Hentonäkinruoho (Najas Tenuissima) Ja Notkeanäkinruoho

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Hentonäkinruoho (Najas Tenuissima) Ja Notkeanäkinruoho sUOmeN YmPärisTÖ 13 | 2011 HENTONÄKINRUOHO (NAJASTENUISSIMA) JA NOTKEANÄKINRUOHO (NAJAS FLEXILIS) Hentonäkinruoho (Najas tenuissima) ja notkeanäkinruoho (Najas flexilis) LUONTO ovat biologialtaan ja levinneisyydeltään huonosti tunnettuja vesikasveja. (Najas tenuissima) Suomessa ne on arvioitu erittäin uhanalaisiksi. Näkinruohot ovat koko Hentonäkinruoho maailmassa harvinaisia ja taantuneita, ja ne ovat mukana Euroopan ja notkeanäkinruoho (Najas flexilis) Unionin luontodirektiivin liitteissä II ja IV. Vesistöjen rehevöitymisen seurauksena näkinruohojen kasvupaikat ovat muuttuneet lajeille Suomen uhanalaisia lajeja sopimattomiksi: pohjat ovat liettyneet, vedet samentuneet ja runsastunut vesikasvillisuus on syrjäyttänyt nämä hennot, kilpailussa heikot uposkasvit. jouni issakainen, eija kemppainen, katariina mäkelä, sirkka Hakalisto ja marja koistinen Näkinruohojen kantojen ylläpitäminen ja elvyttäminen edellyttävät kasvujärvien ja niiden valuma-alueiden vesiensuojelun tehostamista ja ravinnekuorman rajoittamista. Tässä suojeluohjelmassa esitellään näkinruohojen biologiaa ja kasvupaikkavaatimuksia sekä tunnetut kasvupaikat. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään populaatioiden elinvoimaisuuden ylläpitämiseksi ja saavuttamiseksi tarvittaviin suojelu- ja hoitotoimiin. Julkaisussa annetaan myös suosituksia luontodirektiivin edellyttämän seurannan ja tiedonkeruun järjestämiseen. SUOMENYMPÄRISTÖ 13 | 2011 Myynti: Edita Publishing Oy Asiakaspalvelu: PL 780, 00043 EDITA puh. 020 450 05, faksi 020 450 2380 [email protected] www.edita.fi/netmarket isBN 978-952-11-3895-9 (nid.) isBN 978-952-11-3896-6 (PDf) issN 1238-7312 (pain.) issN 1796-1637 (verkkoj.) Suomen ympäristökeskus SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 13 | 2011 Hentonäkinruoho (Najas tenuissima) ja notkeanäkinruoho (Najas flexilis) Suomen uhanalaisia lajeja Jouni Issakainen, Eija Kemppainen, Katariina Mäkelä, Sirkka Hakalisto ja Marja Koistinen Helsinki 2011 Suomen ympäristökeskus SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 13 | 2011 Suomen ympäristökeskus (SYKE) Taitto: Anita Rämö Kartat ja grafiikka: Anita Rämö Kansikuva(t): Marja Koistinen ja Pertti Uotila Sisäsivujen kuvat: Leena Eerola, Seppo Hellsten, Antti Kanninen, Marja Koistinen, Heikki Kokkonen, Jarkko Leka, Hanne Lohilahti, Pertti Manninen, Tiina Niikkanen, Riitta Niinioja, Pertti Rantiala, Anita Rämö ja Pertti Uotila Julkaisu on saatavana myös internetistä: www.ymparisto.fi/julkaisut Edita Oy, Helsinki 2011 ISBN 978-952-11-3895-9 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-11-3896-6 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 (pain.) 002 ISSN 1796-1637 (verkkoj.) SISÄLLYS 1 Johdanto ..................................................................................................... 7 2 Työn toteutus ............................................................................................ 8 3 Luonnehdinta ja levinneisyys .................................................................. 10 3.1 Näkinruohojen suku ............................................................................................10 3.2 Luonnehdinta .........................................................................................................11 3.2.1 Hentonäkinruohon tunnistaminen ....................................................... 11 3.2.2 Notkeanäkinruohon tunnistaminen .....................................................12 3.2.3 Näkinruohojen rakenne ..........................................................................12 3.3 Levinneisyys ......................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Hentonäkinruoho ..................................................................................... 15 3.3.2 Notkeanäkinruoho ................................................................................... 18 3.4 Hento- ja notkeanäkinruohon levinneisyyden muutokset fossiili- aineiston perusteella ............................................................................................21 3.5 Näkinruohojen uhanalaisuus ...........................................................................22 4 Biologia, ekologia ja elinympäristöt ...................................................... 23 4.1 Lisääntymisbiologia .............................................................................................23 4.1.1 Siementen levintä, siementuotto ja siemenpankki ...............................23 4.1.2 Fenologia ....................................................................................................26 4.2 Elinympäristövaatimukset .................................................................................27 4.2.1 Fysikaaliset vaatimukset .........................................................................27 4.2.2 Kemialliset vaatimukset .......................................................................... 