; my father’s family’s water was collected from the roof in an underground concrete lined tank (like Newmarket Farm). Lighting and cooking by paraffin. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.5.4 Objective: WW1 costs and benefits, as motivation for Oscar Selbach’s farming activities and development plans, including Newmarket Farm in1921;to research and record material remains of early 20th c. fencing, new farm roads, water pumps, etc.69. Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present Balsdean and Kingston Downs were popular because of a lack of fences. thesis: Selbach’s motivation was entrepreneurial. Post-WW1 Barbed wire and ploughing was an issue, as witnessed by (alleged) High guaranteed farm prices, (cheap? ex-WW1?) barbed wire and nitrate Court case against Selbach for ploughing Lord Carson’s racing gallops. fertiliser, cheap German POW labour and a demand for housing. Fences first appear in significant numbers on O.S. maps after WW1. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

68Mercer and Holland 1993, and Mercer 2015 69D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012b. B.5.5 Objective: Brighton Corporation’s compulsory purchase of downland for amenity purposes; rambling and interwar tourism.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present To be included is poem on possibility of motor cars racing up thesis: To read and review publications on protection of the South Newmarket Hill (in Sussex County Magazine in early 1930s). Downs. To be reviewed in relation to Brighton Corporation’s development plans. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.5.6 Objective: To consider administrative challenges for those living on both the socio-economic and geographical margins of society.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present Agricultural labourers were the poorest of the working poor. In 1938 thesis: Newmarket Farm tenants from 1921 worked for Balsdean Farm. they earned less than on the dole.70 They would therefore have already They belonged politically to Kingston, yet they worked, shopped, been marginalised by society... How did they cope? obtained medical help and went to school in Rottingdean, Woodingdean, Falmer and Brighton, which were in different admin areas. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

70D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012c. B.5.7 Objective: To research the consequences of Brighton Corporation’s compulsory purchase of downland to protect Brighton’s largest water catchment area and the building of Balsdean pumping station in the 1930s. Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Was the historic Balsdean Farm, (including its subsidiary Norton and Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. Newmarket Farms) offered to the military for training during WW2, with permission given for its demolition, in order to rebuild the farm after the war in its present location, just outside of the Balsdean water catchment area thus protecting its water catchment area? Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.5.8 Objective: WW2, its effects on local agriculture, military activities in the area and, in particular, the compulsory purchase for training purposes oftheBlock 3 South Downs Training Area. Fieldwork might include a metal detector survey for anti-tank ordnance in the bank behind the site of a figure 8 railway target of which nothing visible remains today. A slit trench has been identified overlooking the target. Both are in an SSSI so permissions from N.E. would be required. Abarbedwire enclosed artillery firing position identified from aerial photographs could also be investigated, but is on private land. Evidence for a possible long range LivensProjector used in a mustard gas test firing exercise is particularly interesting. Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis. Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice. Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet. B.6 Aim: Of sheep & bullocks; to provide a natural historical postscript.

B.6.1 Objective: To interpret Castle Hill National Nature Reserve’s wildlife in relation to former management practices.71

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation The reserve as a beautiful time-capsule of the past — enclosed in Detail wildlife and how it reflects former downland management practices. barbed wire. e.g.; Nottingham catchfly, early spider orchid, wart-biter cricket. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast with assessment and wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, documents. Deposition guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

B.7 Aim: To disseminate the project findings to as wide an audience as possible.

B.7.1 Objective: To present the project as a whole to a wide an audience as possible by means of a book.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: It would be useful to confirm the nature of the book’s publication as To date I have shared my findings via the Internet, talks, local early as possible. A non-commercial print-to-order book (such as newsletters, guided walks and stalls at local public events. Each Lulu.com) may be eligible for the use of discounted or royalty free objective’s outcomes (singularly or combined) are to be similarly (Creative Commons or related) images. A commercial publication disseminated, as detailed elsewhere. On completion of all the above would be expensive. objective outcomes a book is to be written. Investigation, Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast assessment and with wider contexts. analysis Dissemination Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos and and Archive tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided documents. Deposition walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

71Castle Hill NNR is noted for its early spider orchids and wart biter crickets; the former require sheep grazing but the latter, found in Newmarket Bottom, require longer grass such as from grazing cattle. Baldy on the day of his murder had been tending bullocks (oxen?) in Newmarket Bottom. Appendix C SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL STANDARDS: 2019

My own comments are highlighted so as to be clearly identifiable.

Recommended practice and procedures for undertaking archaeological investigations in connection with the planning and development management process in East and West Sussex including Brighton and Hove. The wording contained in the standard clauses set out below (and covered in more depth in the appendices and annexes) should be used as the basis for preparing archaeological specifications or written schemes of investigation (WSIs) where fieldwork is undertaken to inform the planning process or required as a condition of planning consent.

See section 7.

Foreword: These ‘Standards’ are principally intended to cover archaeological fieldwork and recording generated by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and Local Plan policy but may be applicable to all archaeological fieldwork projects carried out in East and West Sussex, including Brighton and Hove as ‘best practice’ in project management. These standards should be used in conjunction with the relevant codes and by-laws of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

See subsubsection 7.3.1.

The local Historic Environment Record (HER) is the starting point in checking whether a proposal will have an impact on designated or known heritage assets (NPPF 189) but many heritage assets remain unknown to the HER and areas which appear to be ‘blank’ may only indicate that there has been no archaeological investigation hitherto. However, the effect of a planning application onthe significance of a non-designated heritage asset (which could include below-ground archaeological remains) should be taken into account when determining the application (NPPF 196) and Local Authorities should make use of their archaeological advisers in order that the impact upon heritage assets can be assessed using appropriate expertise (NPPF 189).

See subsubsection 7.3.2.

The default technique used in assessing the archaeological potential of a development site (the field evaluation referred to in NPPF 189) is trial trenching. Com- plementary survey methods such as surface artefact collection and remote sensing

51 techniques (geophysical survey) can also be used to help determine a strategy for trial trenching. Trial trenching remains the most cost effective single evaluation technique and as a ‘rule of thumb’ it will be expected that the trench sample size will be not less than 5% of the development site. This reflects experience gained from trial trenching exercises in the 1990s where trench sample sizes as low as 2% or 3% had proved unreliable in terms of quantifying the nature of the potential archaeological resource. (For discussion of sample size and techniques see “Evalu- ation of Archaeological Decision-making Processes and Sampling Strategies” Hey and Lacey, Oxford Archaeological Unit (OAU), 2001).72 There may be circumstances where variations to these Standards, and to the Appendices and Annexes are necessary; any such variations or additions will be set out in the site-specific Written Scheme of Investigation prepared by the Archae- ological Contractor carrying out the fieldwork to be approved in writing bythe Local Planning Authority after consultation with their Archaeological Adviser.

See subsubsection 7.3.1.

These Standards have been prepared by the Local Planning Authority Archae- ological Advisers in Sussex in consultation with Archaeological Organisations and Archaeologists working in the County.

Hey and Lacey (2001) is currently available online via Scribd. I have yet to read it, and it is largely written for large projects, but it may have some relevance.

52 Contents

1.0 Professional Requirements 2.0 Pre-Fieldwork 3.0 Fieldwork Requirements 4.0 Fieldwork Report 5.0 Site Archive 6.0 Compliance Monitoring Appendices Appendix 1. Format of Archaeological Report Appendix 2. Palaeo-Environmental and Archaeological Science Techniques Annex A Desk-Based Assessment Annex B Written Scheme of Investigation Annex C Trial Evaluation Excavation Annex D Archaeological Monitoring and Recording Exercise (Watching Brief) Annex E Comprehensive Archaeological Excavation (and ‘Stage 2’ where Stage 1 investigation/evaluation has already been undertaken) Annex F Excavation and Recording of Lithic Artefact Scatters ANNEX F [2015]: Historic Building Assessment Survey

This was omitted from the 2019 standards document, I have chosen to add it for my own guidance.

Annex G Metal detector survey Annex H Post-Excavation Assessment Annex I Digital Data and Report Submission to East Sussex HER

53 1.0 Professional Requirements 1.1 All archaeological fieldwork (and desk-based assessment) will be carried out by archaeologists acceptable to the relevant Local Plan- ning Authorities, with recognised experience and expertise in the specified type of assessment or survey to be carried out. Registration with, or Membership of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), will be expected of any professional Archaeological Organ- isation working in Sussex. Professional archaeological organisations are encouraged to register with CIfA or their project managers and senior site staff should be members of CIfA at a level appropriate to their level of responsibility. See subsection 12.1.

1.2 During the course of fieldwork the Archaeologist (also referred to as the ‘Archaeological Organisation’ carrying out the work shall be on-site or represented on-site at all reasonable times by a suitably qualified archaeologist who shall be responsible on their behalf forthe conduct of the on-site work. The names of the relevant member(s) of staff will be communicated to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser, in advance of commencement of on-site works. See subsection 12.1.

1.3 In initiating or tendering for archaeological work, the Archae- ological Organisation must seek to ensure that all parties (including those commissioning the work) understand their full responsibility not only for the acquisition of data in the field but also for the processing and analysis of data and finds, appropriate scientific analysis, synthesis, appropriate dissemination of the results, long-term security of the archive and conservation and storage of the finds, together with the appropriate financial provision for all aspects of the work. See section 6.

54 2.0 Pre-fieldwork requirements 2.1 Prior to commencement of on-site works the Developer or the Archaeological Organisation on their behalf shall inform the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser/s, of the proposed team as- signed by the Archaeological Contractor to undertake such works and provide (if required) CVs of staff and specialists to be involved with the project. Project managers should be Members of the Institute for Archaeologists (CIFA). Projects should be planned with regard to relevant national standards and guidance including English Her- itage MAP2/MoRPHE and CifA Codes, Standards and Guidelines: http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/CIfA See section 12.

2.2 Prior to commencement of archaeological works on the Site, the Archaeological Organisation shall have: 2.2.1 consulted the relevant Historic Environment Record held by East Sussex County Council... ; See subsection 11.5.

2.2.2 ascertained the anticipated solid and superficial geology of the site, from British Geological Survey/Geological Survey of Great Britain maps; See subsection 11.1, and subsubsection B.1.1.

2.2.3 examined, and interpreted from an archaeological point of view (as far as is possible), any readily available geotechnical site investigation records (e.g. borehole or test pit logs); See subsection 11.1, and subsubsection B.1.1.

2.2.4 examined and noted details of published secondary documentary sources relevant to the site, e.g. the relevant volume of the Victoria County History of Sussex (where published);

55 See subsubsection 7.2.1.

2.2.5 examined and noted details (e.g. Landscape/archaeological/historical features, quarries, field names and plot numbers located in and around the development site) of relevant historical maps in the East Sussex and West Sussex Record Offices which may be of archaeological or historical significance — maps to be examined must include the relevant parish Tithe and/or Enclosure Map and associated Apportionments, Ordnance Survey maps from 1st edition to present, 18th – and 19th century maps of Sussex/Southern Sus- sex and, where appropriate, estate/land development maps held in private archives; See subsubsection 7.3.8, and subsubsection 7.5.5.

2.2.6 sought and obtained a provisional Accession number for the Site Archive from the recommended recipient museum (except where the museum prefers to issue an accession number following completion of fieldwork), the box charge to be applied and any guidelines from the recipient museum regarding deposition of the Site Archive; See subsection 11.3.

2.2.7 obtained information derived from Statutory Undertakers on services (gas, electricity, water, sewerage, telecommunications) on the Site, ascertained the alignments of Rights of Way and any environmental constraints; such information to be taken into account in carrying out fieldwork, so as to avoid those services/assets; subsubsection 7.3.4.

2.2.8 written and submitted a Written Scheme of Investigation/- Method Statement to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser; See section 8.

56 2.2.9 obtained (or submitted) full copies of the Written Scheme of Investigation and issued copies to the field officer responsible for carrying out the work on site prior to the commencement of fieldwork — these and any other relevant documents such as Archaeological Desk-Based Assessments must be retained on site during the investigation, so that the field officer is aware of all potential requirements for the project; See subsection 15.1, subsection 11.1.

2.2.10 ascertained the Developer’s requirements in respect of communications with the media and public relations regarding the fieldwork; See subsection 11.1.

2.2.11 There is not currently a requirement to upload archives and reports to OASIS, but in light of the HIAS Project, this may be reviewed once HERALD is operational. See subsection 11.2.

2.2.12 contacted the Local Authority Archaeological Advisor to inform the anticipated start date. See section 15.

3.0 Fieldwork requirements Soil stripping, cleaning and identifying 3.1 All archaeological features, structures and deposits exposed during fieldwork must be cleaned, planned, and recorded. In general terms the amount of each archaeological feature to be excavated shall be proportional to its significance and sufficient to obtain a good indication of the date and function of that feature, subject to the requirements of adequate palaeo-environmental assessment and sampling — see below.

57 subsection 7.3.

3.2 Excavation of discrete features should generally be carried out using small hand tools; single horizontal layers and deposits, large discrete features and ditches may be excavated where appropriate by mattock/pick and shovel as well as hand tools. Deeper archaeological features and deposits should be characterised by excavation to full depth. Sampling of deeper features below achievable safety levels or development formation levels should be discussed with the archaeological advisor to the planning authority. See subsubsection 7.3.4.

Planning, mapping, surveying 3.3 Archaeological structures, features and deposits exposed or excavated will be planned by the Archaeologist in relation to the excavated area within which they lie, and the plan outlines of the excavated areas planned on to a copy of an Ordnance Survey base map of not smaller than 1:2500 scale. See subsubsection 7.3.4.

3.4 Archaeological structures, features or deposits must be surveyed by the Archaeologist in relation to Ordnance Survey levels, either by use of GPS survey or by use of an OS bench mark. See subsubsection 7.3.8.

Human remains 3.5 Any human remains revealed during the fieldwork should initially be left by the Archaeologist in situ, covered and protected, and reported by the Archaeologist with despatch to the Coroner, the Ministry of Justice and to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser/s. Where their removal has been agreed by the Ministry of Justice, a licence for their removal may be required and if so must

58 have been obtained by the Developer or Archaeological Organisa- tion, and the relevant Ministry of Justice and environmental health regulations should be complied with. I agree, but hope I don’t have to!

Treasure 3.6 Any finds believed by the Archaeologist to fall potentially within the statutory definition of Treasure, as defined by the Treas- ure Act 1996 and further defined by the Treasure (Designation) Or- der 2002, shall be reported with despatch to the Coroner or to the relevant local reporting museum, the Portable Antiquities Scheme Finds Liaison Officer (c.o. Sussex Archaeological Society), tothe landowner and to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser/s. A record shall be provided by the Archaeologist to the Coroner and to the Local Authority Archaeological Officer, of the date and circumstances of discovery, the identity of the finder, and the exact location of the find(s) (OS map reference to within 1 metre, and find spot(s) marked on map). See subsubsection 7.3.9.

Health and Safety 3.7 In respect of the carrying out of any archaeological fieldwork attention is drawn to the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) and those elements of the Construc- tion (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations 1996 which were incor- porated when the 1996 regulations were revoked. See subsubsection 7.3.10.

Use of Metal Detectors topsoil 3.8 In order to mitigate the loss of metal artefacts from top- or soil/plough soil which would be removed as part of a development top soil?? 59 project or field evaluation, a metal detecting survey of the sitemay be required before any such soil stripping. Consideration should be given to working with local metal detectorists for archaeologically plough managed metal detecting of top soil/plough soil where appropriate. soil?? A log should be kept of the metal detector use. Finds must be recorded accurately in three dimensions using appropriate surveying methods and subject to careful handling, bagging, conservation and reporting as set out in the relevant sections of these Standards. Fur- ther detail is provided in Annex G. See subsubsection 7.3.4.

3.9 In order to facilitate the recovery of small artefacts a metal detector should be used by the Archaeologist to survey excavated spoil, the surfaces of all exposed archaeological features, and any additional parts of the site directed by the Local Authority Archae- ological Officer. Ibid.

Treatment of finds 3.10 All artefacts (e.g. pottery, glass, metalwork, clay pipes, objects in worked flint and stone, wood, bone, horn and leather, brick and tile, slag) and ecofacts (organic finds such as bones, preserved ancient plant remains, seeds, pollen and charcoal, soil samples) recovered during the fieldwork will be made available by the landowner to the Archaeologist pending completion of the written report on the work. See subsection 13.3.

3.11 Artefacts and ecofacts recovered during fieldwork will be bagged or put in trays on site and then stored during the course of the fieldwork at the Archaeologist’s secure offices or usual place of secure storage of archaeological finds. The Archaeologist shall not

60 leave any artefacts or ecofacts unearthed from the fieldwork on site overnight or on days other than working days. See subsubsection 7.3.9.

3.12 Normally all artefacts recovered during fieldwork will be washed and identified and those to be retained will be marked by the Archaeologist with the Site Code and Context (where the size, condition and material type of the artefacts allows). All artefacts and ecofacts will be bagged and boxed by the Archaeologist, in accordance with current United Kingdom Institute for Conservation/RES- CUE publication First Aid for Finds (3rd. ed. 1998). Bags and boxes should be marked with the Museum Accession Number. All “small finds/registered finds” (unless too small or of a material not to be marked) will be marked with the Museum Accession Number (where small, the Accession Number is to be preferred to the Site Code) and will be boxed together, separate from bulk finds. See subsubsection 7.3.9.

3.13 All artefacts recovered during fieldwork, which require laboratory conservation will initially be stabilised by the Archaeologist prior to their deposition at the recipient museum, using passive conservation measures, in accordance with the guidelines set out in First Aid for Finds, referred to above. Not currently applicable, but will be done if required in future.

3.14 Artefacts which require prompt active conservation measures to prevent deterioration must be identified at the time of excavation and a written conservation method statement prepared at an early stage during post-excavation work. Where initial fieldwork, or initial desk-based assessment, results in preservation of archaeological remains by record, all artefacts of this sort, recovered during development-related fieldwork from the relevant site, should have

61 been cleaned and, subject to discussion with the receiving museum, stabilised or laboratory-conserved prior to their deposition in the museum. Full records of any treatment should accompany the artefacts. Not currently applicable, but will be done if required in future.

3.15 Before deposition of artefacts or ecofacts at the receiving museum the Archaeological Contractor must confirm in writing (to the museum) that the written permission of the landowner to donate the finds to the museum has been obtained; and, where relevant, that the laws relating to Treasure have been complied with. See subsection 13.3.

Palaeo-environmental sampling and other archaeological science techniques

3.16 On all sites involving archaeological excavation — evaluation, full excavation or recording under archaeological monitoring (watching brief) conditions — a structured programme of environmental sampling appropriate to the aims of the field work will be implemented. The strategy and methodology for the sampling, recording, processing, assessment, analysis and reporting of deposits with environmental archaeology potential will be in accordance with English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines “Envir- onmental Archaeology — A guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation” (Eng- lish Heritage, 2011). Any variation to this guidance will be agreed in advance with both the Local Authority Archaeologist and the English Heritage Science Advisor (South East) — Jane Corcoran: [email protected]. Particular note will be taken of the following requirements, which are applicable to most sites:

62 Unfortunately, as an amateur archaeologist, I consider environmental archaeology to be beyond the remit of either NMF13, or any future such fieldwork conducted as part of this project. However, I am very much aware of the ability of environmental archaeology to answer important questions about the diet of a site’s occupants, and their physical and biological environment. For example, with support, it may be possible to discover the former prevalence of heather on Newmarket Hill.

3.17 High priority deposits for palaeo-environmental sampling are: primary fills of pits, wells, ditches and cesspits, layers of middens, occupation surfaces and other discrete activity areas, contents of hearths, kilns and ovens, storage areas or containers. Discrete burnt or charcoal areas are of the greatest interest and should always be sampled, but sampling should not be limited to areas of visibly burnt remains, for even charred plant remains are not necessarily visible within deposits, and many other types of material, including small finds, can be retrieved from the bulk samples. Forsome contexts and features (e.g. ditches, middens, occupation layers) multiple samples might be needed, from different locations; and for floors sampling should target areas where preservation is likely to be best (e.g. corners). On dry sites, pit and ditch fills where concentrations of bones and pottery are visible will yield the richest bulk samples. See above.

Geoarchaeological sampling and recording 3.18 The geoarchaeological potential of a site should be investigated to inform an understanding of site formation processes. The strategy and methodology for the recording, sampling, processing, assessment, analysis and reporting of deposits will be in accordance with English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines “Geoar- chaeology: Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological

63 record” (English Heritage, 2007). As a minimum all bedrock, superficial deposits and soils, exposed during fieldwork, will be described and interpreted in relationship to any recorded archaeological features and deposits. See also Annex E for consideration of the geological context for lithic artefact scatters. An excellent looking document. An understanding of the geology and geomorphology of the project area is essential to an understanding of its history.

Access 3.19 Existing access to adjacent land shall be maintained, where possible, by the Archaeological Contractor at all times during the course of fieldwork. Access to the Site during the course of fieldwork shall be in accordance with those points specifically designated for that purpose. Arrangements for access to the site should be notified to the Archaeologist by the Developer prior to commencement of the investigation. The Archaeologist should not commence works on site until all pre-commencement works (e.g. ecological mitigation measures) and arrangements for access to the Site have been notified and agreed. To be done if required.

3.20 All existing public and private highways including accesses shall be kept free of mud from site vehicles used to transport the Archaeological Organisation’s staff to the Site to carry out the fieldwork. Public Rights of Way must not be obstructed by the Archae- ological Organisation’s site vehicles, spoil, equipment or other items associated with the fieldwork. To be done if required, but unlikely to be an issue.

3.21 The Archaeological Organisation should ascertain any requirements on the Developer’s part in respect of communications

64 with the media and public relations regarding the fieldwork and communicate those requirements to visiting Local Authority Archaeolo- gists in advance of their first visit. In cases where a Local Authority is commissioning directly or through an agent an Archaeological Or- ganisation to carry out fieldwork or Desk-Based Assessment, oris acting directly for the commissioning body, any approaches to the Archaeological Organisation from the media or the press shall be referred to the Local Authority’s Press Officer or public relations section. See subsection 11.1.

Summary report/update bulletins 3.22 Unless otherwise agreed in writing, a brief written summary of the findings of the fieldwork, with plans showing the locations and outlines of excavations and archaeological features and deposits/relevant standing structures/surface collections of finds, shall be completed within 10 working days of completion of fieldwork in each separate phase or sub phase of site work, and copies of these reports submitted, when requested, to the Local Authority Archaeological Officer, and where requested direct to the Local Planning Authority. This has not yet been achieved for NMF13, largely due to my lack of experience with post-excavation work. However, a highlight report was published for each day of the dig online, which more or less gave the required information but in an informal manner.

3.23 Where appropriate, subject to consultation with the Local Authority Archaeological Officer, the WSI may call for a weekly bul- letin of key results supported by an updated site plan. These are particularly valuable in circumstances where the scale or complexity of the site/development require fieldwork to be split into successive phases and/or where the Local Authority Archaeological Officer is

65 asked to ‘sign off’ a phase of recording against partial discharge of the planning condition relating to archaeology. This was informally done for NMF13. I agree to do this formally if required.