31 4.3 Kasvien välinen kilpailu ja muu eliöiden välinen vuorovaikutus ............33 4.3.1 Kasvien välinen kilpailu ..........................................................................33 4.3.2 Muu eliöiden välinen vuorovaikutus ....................................................36 5 Esiintymät ja niiden tila ......................................................................... 39 5.1 Esiintymät Uudenmaan elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen toimialueella .........................................................................................................40 5.1.1 Nykyesiintymät .........................................................................................40 5.1.1.1 Espoo, Matalajärvi (Grundträsk) ......................................... 40 5.1.1.2 Lohja, Hormajärvi ................................................................ 44 5.1.2 Epävarmat ja hävinneet esiintymät .......................................................48 5.1.2.1 Espoo, Luukinjärvi ................................................................48 5.1.2.2 Kauniainen, Gallträsk ................................................................50 5.1.2.3 Loviisa, Loviisanjoen suisto .......................................................53 5.1.2.4 Porvoo, Maari (Maren) ..............................................................54 5.1.2.5 Pukkila, Kanteleenjärvi ..............................................................58 5.1.2.6 Raasepori, Lepinjärvi (Läppträsket) .........................................60 5.1.2.7 Vihti, Hiidenvesi .........................................................................63 5.2 Esiintymät Hämeen elinkeino- liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen toimi- alueella ....................................................................................................................66 5.2.1 Nykyesiintymät ........................................................................................66 5.2.1.1 Asikkala, Urajärvi .......................................................................66 5.2.1.2 Asikkala–Hollola–Lahti, Vesijärvi ............................................71 5.2.2 Epävarmat ja hävinneet esiintymät .......................................................84 5.2.2.1 Lahti, Kymijärvi ...................................................................84 5.2.2.2 Nastola, Kärkjärvi.......................................................................86 5.3 Esiintymät Pirkanmaan elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen toimialueella ..........................................................................................................89 5.3.1 Nykyesiintymät ........................................................................................89 5.3.1.1 Pälkäne, Pintele .....................................................................89 5.4 Esiintymät Kaakkois-Suomen elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuk- sen toimialueella ..................................................................................................92 5.4.1 Nykyesiintymät ........................................................................................92 5.4.1.1 Kouvola, Lappalanjärvi .........................................................92 5.4.1.2 Parikkala, Simpelejärvi .........................................................96 5.4.1.3 Pyhtää, Kymijoen läntinen suisto, Ahvenkoskenlahti ......... 112 5.4.2 Epävarmat ja hävinneet esiintymät ..................................................... 115 5.4.2.1 Kotka, Kymijoen itäinen suisto ............................................... 115 5.5 Esiintymät Etelä-Savon elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen toimialueella ........................................................................................................120 5.5.1 Nykyesiintymät ...................................................................................... 120 5.5.1.1 Mikkeli, Keskimmäinen–Alimmainen ....................................120 5.5.1.2 Rantasalmi, Hakojärvi ..............................................................123 5.5.1.3 Savonlinna, Hirvasjärvi ...........................................................127 5.5.2 Epävarmat ja hävinneet esiintymät ..................................................... 129 5.5.2.1 Rantasalmi, Pieni Raudanvesi – Kosulan lampi .................129 5.6 Esiintymät Pohjois-Savon elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen toimialueella ........................................................................................................133 5.6.1 Nykyesiintymät ...................................................................................... 133 5.6.1.1 Leppävirta, Konnuslahti, Suurijärvi ...................................133 5.6.1.2 Varkaus, Unnukka ....................................................................136
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