4.0 Fieldwork report 4.1 A full report on the fieldwork shall be completed by the Ar- chaeological Contractor within six weeks of completion of all fieldwork on the site, unless agreed in writing with the Local Planning Authority and Archaeological Officer. A digital copy of this report (PDFA) shall be submitted to the Local Planning Authority, the Local Planning Authority’s Archaeological Adviser, and the relevant Historic Environment Record. A hard copy of the final report must be included with the project archive. In West Sussex and Chichester a hard copy of the report must also be sent to the HER and the West Sussex Record Office. The NMF13 report is now five years late. As I have said before, I hope to have completed it by 2020.

4.2 The Developer and Archaeological Contractor should assume that reports lodged with the respective Historic Environment Re- cords will become available for public inspection; and that information from the report may be authorised to be used by the Local Authority, with due acknowledgement to the Developer and Archae- ological Contractor. I very much agree.

4.3 The principal functions of the report are to set down an accurate record of the sampled archaeological features to enable the nature and significance of the site to be understood and potentially re-assessed given that the recording process is destructive in itself (normally a one-off process and there is unlikely to be a second op-

66 portunity to re-visit and investigate archaeologically). Where applicable it will also enable the Local Authority Planning Committee to determine a planning application (and its impact upon heritage assets) from a position of knowledge. In this process the expertise of the Local Authority’s archaeological adviser will be called upon to consider the options available and recommend suitable mitigation measures, if appropriate. I wholeheartedly agree.

4.4 The report shall normally contain reproduced photographic illustrations (which are now likely to be digital in origin) showing, as a minimum, the overall extent of the area investigated and images of significant standing structures/contexts, with, in the case of trial trenches, an illustration(s) clearly showing the depth of the trench(es) and including ranging rod/scale, feature/context number and north arrow. Whilst a large number of photographs of all aspects of the site excavation were taken, due to a lack of experience, ranging rod/scale, north arrow, etc. were not included. These are to be used in future fieldwork.

5.0 Site Archive 5.1 The Site Archive, which comprises a hard copy of the final report as well as records of the archaeological investigation and any materials recovered, including written elements, plans and drawings, photographic prints, digital images and transparencies (where appropriate) and other primary data recovered during the investigation, in written, drawn or electronic media, must be quantified, ordered, in- dexed, digitised (where appropriate), and made internally consistent. Treatment of materials, records, site matrix and summaries must be completed in accordance with Appendix 3 (site archive specification) of Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage, 1991)

67 (MAP 2), Management of Research Projects in the Historic Envir- onment (MoRPHE: English Heritage 2006) and with reference to ‘Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, com- pilation, transfer and curation’ (AAF, author Duncan Brown, 2007). To be complied with, as appropriate.

5.2 Work on the Site Archive shall be completed within six calendar months of completion of the archaeological investigation. Exceptions: (i) where the application of specialist scientific and ana- lytical techniques render this time scale impractical, an extended time scale for completion of the site archive will be agreed in writing between the Archaeological Organisation and the Local Authority Archaeological Officer, prior to commencement of post-excavation works. (ii) where long periods separate each stage or phase of archaeological work (e.g. in some mineral workings), it may be appropriate for work on Site Archives to take place in phases, with separate Post-Excavation Assessments. Upon completion of the Site Archive the Archaeological Organisation shall notify the Local Authority Ar- chaeological Officer, in order that the latter may, if they wish inspect the Site Archive prior to its deposition in an appropriate museum.

68 The NMF13 dig was my first archaeological dig, and I feel I did the best that I could as site director during fieldwork. How- ever, I very soon discovered I needed to gain a lot more practical experience and theoretical knowledge in the analysis and writing up of the dig’s findings. I have now gained some excellent training, support, and experience, from the Sussex School of Ar- chaeology, Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society, Lisa Jayne Fisher (Managing Director of Archaeology Services Lewes), Hil- ary Orange (formerly) of Archaeology South East, and the So- ciety of Post-Medieval Archaeology, and most recently my work as a volunteer digger on the Bishopstone Tidemills site under the direction of Sussex Archaeological Society’s Research Of- ficer, Luke Barber. My most recent delay has been due toMark Barratt, Project Officer for OASIS, recommending that NMF13 be embedded in this larger project.

5.3 It is recommended either that Copyright of the written, drawn and photographic elements of the Site Archive (electronic or manual) shall be vested jointly in the Archaeological Organisation and in the recipient museum; or that before deposition of the Site Archive in the recipient museum, the recipient museum should be given permission in writing by the Copyright holder to make reproductions of specified categories of material from the Site Archive for educational or research purposes, with due acknowledgement to the Copyright holder. In either event, the disposition of Copyright must be made plain in the Written Scheme of Investigation for the project and in writing to the recipient museum before archive deposition. I very much wish to share all of my archive, where appropriate, and therefore wish to request a Creative Commons licence (or similar), though perhaps with a suitable attribution clause to be agreed with all relevant stakeholders.

69 5.4 Cost estimates for archiving (including long-term storage costs) should be ascertained by the Archaeological Contractor in preparing quotations for undertaking the investigation. Within six months of completion of fieldwork, the Archaeological Contractor shall inform the Local Authority Archaeological Officer of arrangements reached with the recipient archive store and the NMRC for the submission of a security copy of the archive. This has yet to be discussed.

5.5 Subject to the agreement of the landowner (and in line with National Planning Policy) with regard to deposition of artefacts and ecofacts recovered during fieldwork, the site archive should be deposited by the Archaeological Contractor with the recipient museum/archive depository within five years from the date of completion of the investigation. NB. The Archaeologist should ensure that sufficient funding for the long term storage ofthe archive can be paid to the museum/archive depository. My understanding is — for NMF13 — I have an agreement with the landowner, Brighton & Hove City Council, that: “the physical finds will be stored by Project Manager, David Cuth- bertson, and will be made available for study by interested parties by prior arrangement”.

5.6 Subject to the terms of the Treasure Act 1996, it is recommended that all artefacts and ecofacts unearthed from the investigation and all other elements of the Site Archive (as defined in MAP2) should be deposited by the Archaeologist in an appropriate public museum registered or provisionally registered by Resource (The Council for Museums, Archives & Libraries) and acceptable to the Local Planning Authority (to be discussed with their Adviser/s). To be discussed.

70 5.7 Prior to deposition of finds in the recipient museum the Ar- chaeologist should agree with that museum the sample or quantity of bulk finds (pottery, animal and (if appropriate) human bone, other ecofactual material, building material, burnt flint, worked flint and stone) to be deposited. Not applicable. See subsection 11.3.

5.8 All excavated artefacts and ecofacts and all other elements of the Site Archive should be delivered by the Archaeological Con- tractor to the recipient museum as one deposit. Where this arrangement is not practicable lists will be submitted by the Contractor to the recipient museum of objects not deposited, together with information as to the quantity involved and their current location, reasons why items have not been deposited and a timetable for their ultimate deposition. Not applicable. See subsection 11.3.

5.9 Artefacts and ecofacts deposited by the Archaeological Con- tractor in the recipient museum must be accompanied by the original drawn, written and photographic Site Archive or by a complete du- plicate record thereof. All my special finds are to be kept with a copy of the site archive.

5.10 In carrying out post-excavation work and analysis, the Ar- chaeological Contractor will liaise with the Local Authority Archae- ological Officer and the Sussex Archaeological Society Research Of- ficer — [email protected], with a view to ensuring a concordance between type descriptions of artefacts from this site and those employed on other recently excavated sites in the area and those commonly employed elsewhere in Sussex. The reason for such liaison is to ensure against a proliferation of different systems of artefact type descriptions and nomenclature in the area of the relevant

71 site. NB. The Archaeologist must ascertain whether there will be a charge for other archaeologists’ time in undertaking such liaison, and if so to take this charge into account in cost estimates for carrying out the investigation. To be done, but the possibility of charges needs consideration.

5.11 In cases where the results of field work are considered suitable for publication, consideration will be given first to publication in the Sussex Archaeological Collections. The Written Scheme of Investigation should state that this may be the case and allow- ance made for the costs of publication. Publication in specialist journals may also be required where the results of the work are considered by the Archaeological Contractor and Local Authority Archaeological Adviser/s to warrant it. To be done, but possible costs need to be investigated.

6.0 Compliance Monitoring 6.1 On behalf of the Local Planning Authority the Local Planning Authority’s Archaeological Adviser/s will normally be responsible for; * reporting to the Local Planning Authority the progress and standards of on-site fieldwork, When and how often to be formally agreed.

* for validating the reporting and findings of such fieldwork, and It has been agreed that no new archaeological works will be conducted until the publication of the NMF13 excavation report.

* for warranting the conformity of working practices with these Standards and with the Written Scheme of Investigation on behalf of the Local Planning Authority.

72 Agreed.

6.2 A minimum of 5 days’ notice before commencement of fieldwork should be given by the Archaeologist to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser/s. To be agreed for any future fieldwork.

Appendix 1. Format of the Archaeological Report 1 The report must include, except where otherwise stated in the Brief: • Planning history, in brief, including nature of proposed development, relevant Local Planning Authority, applicant, and planning application reference number (where applicable) • Function of the report • Location of site by OS map reference (5 figures easting, 5 figures northing) • A location plan of the site, with boundary clearly marked, on an OS base map of not less than 1:2500 scale (smaller scale for large sites only), showing Grid North, and tied in to the OS Grid (Grid lines to be numbered) • Plans showing the outlines of trenches/excavated areas in relation to the site boundary • Plans of trenches/excavated areas showing archaeological contexts recorded therein, at a scale suitable for distinguishing clearly the outlines of recorded contexts, and changes in slope indicated by hachures • Those parts of archaeological contexts which have been excavated • For deeper/stratified sites, drawn sections of each trench eleva- tion, with OD levels

73 • Levels above/below OD at top and bottom of trenches/excavated areas, at each end/corner of the trench/excavated area • Site geology • Archaeological and historical background • Reproduced extracts of relevant historical maps, with site boundary superimposed and clearly shown (where photocopies cannot be taken, good quality traced extracts should be made) • Dates of fieldwork - beginning and end • Fieldwork methodology, archaeological and palaeoenviron- mental sampling strategies • Site Code • Staff Structure - Project Manager, Site Supervisor(s) • Name of developer, person or body commissioning the archaeological contractor • An abstract of the background and findings of the report of about 100-200 words • Principal author and (at the head of each specialist report) names of contributors to the report • Stratigraphic report, by excavated area and context • Finds reports by recognised specialist • Identification of finds requiring active conservation • Present location of finds, intended repository of the finds, museum accession number, quantification of archive table • Palaeo-environmental report - results of palaeo-environmental processing and assessment by recognised specialist • A list of contexts excavated, arranged numerically, with brief description, nature of artefactual/ecofactual contents, and provisional/final dating

74 • A list of palaeo-environmental samples taken • Discussion and Conclusions • References • Historic Environment Record summary form

2 The copies of the report approved by the Local Planning Author- ity must be in PDF A format and on a CD accompanied by a selection of illustrative images which shall be submitted to the HER within six weeks of completion of trial investigation works on site. These images are intended both for record purposes and for dissemination of information to the Local Planning Authorities and to the public (e.g. through presentations and talks). See also hard copy requirements for West Sussex and Chichester in 4.1 above. 3 In the case of complex sites or significant archaeological/architec- tural features, illustrations in the report and images submitted to the HER will include scenes of excavation works in progress (including close-up pictures of archaeological feature(s) under excavation); more important archaeological features/site sections (in Site terms) both excavated (with scale) and, where appropriate, under excavation, and important archaeological finds, both under excavation (where appropriate) and cleaned (with scale). Appendix 2. Palaeo-environmental and Archaeological Science techniques: Palaeo-environmental sampling and techniques (detailed requirements)

1. Where moderate to abundant archaeological deposits and features are revealed, sampling for a number of categories of environmental remains, including plants, animal bones, fish bones, molluscs and invertebrates will be essential. The potential of the material has to be ascertained through the taking of bulk

75 (‘whole earth’) samples, each 40 to 60 litres, from a representative cross-section of features and layers of all periods; these should be well dated or datable and well-sealed (not mixed). The selection of these samples will therefore take into account the presence/absence of datable artefacts and the degree of re- siduality and intrusiveness (e.g. of finds, recent or modern material etc.) within the deposits. 2. All bulk environmental samples will be processed in their entirety during or immediately following excavation, with c 5 litres retained from samples that might repay other forms of processing at a later stage of the project (e.g. for insect analysis). Each sample will be floated, with the flot collected in a meshof 250 microns, and the residue (heavy fraction) in a 500-micron or 1mm mesh. After drying, the sub-sample flot and residue will be assessed by a specialist to ascertain the degree of preservation, amount, diversity of environmental remains and the potential to address research questions. This will be done using a binocular microscope (no less than x10 magnification) and good lighting. All samples should be removed from the excavation to a secure storage (this could be on site) within 48 hours. 3. In addition to standard bulk samples, certain types of deposit can repay other environmental sampling techniques:

• Where good conditions for the preservation of bone have been identified, all large bones will be collected by hand and sieving of bulk samples up to 100 litres will be undertaken from key contexts, as appropriate. • In suitable deposits (colluvium, alluvium, ditch fills etc.), mollusc samples of 2 litres each will be taken vertically from appropriate sections to investigate the changes of environment and in particular vegetation through time.

76 • Where waterlogged deposits occur, bulk samples of 10 to 20 litres will be taken vertically from appropriate sections (or 100% of the fill of the feature/deposit, if less than that capacity). Sub-samples of these waterlogged samples must be assessed by suitable specialists for the presence of plants, insects, and other biological indicators. • Where deposits are likely to have accumulated by natural processes (for example, some ditch and pond fills or alluvial sequences) or otherwise appear to be wet, waterlogged or peaty, monoliths will be taken from cleaned vertical surfaces for the retrieval of pollen, diatoms, ostracods, foraminifera and for tests such as magnetic susceptibility and loss on igni- tion. Wherever possible such samples should be taken by a geoarchaeologist or the environmental archaeologist, so that the sequence of deposits can be examined and interpreted on-site and the most appropriate location and number of samples identified. 4. All processed samples will be assessed and reported on as part of the fieldwork report. The assessment will estimate the presence of cereal grains, chaff and weed seeds as well as that of fishand small mammal bones and charcoal (including size ranges), with a quantification of each on a five-point scale and a note ofthe preservation on a similar point scale (very good to very poor). Results of this assessment will be included in the fieldwork report, together with a description of methodology. 5. The Archaeological Contractor will make appropriate provision for the application of scientific dating techniques such as radiocarbon, dendrochronology, archaeomagnetic dating, OSL and thermoluminescence dating, Provision for other scientific techniques involving specialist advice or/and site visit might also be necessary if remains of ancient metalworking and other industrial activities, waterlogged remains and burials are re-

77 vealed. The advice of the English Heritage Science Advisor will be sought in advance of the application of these techniques and a specialist visit to the site to examine the remains in situ and take samples will be arranged, where appropriate. 6. The Local Authority Archaeological Adviser, in consultation with English Heritage’s Science Advisers, wishes to encourage a more systematic approach to palaeo-environmental and other scientific sampling in undertaking archaeological fieldwork ofall kinds. The archaeological organisation undertaking the investigation will: Prior to undertaking fieldwork:

• Appoint a suitably qualified/experienced environmental archaeologist to advise on palaeo-environmental aspects of the project and to devise and supervise the implementation of the environmental sampling strategy; • Include within the Method Statement/WSI a description of the proposed method of palaeo-environmental sampling, processing and assessment, prepared in consultation with the palaeo-environmental specialist/environmental archaeologist • Address in the Method Statement/WSI the proposed sampling methods for the types of feature that might be anticipated on the specific site in question and the type of environmental remains that might be targeted. This should not be an exhaustive list but a realistic proposal having considered the background to the site (section 2 of the standards), research objectives and the approach to excavation (section 3), taking into account known/anticipated site, soil conditions and conditions of preservation; • State clearly in the Method Statement/WSI which samples will be taken on site by specialists rather than excavation

78 staff and under what circumstances specialists in archaeological science might be asked to visit the site to advise and take samples. Again this should not be a generic statement including every eventuality, but should be orientated towards features that might be anticipated on this specific site. (For example, consideration might be given to dating techniques, or/and soils and sediments, burials and grave goods, industrial sites/processes, living/working floors, waterlogged wood and artefacts); • State clearly in the Method Statement/WSI the processing and proposed post-fieldwork sample assessment strategy and methodology; • Ensure that site staff are aware of the standard bulk (whole earth) sample size of 40-60 litres or 100% of smaller features; • Ensure that processing staff are aware that all bulk samples should be processed in their entirety (unless a small amount, c 5 litres, is retained for later processing by different techniques, such as paraffin flotation for insects), Ensure suitable equipment is available for the flot to be collected on a sieve with mesh size of 250-300 microns, residues to be collected on sieve size of 500 microns — 1mm; • Arrange with the environmental archaeologist to visit the site during investigation, if archaeological features/deposits are found and arrange how often this will be needed in order to keep track of features exposed; • Notify the English Heritage Science Adviser for the SE region, (Jane Corcoran, of the date of commencement of investigation (E-mail: jane.corcoran@english-heritage. org.uk ) and offer her an opportunity to visit the site during fieldwork, preferably together with the environmental archaeologist;

During fieldwork:

79 • Manage/organise site visits from the environmental archaeologist and other specialists to advise and collect samples (where applicable); • Agree and implement on site the sampling strategies;

After fieldwork:

• Update the post-fieldwork strategy and assessment as necessary (this may involve additional resources — See Annex G); • Agree with the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser any necessary delay in completion of the reporting of the field work to enable results of environmental and other scientific assessments to be included; • Implement the retention and discard policy recommended by the Sussex Museums Group, with respect to the various categories of environmental remains recovered. [Recom- mended standards for recording, sampling and retention of specific artefact and ecofact types will follow in 2015].

7. Where applicable the guidance in the following English Heritage papers, relating to archaeological science (which can be down- loaded from the weblinks below) will be followed: ARTEFACTS, MATERIALS AND CONSERVATION

Waterlogged organic artefacts: guidelines on their recovery, analysis and conservation 2012 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/ images-books/publications/waterlogged-organic- artefacts/woa-guidelines.pdf/) Guidelines on the recording, sampling, conservation, and curation of waterlogged wood 2010 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/

80 images-books/publications/waterlogged-wood/ waterlogged-wood.pdf/) Archaeometallurgy : Guidelines for Best Practice 2015 (https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/ publications/archaeometallurgy-guidelines-best- practice/) Archaeological Evidence for Glassworking Guidelines for Best Practice 2011 (https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/ publications/glassworkingguidelines/) Science for Historic Industries: guidelines for the investigation of 17th – to 19th -century industries 2006 (https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/ publications/science-for-historic-industries/) Guidelines on the X-radiography of archaeological metalwork 2006 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/ images-books/publications/x-radiography-of- archaeological-metalwork/xradiography.pdf/) Investigative Conservation: (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/investigative-conservation/ investigative-conservation.pdf/) DATING TECHNIQUES Dendrochronology — guidelines on producing and interpreting dendrochronological dates 1998 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/dendrochronology-guidelines/ dendrochronology.pdf/)

81 Archaeomagnetic Dating: Guidelines on producing and interpreting archaeomagnetic dates 2006 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/archaeomagnetic-dating- guidelines/archaeomagnetic-dating-guidelines. pdf/) Luminescence Dating : Guidelines on using luminescence dating in archaeology 2008 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/ images-books/publications/luminescence-dating/ luminescencedating.pdf/) ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNIQUES Environmental Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation 2011 Guidelines for the curation of macroscopic plant and invertebrate remains 2008 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/curation-of-waterlogged- macroscopic-plant-and-invertebrate-remains/ waterloggedremains.pdf/) Human bones from Archaeological Sites: Guidelines for Producing Assessment Documents and Analyt- ical Reports 2004 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/ images-books/publications/human-bones-from- archaeological-sites/humanbones2004.pdf/) Guidance for Best Practice for Treatment of Human Remains Excavated from Christian Burial Grounds in England (second edition) 2017 (http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/APABE_ ToHREfCBG_FINAL_WEB.pdf)

82 Science and the Dead: a guideline for the destructive sampling of archaeological human remains for scientific analysis 2013 (http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/Science_ and_the_Dead.pdf) Geoarchaeology: using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record 2007 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/geoarchaeology-earth- sciences-to-understand-archaeological-record/ heag067-geoarchaeology.pdf/) Animal bones and archaeology: guidelines for best practice 2014 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/ images-books/publications/animal-bones-and- archaeology/animal-bones-and-archaeology.pdf/) OTHER Piling and Archaeology: An English Heritage Guid- ance Note (revised 2015) (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/piling-and-archaeology/ heag031-piling-and-archaeology.pdf/) Geophysical survey in archaeological field evaluation 2008 (http://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/geophysical-survey-in- archaeological-field-evaluation/geophysics- guidelines.pdf ) LiDAR: The light fantastic: Using airborne laser scanning in archaeological survey 2010 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/light-fantastic/light-

83 fantastic.pdf/) 3D Laser Scanning for Heritage: advice and guidance to users on laser scanning in archaeology and architecture 2011 (http://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/3d-laser-scanning-heritage2/ 3D_Laser_Scanning_final_low-res.pdf/) Moats, Ponds and Ornamental Lakes in the Historic Environment 2011 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/moats-ponds-ornamental- lakes-historic-environ/moats-ponds-ornamental- lakes-historic-environment.pdf/)

ANNEX A: Desk-based assessments (DBA)

1. Desk-based assessments (DBAs) will include the pre-fieldwork requirements set out in the Standards above, Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.12. 2. The DBA should be undertaken in accordance with Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) guidance and based on up- to-date HER data, sourced directly from the relevant HER. Her- itage Gateway cannot be used as the source for core data used in a DBA. 3. Geotechnical site investigation information should normally be included within the DBA report. This might be tabulated, but is better shown as a simple series of cross sections drawn across the site, showing the distribution and thickness of natural, potentially archaeological and modern made ground deposits. This is applicable to all sites but in particular can be useful in flood- plains and wetland areas where archaeology might lie within a deep alluvial sequence; in areas of deep urban stratigraphy; and

84 in areas of Palaeolithic potential, where archaeological remains are likely to lie within a sequence of natural Quaternary deposits. In these cases it can often be informative to include a more elaborate geo-archaeological deposit model as part of a desk based assessment, to identify areas of a site where archaeology might most likely be found (see Annex E). 4. The DBA will include reference to national planning guidance or legislation, Local Plan policies relevant to archaeological issues and to the development site, and the planning history of the development site to date. 5. The DBA will include a map regression exercise, reproducing copies of extracts of relevant historical maps at similar scales, showing clearly the site boundaries, and setting the maps out, clearly labelled, in chronological order from past to present. 6. Areas of archaeological potential on the site should be assessed including the type, likely depth, nature and depth of remains, variations in their estimated quantity and quality across the site. The topography of the site should be described and shown on plan. The academic and research potential of the remains should also be assessed in both the local and national context, and their local, regional or national importance. 7. The DBA will include an assessment of the degree of disturbance or destruction caused by erection of previous buildings, structures, or recorded ground excavations. Such disturbance may include basements, foundations, inspection pits, slab thickness, services, quarrying, etc.. 8. Estimated boundaries of areas of potential archaeological survival and areas considered to have been destroyed on the site should be indicated on an OS plan of an appropriate scale.

85 9. The impact of development proposals should be assessed, with reference to architects’, engineers’ and planning application/- project proposal drawings, as appropriate. Areas of proposed ground disturbance should be clearly indicated in plan and in section, where known. 10. Proposals and recommendations for further assessment or fieldwork, including where appropriate archaeological intervention, should be shown on a scaled plan in order to assess the survival, condition and nature of any monument or remains which are considered to survive on the site or in its immediate vicinity. 11. Where detailed information is available on the character and quality of archaeological remains on the site, the DBA should include suggestions as to how development proposals could be designed to minimise disturbance to surviving archaeological remains, e.g. through minimally-intrusive foundations designed to cause minimal damage to a surviving monument or archaeological remains, and not damage their integrity. 12. Areas where preservation in situ is to be achieved should be clearly marked. This should be accompanied by a method statement outlining details of safeguarding and preservation. 13. Draft versions of the DBA will be discussed with the Local Au- thority Archaeological Adviser/s and before the DBA is submitted with a planning application to ensure there is sufficient and correct information to inform a planning decision.

ANNEX B : Written Schemes of Investigation Require- ments A written scheme of investigation (WSI) is a commitment between the developer and the local planning authority (LPA) to carry out a programme of archaeological work required to fulfil either a planning

86 condition or assess a site/building prior to an application being made. They are also important documents informing the onsite archaeologist of the site’s archaeological interest, as well as the recording and sampling strategy agreed. Should an investigation identify archaeological interest meriting preservation or further investigation and recording, then a further WSI or addendum to the existing WSI will be required. A WSI is a method statement that is intended to ensure suitable industry standards. Approval of a WSI that does not meet these standards will not be recommended. As a minimum the WSI should include: FRONT COVER/FIRST PAGE To include:

• Correct site name, grid reference, site code, and (where relevant) planning reference number • Author and company name and address • Date and version number

INTRODUCTION To include:

• Site location, grid reference • Site description, geology topography • Planning background/project background, with planning consent reference (when relevant) and condition reference the archaeological work relates to. • Confirmation a brief or guidance was issued by the LPA archaeological advisor • Confirmation all work will adhere to national and local archaeological standards.

87 • Confirmation of project time table, project manager, site supervisor, post-excavation manager.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND To include:

• The results of an up to date Historic Environment Record search, or summary of the results of an up to date desk based assessment; relating specifically to the site, but when relevant providing a summary of the wider archaeological interest of the area. • Summary of any recent archaeological research or investigation within the site, or when relevant work within close proximity • When relevant, a range of historic maps and documentary sources

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To include:

• Commitment to sample and record any remains to the required archaeological standard and publication route • Site specific archaeological potential and research agenda • Potential for informing wider archaeological research frame- works e.g. South East Research Framework. • Opportunities consider for community engagement

METHODOLOGY To confirm the methodology for excavation, sampling and recording in line with industry standards and Section 3 of Sussex Archaeolo- gical Standards. However the methodology should be specific to the research aims and proposed impact of the development To include:

88 • For a watching brief or building recording — Description of all groundworks (including a location plan) and internal building works that will be monitored • For evaluation and open area excavation — Description and plan of location and extent, including confirmation of contingency to expand these areas following discussion with the LPA archaeological advisor • Confirmation of methodology for ground reduction to beused for excavation e.g. tracked mechanical excavator fitted with a toothless ditching bucket under the direct supervision of an archaeologist • Confirmation of health and safety strategy for excavating i.e.all depths, including shallower ones, are to be assessed for stability, trenches will be suitably fenced off when staff are not on site. • Confirmation of sampling strategy (including environmental) as per Sussex Archaeological Standards and national industry standards, including site specific requirements identified in aims and objectives. • A Selection Strategy (see CiFA : The Selection Toolkit for Ar- chaeological Archives) must be outlined in the WSI to include treatment of post-1900 artefacts. The Strategy must include confirmation of contingency to expand sampling of features following discussion with the LPA archaeological advisor • Confirmation of surveying methodology • Statements regarding human remains and treasure • If appropriate, provision for the preparation of frequent (period as agreed) bulletins of key results supported by up-to-date site plans and spot dating. • Confirmation of liaison with LPA archaeological advisor regarding all the above and timetable for monitoring inspections/site sign off

89 • outline the requirement for an addendum to an evaluation WSI detailing further archaeological excavation (e.g. Strip Map and Sample) should further phase of site investigation prove necessary (following evaluation)

RECORDING AND ANALYSIS To confirm the recording methodology in line with industry standards and Section 3, Annexes B, C, D, E, F and G of Sussex Archae- ological Standards To include:

• Confirmation of provision for scientific analysis and dating • Confirmation of provision for assessment of conservation needs and appropriate conservation of significant metal and other finds

POST-EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY AND REPORTING The completion of site work shall be confirmed in writing to the Local Planning Authority Archaeologist within 10 working days (or period as agreed) along with a brief written summary of the findings of the fieldwork, together with plans showing the siteloc- ation, any revealed archaeological features and/or relevant standing structures. To confirm analysis in line with industry standards and AnnexH of Sussex Archaeological Standards. To confirm report formatting in line with Management of Research Projects in the Historic Envir- onment (Historic England 2015) and Section 4 and Appendix 1 of Sussex Archaeological Standards To include:

• Confirmation of cleaning, labelling, sorting and analysis offinds in line with industry standards • Confirmation of provision for conservation of finds, including consultation with the recipient museum

90 • Confirmation of specialists to be used • Confirmation of reporting time frame and publication route, including agreement with LPA archaeological advisor on publication of significant finds

ARCHIVE

• Confirmation of collecting museum/archive that has agreed to store the archive, including accession number; or if museum not available confirmation that the archive will be signed over toand stored by the archaeological contractor until a suitable store is identified. Including where possible a time frame for deposition of the archive. • Confirmation of dissemination of report, including submission to HER as per Annex I of Sussex Archaeological Standards, including GIS shapefiles when required. If the archaeological contractor is required, contractually, to only submit reports directly to the developer or their agent, the archaeological contractor must inform the LPA Archaeological Officer in writing that they have completed the report and to whom it has been forwarded to. The archaeological contractor must ensure that the developer is made aware of the need to submit the report to the LPA to request discharge of the archaeological condition.

HEALTH AND SAFETY & INSURANCE We would expect all fieldwork to satisfy health and safety regulations and appropriate insurance. REFERENCE SECTION Detailing all relevant source material and industry guidelines ILLUSTRATIONS To include:

91 • Legible site location map • Legible scale plan of proposed development • Legible scale plan showing services/utilities (when relevant), or other constraint e.g. TPOs

Legible scale plan showing areas of proposed archaeological investigation i.e. watching brief area, trench location, or internal targets for historic building recording ANNEX C: Trial archaeological evaluation excavation (principally undertaken prior to the determination of a planning application — these criteria and standard requirements may also apply to Stage 1 recording post determination of a planning application)

1. Initial excavation will, unless otherwise specified, be carried out by mechanical excavator. For this purpose a mechanical excavator equipped with a wide (e.g. 1.8m metre) toothless ditching bucket will be used. Trenches should be excavated to a full width of 1.8m unless otherwise agreed with the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser. 2. Mechanical excavation will be carried down in all trenches to the surface of geological solid or superficial deposits, or to the top of surviving archaeological deposits (whichever shall be uppermost). Any cut features (e.g. ditches or pits) or structures encountered should be recorded in plan and manually excavated before proceeding with further excavation. If some trenches need to be excavated throughout to a depth at which the sides of the trench are considered unstable, to reach the natural subsoil/archaeological deposits, the sides of trenches must first be either shored, battered or “stepped back” to allow safe working. 3. All relevant trench sections drawn must be drawn where archaeological deposits and features have been identified and recorded,

92 with levels related to the Ordnance Datum. For trenches with only a topsoil/subsoil profile and no archaeological features a representative section should be recorded with a record of the height of each key horizon at either end of the trench as well as the ground surface and maximum depths of the trench and these converted to OD heights. 4. In trenches where worked flint artefacts are recorded, hand cleaning and excavation will be undertaken to be determine the context for the flints and the presence of any associated material (for details see Annex E: Standards for excavation and recording of lithics scatters). 5. Trenches should not be backfilled until the Local Authority Ar- chaeological Adviser has given their direct written or verbal approval. Exceptions for reasons of health and safety or similar requirements should be communicated immediately to him/her. 6. A proportion of archaeological features, structures and deposits exposed within the trial trenches shall be partially excavated by the Archaeological Contractor by hand. Partial excavation will be defined as follows:

• Sampling of linear features to be at 10-metre intervals or totalling 10% of the length of the linear cut feature (whichever is the greater • All discrete features will be half sectioned until sufficiently characterised. • Once this has been achieved a lower sample of cut features may be considered appropriate subject to agreement with the Archaeological Adviser. Undated features should be rapidly fully excavated for finds retrieval • Where three or fewer pits or probable pits, whether or not evidently datable or ancient (excepting evidently modern features), occur in any trench, all those features will be

93 sampled • Priority is to be given to features with more charcoal-rich fills or anticipated dating evidence • Should five or fewer archaeological features of any kind, discrete or linear, be revealed within any one trench, all those features will be sampled • Where two or fewer buried pottery vessels are present, buried upright or inverted, both should be lifted and removed from site; • If such vessels are believed to be human cremation burials (e.g. because of visible remains of burnt/cremated bone in their contents), a Licence from the Ministry of Justice, permitting their removal, must first be obtained • Other probable cremation vessels or unburnt human remains should be left in situ after recording their visible portions

7. Contingency sampling:

• The proportion of features to be sampled within any trench, and the necessity of extensions to or additional trenching, may be increased at the reasonable request of the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser. In the case of features within a trench this could be up to a maximum of 100% (i.e. sampling all the features in a trench, rather than sampling only half of them), in exceptional cases, e.g. should they feel that insufficient of a complex of features has been examined to allow viable provisional interpretation or dating of the whole • However if the trench contains a large number of features, it will not usually be considered appropriate to sample all such features

94 • The percentage of any one feature to be sampled may need to be so increased, for similar purposes, particularly for linear features, or to enable dating evidence to be obtained for a critical discrete feature such as a post hole forming part of a wider complex of structures.

8. On sites with complex stratigraphy, one or more sondages or keyhole excavations shall be cut into the deeper stratigraphy. They shall be excavated by hand, and down to the natural subsoil, unless otherwise stated; and be of sufficient size to determine the depth of archaeological stratigraphy. It may be possible in some cases to reach these deeper deposits through excavation of later intrusions. 9. Particular care should be taken by the Archaeological Con- tractor not to damage any areas containing significant remains of potential national importance which might merit preservation in situ. Such remains are normally considered to include deep or complex ancient stratified archaeological layers and features; or rare, unusual or exceptionally well-preserved ancient archaeological structures, deposits, or collections of artefacts. Such areas should be protected and not left open to the weather, or other forms of deterioration. While archaeological investigation should not in general terms be carried out at the expense of the preservation in situ of archaeological structures, deposits, or features, it will be important to ensure that a sufficient sample of these is investigated to assess their character and quality. The presence, character and quality of environmental remains on a site will need evaluation. This will help the design of an environmental sampling methodology for any further stage of excavation, as well as provide information that will help interpret the site should no further fieldwork take place. A selection of features investigated during the evaluation should be sampled, processed and assessed as set out in the relevant sections of

95 Appendix 2. 10. The Archaeological Contractor should notify archaeological features or deposits worthy of preservation in situ to the Local Planning Authority, via the Local Authority Archaeological Ad- viser, at the earliest opportunity. 11. In excavating a sample of archaeological features in any one trench the Archaeological Contractor shall take heed of and comply with the Local Planning Authority’s reasonable request within the scope and time scale of the investigation to carry out small-scale additional investigation. 12. Where there is a high density of archaeological features exposed in any individual trench, the Local Planning Authority’s Ar- chaeological Adviser/s may at their discretion advise the Ar- chaeological Contractor that the full requisite sample of features to be excavated may be reduced. This may apply with the proviso that the purpose of the evaluation can be achieved in full, that is to inform the determination stage of the planning application process and enable a decision to be made on an appropriate level of preservation or mitigation of impact. 13. Unless otherwise advised by the developer, excavated trenches shall be backfilled by the Archaeological Contractor following completion of excavation with spoil derived from those trenches. Spoil shall be deposited and compacted as best as may be managed by machine and the surface of the fill left flush with the surrounding ground surface. No open cavities should be left from incomplete backfilling, especially around the edges of the trench. The quality of backfilling of the trenches must be inspected and approved by the Site Supervisor to the standard above mentioned prior to the Archaeological Contractor vacating the site. 14. Trenches containing archaeological features or deposits should not be backfilled by the Archaeological Contractor until the re-

96 quirements set out above have been complied with.

ANNEX D: archaeological monitoring and recording exercise (watching brief)

1. Works of ground excavation carried out by the developer on site in connection with proposed development (e.g. for new buildings/structures/services/landscaping) shall be carried out only in the presence of an Archaeological Contractor (the Monitoring Archaeologist(s)). 2. In case important archaeological remains come to light during the course of groundworks which require more than a brief record (i.e. more than four hours’ continuous recording for one person in that area), provision for additional investigation and recording should be made by the developer: • Additional staff and time up to a maximum figure (persons per day) to be advised by the Local Authority’s Archaeolo- gical Adviser • Up to a specified number of days’ recording on part or parts of the site, free of disturbance from building works (as far as is reasonably practicable) • The Local Authority’s Archaeological Adviser can determine on site whether such a contingency is applicable, should significant archaeological remains be uncovered. 3. Areas required for additional investigation and recording, if appropriate, shall be agreed on site by the developer, the Local Authority’s Archaeological Adviser and the Monitoring Archae- ologist. Such areas should not preclude the developer’s essential access requirements, and shall fit in as far as is reasonably practicable with the applicant’s work programme.

97 4. The strategy for excavation sampling and palaeo-environmental sampling during watching briefs will normally be the same as for comprehensive archaeological excavation. 5. The developer or developer’s building contractor shall: (a) Allow the Monitoring Archaeologist(s) at all reasonable times sufficient time, facilities and access to identify, clean, record and investigate archaeological features, deposits and structures on relevant parts of the Site, subject to Health and Safety considerations and to the requirements of the WSI. (b) Not carry out mechanical excavation of building trenches, mains services or other ground reduction involving the stripping of topsoil or bedrock in connection with the planning permission unless the Monitoring Archaeologist is present, except where such ground excavation will involve excavation only of exposed clean natural bedrock. (c) Provide for mechanical excavation being archaeologically monitored to be undertaken only by a flat-bladed bucket to ensure a clean finish for inspection. The use of bulldozers, box scrapers or tooth buckets is not acceptable during archaeological monitoring work. 6. In observing ground excavations on the site the Monitoring Ar- chaeologist shall: (a) Inform the developer’s building contractor as soon as reasonably possible where he/she believes that archaeological features, deposits or structures have been exposed during the course of ground excavations on the Site, that will require identification, cleaning, investigation and recording. (b) Consistent with the requirements of these Standard and with the WSI for Archaeological Investigation, carry out necessary identification, cleaning, recording and investigation

98 with due consideration to the developer’s work programme and with regard to their desire to proceed with ground excavations and other building works without undue delay.

7. The Monitoring Archaeologist shall inform the Local Author- ity’s Archaeological Adviser/s by email of completion of monitoring and recording work on the site within three calendar days of such completion. 8. Reporting of watching briefs will follow the details set out above in Section 4 and Appendix 1 unless otherwise agreed in writing with the relevant Local Planning Authority and/or the Local Authority’s Archaeological Adviser/s.

ANNEX E: Comprehensive archaeological excavation (and ‘Stage 2’ where Stage 1 investigation/evaluation has already been undertaken)

1. The standards set out in Annex A above will all be complied with, as a minimum. 2. In addition:

• All archaeological features on the site will be comprehens- ively excavated by hand. • “Comprehensive” excavation will normally involve (as a minimum): • excavation by hand of sections across all junctions or inter- sections of cut features; • excavation by hand of 1 metre to 2 metre-wide sections through linear cut datable and ancient features, and linear features manifestly rich in ancient palaeo-environmental remains, at 10-metre intervals or up to a total of 25% of the length of the linear cut feature (whichever is the greater) with sampling of termini of linear features;

99 • complete excavation (100%) of all discrete datable and significant cut features of less than two sq. metres plan area, and discrete features manifestly rich in artefacts and/or ancient palaeo-environmental remains. Excavation may involve more rapid collection of all artefacts and samples from the second half of discrete features by context or spit where appropriate and following standard recoding of the section and first 50% of the feature; • complete (100%) excavation of all post holes, hearths, beam slots, ring gullies, pits internal to structures, where part of a structure; • complete (100%) excavation of the ditches of small mortu- ary enclosures of less than 25 sq. m enclosed area, with a sliding scale of reduced sampling of larger enclosures; • 100% excavation of graves and pits containing urned or un- urned burial remains (cremation urns to be lifted wherever practicable for micro-excavation in laboratory environment), and pits or immediate environments of structured/- placed deposits; • Discrete cut features containing “special” deposits or finds of locally/nationally unusual character or date will normally be completely excavated • On sites with complex stratigraphy, all horizontal deposits will be recorded and removed by hand, using heavy or small tools as appropriate, down to the natural subsoil, unless otherwise stated. • Any variations to these sampling levels will be agreed in writing the Local Authority’s Archaeological Adviser/s

3. Where comprehensive archaeological excavation is undertaken, a post-fieldwork assessment will normally be required (see Annexe G).

100 4. The strategy for palaeo-environmental sampling on comprehensive archaeological excavations will usually depend on the results of trial investigation and the minimum requirements will be in accordance with Appendix 2. The level of analysis of the samples will be identified in the post-fieldwork assessment.

ANNEX F: Excavation and Recording of Lithic Artefact Scatters Overview 1 Lithic artefacts form an important component of prehistoric archaeology, they are highly durable and informative behavioural elements of the archaeological record and can be found in a wide range of geological/sedimentary and surface contexts from the Pleistocene and Early Holocene time periods. Therefore they provide a wide- spread record of human behaviour through much of human prehis- tory, often providing the only behavioural record of past human cul- tures and extinct human species. While accepted national guidance exists for the management and investigation of surface lithic scatters such as might be encountered in plough soil (English Heritage 2000), and standard assessment methodologies for deep Palaeolithic potential within fluvial gravels have generally been adopted regionally, there is currently no nationally accepted guidance for the assessment, investigation and recording of lithic artefacts across all sedimentary contexts. 2 While in south east England the majority of lithic artefacts are manufactured on flint, other raw materials are found (e.g. chert, quartzite). Lithic artefacts consist predominately of flakes, blades and bladelets produced during the production of tools (waste flakes or debitage), the blanks from which they were removed (cores, tool roughouts) the formal tools and utilised pieces as well as other items such as hammer-stones and anvils/querns.

101 3 Assessing the importance of even a single artefact requires careful consideration of age, context and condition; technological or ty- pological features alone are not adequate factors when considered in isolation. Interpreting the significance of lithic artefact scatters, from diffuse spreads of material to large or dense accumulations, requires very close attention to palaeolandscape situation, sedimentary context and the application of detailed post-excavation analysis. Consequently the prime consideration in the field should be on how best to record the position and context of lithic artefacts encountered at an appropriate level for their possible significance. While overall interpretation of lithic material can only be made after excavation, careful assessment and evaluation can go a long way in determining the likely parameters of the material in terms of age, degree of preservation and importance at local, regional and national scales. 4 Therefore, where a site with abundant or potentially important lithic artefacts is anticipated or encountered, it is important that both a lithic technology specialist and a geoarchaeologist should be included as part of the project team to develop and implement an evaluation or mitigation strategy. They should be either based on- site permanently or on a regular daily basis to develop and oversee an appropriate recording strategy. Additional advice from an environmental archaeologist may also be necessary. Site Assessment/Evaluation 5 The possibility of sedimentary or surface contexts containing prehistoric lithic artefacts should be considered at the outset, both in relation to the development of an Environmental Impact Assessment and in the formulation of an initial field evaluation strategy. 6 The site should be considered first in geoarchaeological terms as comprising a series of sedimentary contexts within a palaeolandscape that forms the basic unit of analysis for the Palaeolithic and early Holocene periods. Each sedimentary context should be considered in terms of their likely age and significance, their potential to preserve

102 lithic artefacts and the nature of the proposed development impact upon them. Consideration should be given to the likelihood of lithic material being found in primary context (i.e. with a sedimentary context of the same age as their manufacture, use and discard), in secondary context (reworked or derived by sedimentary processes subsequent to their manufacture, use and discard) and the degree to which the agents of sedimentary deposition may have altered, sorted or disturbed the original arrangement of lithic artefacts (resolution).

7 Seven types of geomorphological context are considered as useful to consider here: Surface, Feature, Slope, Valley bottom, Coastal platform, Plateau surface and Karstic. The presence, occurrence and inter-relationship of each needs to be determined across the site, in addition to the likely age range and the resolution of the archaeology preserved within them. Archaeological resolution is used here as a term to describe the degree to which the site may preserve a detailed record of past human behaviour and consequently requiring an appropriately detailed recording methodology. Each sedimentary type is listed in the table below:

Geomorpholog- Sediment Sediment type Age of Deposits as Archaeological ical Context type Commonly Encountered Resolution in SE England Surface Ploughsoil, Topsoil, Holocene Medium – Low Made Ground Feature Ditch, Pit, Post Holocene – Late Pleistocene High – Low Hole etc. Slope Head/ Colluvium, Holocene – Middle High – Low Colluvium Gellifluction Pleistocene Deposits, Brickearth. Valley bottom Fluvial and Coarse (sands and Holocene – Early High – Low lacustrine gravels), Fine (silts Pleistocene and clays). Coastal Shallow Coarse (sands and Holocene – Middle High – Low platform marine gravels ), Fine Pleistocene (silts and clays). Plateau surface Aeolian Coversands, Loess Holocene – Middle High – Medium and slopes Pleistocene

103 8. Evaluation of a site should aim to sample all sedimentary contexts which have been determined to be present within the development area. They should be sampled to at least the depth of development impact. Impact should be considered in terms of not only physical destruction of sediments and material/features within them but also in terms of the effects of geochemical modification and dewatering. In order to understand geoarchaeological contexts correctly it may be necessary to investigate to the base of the Quaternary sequence or beyond the limits of the development area. 9 Standard evaluation trenches will rarely be adequate in isolation to achieve a full assessment of potential unless it can be conclus- ively proven that surface deposits overlie only pre-Quaternary geology across the whole site. More commonly geoarchaeological trial pits and/or long sections, stepped trenches (Sondage Profond) will be needed to determine if deeper sedimentary contexts underlie the site with potential to preserve lithic artefacts and associated archaeological material/features. The scale and scope of these geoarchaeological interventions will be determined through discussions between the curatorial archaeologist, geoarchaeologist and lithic specialist. These interventions should be placed at intervals adequate to investigate the full range and relationship of sedimentary contexts under- lying the site and they should purposively sample for the presence of lithic artefacts e.g, through sieving for artefacts (including microdeb- itage) or through hand excavation of sediments considered to have potential for high resolution archaeological signatures. 10 The evaluation report will describe any lithic artefacts recovered specifically in terms of sedimentary context, sedimentary history, age, and resolution in addition to statements about raw material, technology and typology. The evaluation report should contain a self-critical assessment of the limitations of the study and the impact these limitations may have had on the interpretation of the archaeological material and sedimentary context.

104 Dealing with High Resolution Signatures: Suspected primary context in situ Lithic Scatters 11 Whether lithic artefacts are preserved in primary context on in- deed in situ can often only be determined after post-excavation analysis. Consequently where lithic artefacts with the potential for a high-resolution archaeological signature are encountered, a record should be made which allows for this analysis and preserves the maximum information regarding their position and context. 12 Potential high-resolution signatures need to be defined spatially in three dimensions to determine the limits of the scatter within the area of investigation. Sites should be gridded to at least 1m resolution. 13 All lithic artefacts over an agreed size should be recorded three dimensionally by survey using a total station or GPS. This agreed size might be as small as 5mm Maximum Linear Dimension (MLD) for a site where microlith manufacture is prevalent, or as high as 30mm for a Neolithic axe production site. Generally 10mm or 20mm are appropriate for X,Y,Z recording. All lithic artefacts recorded in this manner will be individually bagged and recorded as small finds. Tools/tool fragments less than the agreed MLD can alsobe recorded in this manner as considered appropriate, for example where microlith fragments or micro-burins are identified. 14 Where lithic artefacts have a definite long axis (defined by maximum length of the artefact being at least twice that of the maximum width), the orientation of the artefacts long axis to north should be recorded. The proximal end of the artefacts should be taken to indicate the direction of orientation. An artefact with a proximal end pointing to the north east would have an orientation of 45 degrees. An artefact with a proximal end pointing to the south west would have an orientation of 225 degrees. Where a lithic artefact is not resting flat on or within a sediment body, the degree to which itdips should be measured with an inclinometer. An artefact encountered

105 on its edge within a sediment body would have a dip of 90 degrees. Unless encountered directly on end or on edge the surface of the artefacts which faced uppermost at discovery (ventral or dorsal) should be recorded. 15 Non-tool fragments of less than the agreed MLD (which can be referred to as small debitage) should be bagged according to an appropriate spatial recording system consistent with context. With potentially high resolution sites this should be no coarser than to within a spatially defined spit within a site grid square. Dealing with Medium-Low Resolution Signatures: Lithic artefacts suspected as being disturbed or within a secondary context 16 If after initial assessment by a geoarchaeologist and lithic specialist it is considered highly likely that the lithic artefacts encountered are preserved within a secondary context or otherwise disturbed, the necessity to undertake three dimensional recording can reasonably be dispensed with in most cases. 17 Scatters, where disturbed or distributed within a sediment body are unlikely to yield high resolution archaeological signatures, should still be recorded to the nearest metre square or discrete context (e.g. feature fill). Consequently any area excavation where lithics are found within the sediment body under excavation should be gridded, generally to at least 1m square resolution. A decision can then be made whether to investigate the sediment body in it’s entirely or to excavate a sample of 1m squares (e.g. as an alternate, chequer board arrangement). 18 Excavation of sediment bodies containing lithic artefacts in suspected secondary context should be excavated in spits of appropriate but consistent depths dependent on the intensity of lithic material. Spits will generally be in the order of 0.05-0.1m but may reduce in thickness under exceptional circumstances. It is important to survey

106 in the height of each new spit within each metre square as a check on possible errors or inconsistencies. 19 A decision should be made on the size cut off for collection. For example a policy of total collection of all identifiable lithic artefacts could be made, but it might be considered practical to collect only those over 10mm and to take samples of sediment for bulk sieving to achieve a representation sample of smaller debitage. 20 Every attempt should be made to keep excavation and collection/sampling methodologies consistent across the site and during the excavation process. If methodology is changed during the course of an excavation the implications for consistent assessment of the site should be carefully considered and an explicit record of the reason and the nature of the change in methodology made. 21 Flints can work their way down a soil profile to a considerable degree and can in areas of peat formation be dragged upwards into the peat. Such flints still belong to a scatter even if they now occur in three or more geoarchaeological contexts. Sediment Sampling 22 The level of sampling will be dependent on the nature of the sediment body and the character of the lithic artefact scatters encountered. This will vary between no or very perfunctory sampling where lithic artefacts are encountered in a surface deposit through to 100% sampling by grid square/spit for the densest self-contained scatters or within features. Bulk samples may be taken primarily for artefact recovery and these will not be put through flotation. But secondary samples from each context should also be retained for full flotation. The level of such sampling will be determined in thefield dependent on the quality of preserved environmental remains. Dating Considerations 23 Dating of lithic artefact scatters can be problematic but every effort should be made to obtain datable material from each sedi-

107 mentary context preserving lithic artefacts or to date the sediment body itself. 24 Specialist advice will be sought for applicable dating methods. Arrangements will be made for dating specialists to visit the site to and assess the potential for dating techniques through consultation with the geoarchaeologist and other relevant specialists. 25 Dates should be obtained for sediment bodies preserving lithic artefacts. Silts and sand deposits associated with a flint scatter may be suitable for OSL. Sampling of organic sediments or soil horizons (e.g. peat) associated with lithic artefact scatters may also yield radiocarbon dates. For Early or Middle Pleistocene contexts palaeo- magnetic dating techniques might be considered. 26 Dates may be directly obtained for burnt lithic artefacts through Thermoluminescence or associated organic ecofacts or artefacts might be directly dated by radiocarbon techniques. Features Associated with Lithic Artefact Scatters 27 If cut (e.g. pits) or positive (e.g. hearths) features are shown to be present on or during the removal of lithic-bearing deposits, then these will require investigation. Initially, the area will then be extended by removal of the lithic -bearing deposit(s) from adjacent squares so as to expose and define the features. It will be the intention to reveal any features or feature-complexes in their entirety, if possible. For example, a structure, such as a building with a hearth, would be exposed and excavated as a discrete entity. Pre-excavation photographs will be taken using both digital and analogue cameras, and any feature complexes will be photographed from overhead. 28 The features will be 100% excavated by context in spits of between 0.02-0.05m. At least one section will be drawn and photographed to record the stratigraphic sequence of deposits within the feature. Normally, the feature will be excavated in two halves or by quadrants, with half the deposit being removed, the section(s) recorded, and the

108 remainder of the depos it excavated. However, if complex elements such as in situ hearths are found within features, consideration will be given to excavating these in plan. 29 Any finds within the features will be given a unique identifying number and recorded in three dimensions. The spoil generated by excavation will be collected by context and intervention, although in certain circumstances it may also be appropriate to differentiate the arisings from individual spits. These samples will be wet sieved through a fine mesh for retrieval of finds and environmental remains.

Annex G: Metal detector survey 1. The specific aims and objectives of a metal detecting survey are:

(a) To recover and record all metal items of archaeological and historical importance that would otherwise be destroyed by the development. (b) To inform the placing of evaluation trenches by identifying possible settlement and activity sites within the development area. 2. Method Statement

2.1. The archaeological work will be carried out in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Code of Conduct (December 2014) and Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Excavation (2014); the Sussex Archaeolo- gical Standards (2017); and the Treasure Act (1996). 2.2. The survey will be carried out by an ESCC and Portable Antiquity Scheme registered local metal detecting group under the supervision of the archaeological contractor. Each volunteer will be required to complete the following dis- claimer “I also confirm that I have no personal interest in

109 any finds that I recover during my work at the siteand acknowledge that all such finds belong to the landowner.” 2.3. The survey will be carried out in a methodical manner to ensure that the entire area of the development has been covered. The make and model of each detector used will be recorded for the site archive records. After the recovery of an artefact any hole made shall be filled in and any turf reinstated. The size of any holes excavated will be kept to a minimum to enable the safe recovery of the artefact. 2.4. If it is clear that an archaeological deposit is being disturbed, or if the artefact is associated with other artefacts, excavation will cease and advice will be taken before at- tempting any further recovery. This may involve the excavation of a larger test pit to confirm the context of the artefact prior to its recovery. 2.5. Each artefact will be allocated an individual unique reference number. It will be entered onto the Metal Detecting Record Form (Appendix 1), along with its NGR and a record of the depth at which it was found. The record form will also record the finder, the field in which it was found and a brief description of the artefact. Each artefact will be individually bagged, with the reference number, site code and NGR written on the bag. Any non-metallic artefacts found during the survey will be recorded in the same manner. 2.6. Each artefact will be located using GPS to provide an accurate NGR location. This information will be fed into an excel spreadsheet which will form the basis for a database of the artefacts recovered during the survey, and will form part of the archive. 2.7. The Client shall give the archaeological contractor safe access to the site to undertake the survey, and will provide

110 information regarding access and any existing services.

3. Post-survey Analysis and Report

3.1. All artefacts will be appropriately cleaned and packaged in accordance with current guidance. They are to be suitably bagged, boxed and marked in accordance with the United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 2 and on completion of the archaeological post-excavation programme the Client will arrange for them to be deposited in the agreed museum store. 3.2. Each artefact will be identified by an appropriate specialist and the identification added to the spreadsheet. Iron artefacts may be submitted for X-ray to aid identification, and provision should be made for XRF analysis of any important metal artefacts to aid their identification and analysis. An interim report summarising the results of the metal detecting survey will be published within 90 days of the completion of the survey. The report will include distribution plots of the artefacts. 3.3. Any artefacts of local or national significance will be reported to the County Archaeologist at the earliest opportunity. All finds that fall under the definition of the Treasure Act will be reported to the Coroner’s Office and to the Sussex Finds Liaison Officer. 3.4. The site archive will be created in accordance with the requirements of the Recommended Standards, and will be deposited at the agreed museum store or such other repository as agreed with the County Archaeologist within five years from the date of completion of the investigation.

111 Appendix 1: Metal Detecting Record Form Ref No. NGR Field Depth (mm) Finder Artefact

ANNEX F [2015]: Historic Building Assessment Survey

1. Introduction

1.1. This Annex sets out the standards for standing historic building interpretative archaeological assessment survey, impact assessment and recording. 1.2. The archaeological work will lead to the production of a report to allow informed planning decisions to be made and is intended primarily for works to vernacular domestic and farm buildings, which make up the majority of listed and unlisted buildings of archaeological interest in Sussex. A different set of requirements may be needed for particularly significant buildings or complexes of buildings andif so these should be discussed with the appropriate Conserva- tion Officer and/or Local Authority Archaeological Adviser. 1.3. The entire building of interest must be assessed even where only a part of that building may be the subject of a planning application. The reason for this is the necessity to understand the historic and archaeological significance of the entire building in order to make an informed decision about a particular part which may be directly impacted by change. The assessment survey process, however, is rapid

112 and aimed at collecting interpreted, measured information about the structure in order that informed decisions can be made about the acceptability of the proposed changes and the need to mitigate any impacts either by design or by more detailed recording. 1.4. This assessment survey and subsequent report are not to be seen in the first instance as mitigation for future development works. 1.5. Copies of the report should be sent to the relevant Conser- vation Officer and Local Authority Archaeological Adviser.

2. Background

2.1. Planning background — the report should set out a summary of the planning history and quote the planning reference number where applicable. 2.2. Archaeological and historical background — the report should set out any archaeological and historical information that is available from the listing documentation, the HER and any local survey work.

3. Methodology

3.1. The subject of the interpretative archaeological survey is the building itself and these Standards focus on the work necessary to produce a clear and concise report on the archaeological and historic significance of the structure. 3.2. Plans and sections can be based on existing architect’s plans as a base but all relevant measurements must be re-made as part of the survey. The aim of this type of survey is interpretative and informative to the planning process. Rather than detailed measured drawings on site the approach should be to create measured sketches on site that

113 can be drawn up in the office to show the key building elements (see case study examples). Clarity is the key. Areas of doubt should be shown on the plans and sections with a . It is essential that the SBA surveyor should work from their own plans, longitudinal section and cross sections. Any pre-existing architect’s plans may be used as a guide but should not be scaled from and the surveyor must take their own measurements. Ideally two recording visits should be made (see below), the second following conversion of measured sketches to scale drawings. The buildings archaeologist should: • Study the building (in its entirety) and familiarise themselves with the extent of the historic elements • Identify any problems/limitations to the assessment survey ie building out of square, major subsidence of part of frame, no access to roof, historic details (which may be inferred but cannot be confirmed) hidden beneath later cladding, suspended ceilings, decorative treatment etc. and think of ways to mitigate/overcome these limitations • Work out a preliminary hypothesis regarding the phases of development and note any problem areas regarding interpretation (particularly relevant if these are in the area affected by the proposed works which are the subject of the planning application) Survey method: • “Assumed square” survey (based on simplified measured sketch plans and sections rather than measured drawing with baseline and datum (or total station) but, where severe subsidence or racking has occurred or where the plan of the building is asymmetric to fit an urban plot, such methods may be required

114 • As soon as practically possible convert measured sketches to scale drawings at 1:100 scale — suitable for most domestic and agricultural buildings to enable survey drawings to fit comfortable within A4 report format (the larger scale of 1:40 may be suited to smaller structures or details) bearing in mind the key purpose of the SBA to provide an interpretative analysis to inform the determination stage of the planning process • Consider converting metric measurements of the overall plan dimensions to imperial to establish whether the building conforms to multiples or fractions of the old measurement of the rod (16 feet 6 inches) • Map regression/documentary/HER check • Photos of elevations and main internal features/cross sections where possible — especially with details of any historic components/elements of the fabric potentially affected by the planning application; a photo log should be included with the report • Follow consistent conventions for showing areas of uncertainty • After converting measured sketches to scale drawings and thereby gaining a better understanding of the form and proportions of the structure, the buildings archaeologist should arrange a return visit to site to check any details or resolve any questions of interpretation 3.3. In general, buildings should be illustrated ‘as built’ for inter- pretive purposes. For example with timber framed buildings the wall plates should be taken as horizontal for the purposes of illustrating the key components and phases. The photographic record will show any variations to the present form of the building and can be noted in the report text. 3.4. All proposed impacts/changes to the building will be con-

115 sidered and illustrated on relevant plans and sections and described in words. The aim will be to clearly show where changes would be proposed and which aspects of the structure would be affected. This process should be undertaken during the site visits in order to consider impacts to significant aspects of the structure and to look for alternatives where necessary and possible. The results of the impact assessment will form part of the report (see below).

4. Reporting

4.1. The written and illustrated report is to be an essential and integrated component of the recording work and must be annotated with reference to the visual record in order to aid interpretation. It should include the following: (a) An introductory summary including locational details (with NGRs), a note of relevant adjacent features or landscape context, an overall description of the building/s and site layout, use, building materials and age. The site location must be expressed at an 8 figure Na- tional Grid Reference (e.g. TQ/SU/SZ) and where available also the post code. The location of the building must be described, including information on slope, topography and aspect. The orientation must be described, including for example whether the building is immediately adjacent to a road or set back and alignment with respect to north and south. Where applicable the building’s relationship to any major landmark such as the parish church should be noted. The outline of the total existing building as well as the significant historical components must be clearly set out in plans and sections in order to facilitate informed planning decisions. (b) A description of the building/s detailing phases of devel-

116 opment and use as determined from structural evidence and describing any fixtures. Evidence of demolished associated structures or features should also be included. (c) An analysis of the phases of development and use util- ising evidence from the survey. Inclusion of plans, cross sections and photographs. (d) An assessment of proposed impacts using the information set out above. This will be a set of written descriptions illustrated with plans, sections and photographs. (e) Miscellaneous details including the whereabouts of historical records relating to the building/s (if ascertained) or details of features and construction should be appen- ded. (f) HER summary form 4.2. The report must include as a minimum the following illustrations: • A plan showing the location and outline of the total existing building and clearly showing the significant historical components being assessed • Reconstruction at historical phases of ground and first floor level and other levels as appropriate to the structure. Plans should use colour for different phases • Longitudinal section • Principal trusses • Elevations for which good details survive • Accompanying photographs as appropriate 4.3. Include digital photograph of the building on the cover to aid immediate recognition. 4.4. The Site Archive, to include all project records and material produced by the project, is to be prepared in accordance with Guidelines for the preparation of excavation archives

117 for long-term storage (UKIC 1990). On completion of the project, the Applicant will arrange for the archive to be deposited in a suitable museum or similar repository to be agreed with the Local Planning Authority.

5. General

5.1. The archaeological contractor is to allow the site records to be inspected and examined at any reasonable time, during or after the excavation, by the Conservation Officer and Local Authority Archaeological Adviser. 5.2. In undertaking the work the archaeological contractor is to abide by: (a) all statutory provisions and by-laws relating to the work in question, especially the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974; (b) the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Code of Con- duct; (c) the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Code of Ap- proved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Ar- rangements in Field Archaeology (d) English Heritage: Understanding Historic Buildings — a guide to good recording practice (2006) (e) IHBC guidelines/requirements 5.3. The archaeological contractor is to provide the Conservation Officer and Local Authority Archaeological Adviser with a representative selection of digital photographs illustrating relevant aspects of the historic buildings and grounds. These will be deposited with the County HER and will be used for presentations on aspects of the archaeology of Sus- sex.

118 ANNEX H: Post-Excavation (fieldwork) Assessment: preparation of report and discussion of potential for analysis

1. A review of the results of fieldwork will indicate whether the Site Archive contains material which has the potential to contribute to the pursuit of local, regional or national research priorities. In such cases the Archaeological Contractor may, as soon as possible after completion of fieldwork on site, be required to prepare a written assessment of the potential of the data from the site to contribute to archaeological knowledge, and identify the further study and analysis necessary. 2. The assessment shall be carried out in accordance with Chapter 6 and Appendix 4 (assessment report specification) of the English Heritage publication The MoRPHE Project Managers’ Guide (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/morphe-project-managers-guide/ HEAG024-MoRPHE-Managers-Guide.pdf/) and where applicable any variations set out in the English Heritage Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE, 2016 and PPN3 2008 (https://content.historicengland. org.uk/images-books/publications/morphe-project- planning-note-3/morpheprojectplanningnote3.pdf/). 3. Where there is uncertainty about the scope of work necessary to assess a particular aspect of the archive, for example because the archive is very small or very large and complex, the Archaeological Contractor should raise this with the Planning Archaeologist. 4. The post-excavation assessment report will include the following: Contents

119 Summary Introduction

• Scope of report • Site Location • Background to project — project outline • Fieldwork methodology and strategy • Archaeological and historical background • Original research aims and objectives

Summary of excavation results by phase using initial evidence for dating based on artefacts and stratigraphic relationships (include chronological phases for which no evidence found). Quantification of data and records Assessment of finds and environmental samples (artefacts and ecofacts) Statement of potential and significance • Results measured against the original project aims • Local, regional and national research context Revised aims and objectives Method statement including tasks, named specialists, time and cos ts to achieve publication, dissemination and archiving (including): • Stratigraphy • Geoarchaeology Artefacts and Ecofacts • Historical research • Illustration • Outreach

120 • Archive deposition and quantification Confirmation of programming and resources • Personnel • Task Lists Bibliography HER and OASIS summary sheets Appendices — specialist tabulated data Illustrations — site location plans, area phase plans, sections and photographs

Annex I — Digital data and report submission to East Sus- sex HER Once the contractor has been notified of the discharge of the relevant archaeological condition, by being copied into the letter from the County Archaeologist to the Local Planning Authority, they will have 90 days from that date to provide the Historic Envir- onment Record (HER) with a CD containing a PDF/A report and matching any other requirements as set out in Annex I of the Sussex Archaeological Standards 2019. After 45 days from the date of the letter to the Local Planning Authority the East Sussex HER will remind the contractor of this obligation, notifying them that they have 45 days remaining before they should submit their CD to the HER. The tables below sets out the requirements regarding submission of digital data and reports to the East Sussex Historic Environ- ment Record. Please refer to this for all projects in East Sussex and Brighton and Hove. Please submit digital data and reports in the format described below. Please note, both digital data and reports for a project should be submitted to the HER on the same CD.

121 Digital Data submission

Type of Application Urban Rural

Large Major (e.g. road n/a By agreement with the County scheme) Archaeology Team Major (1000m2) By agreement with the County GIS shapefiles of trenches/survey area Archaeology Team and features (e.g. for multi-period sites broken down by period) Full GIS shapefiles of trenches unless GIS shapefiles of trenches/survey area agreed otherwise by County and features (e.g. for multi-period Archaeology Team sites broken down by period) Householder Good resolution drawings with grid Good resolution drawings with grid reference provided by the contractor reference provided by the contractor in .dwg format in .dwg format

Digital Report submission

Type of Project Requirements to be sent on CD Desk-based assessment PDF(A) report. Watching Brief PDF(A) report and a selection of extra photographs. Evaluation excavation PDF(A) report, a selection of extra photographs and GIS shapefiles of trenches/survey area and features Geophysical reports PDF(A) report and AutoCAD or equivalent figures separately. Please provide raw survey data in both the original software based files ie. TerraSurveyor, Geoplot, InSite, Contours and xyz format ASCII files along with a short description such as a .txtfile with a list of details including Instrument type, traverse separation, reading interval, sampling position, grid size, line sequence (zig-zag or parallel), dummy value and where appropriate probe configuration and probe spacing Historic Building Report PDF(A) report and a selection of extra photographs. Post-Excavation Assessment PDF(A) report, a selection of extra photographs and GIS shapefiles of site plans with phasing. Final excavation report (Publication) PDF(A) report, a selection of extra photographs and GIS shapefiles of site plans with phasing (if not already supplied at the PXA phase) The above may be subject to alteration in agreement with the County Archaeology Team.

122 At the present time we are asking for these digital files to be sent to the HER on CD until we have a long term digital storage solution. Please can the CD’s be sent in clear plastic cases (to avoid damage in the post) to: FAO: HER Officer The Keep Woollards Way Brighton BN1 9BP

123 Sussex HER summary sheet HER enquiry number

Site code

Project code

Planning reference

Site address

District/Borough

NGR (12 figures)

Geology

Eval Excav WB* HBR* Survey Other Fieldwork type

Date of fieldwork

Sponsor/client

Project manager

Project supervisor

Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age

Period summary Roman Anglo-Saxon Medieval Post- Other Medieval Project summary (100 word max)

Museum/Accession No. *WB — Watching brief; HBR — historic building recording

124 Finds summary

Find type Material Period Quantity

125 References

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