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The Lifestyles and Sexual Health of Canadian Snowbirds

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The Lifestyles and Sexual Health of Canadian Snowbirds The Lifestyles and Sexual Health of Canadian Snowbirds by Kathleen Mairs A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Health Studies and Gerontology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Kathleen Mairs 2009 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Background. Little is known about HIV risk-behaviour and testing amongst older Canadians. In the United States the prevalence of HIV for those aged 50+ is highest in Florida, a location where many Canadian seniors winter. This small-scale pilot study examined the dating and sexual behaviour of Canadian snowbirds while in Florida, to determine their risk for HIV. This area deserves increased attention as the proportion of older Canadians infected with HIV is increasing. Methods. A broad cross-section of Canadian snowbirds were surveyed. Eligible participants were: aged 50+, visited Florida in the past 12 months and stayed for 1+ month on their latest trip, and live in Canada for 6+ months each year. Univariate and bivariate frequencies were primarily reported due to the descriptive research objectives. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with HIV testing. Results. The study sample consisted of 299 participants, with more males (53.51%), more married participants (78.6%) and a mean age of 66.86 years. One quarter (23.14%) of the sample had dated in the past five years. Of these daters, 5.36% dated in Florida, 41.07% dated in Canada and 53.57% dated in both locations. Over three-quarters of daters in both Canada (79.49%) and Florida (77.78%) engaged in sex with their dates in the previous year. Few daters in Canada (20%) and Florida (14.29%) used condoms consistently with their dates. Only 17.7% of the sample had ever HIV-tested. The odds of HIV testing were increased for: those aged 50-65, the unmarried, those who had discussed sexual risk-behaviour with a physician and those who indicated that sex was important. Dating males were twice as likely to test as non-dating males; and 14 times more likely to test than females who dated. Conclusions. Sexual risk-behaviour is occurring within the Canadian snowbird population, especially amongst the unmarried. In both Canada and Florida, most snowbirds did not use condoms consistently with dates, many reported multiple sexual partnerships and few had HIV- tested. Overall, this research supports the need for a large-scale study to further understand the social and sexual interactions of Canadian snowbirds to determine their risk for HIV. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people I would like to thank for their assistance and patience over the course of my Master‟s program. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Sandra Bullock, for her invaluable assistance, guidance and support throughout this process. The hours spent in meetings and answering my many queries and emails has not gone unnoticed. I also wish to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Nancy Pearce and Dr. Linda Jessup for their time and insightful feedback. Others who were invaluable in making my Master‟s thesis a success and deserve considerable thanks include Julia Vinson, Julie Pennal and Hina Parmar. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents Jim and Sandy, my sister Amy, Alex and my friends - your love and support were instrumental in this achievement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 6 2.1 HIV/AIDS ................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Canadian Senior Population ................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 American Senior Population .................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Florida Senior Population ...................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Limitations Associated with Ascertaining the Prevalence and Incidence of HIV/AIDS within the Canadian and American Senior Populations......................... 8 2.1.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS .................................................................................... 9 2.1.6 HIV Testing ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2 The Canadian Senior Population at a Glance ........................................................... 11 2.3 Socio-Demographic Profile of Canadian Snowbirds ................................................. 11 2.4 Health Characteristics of Canadian Snowbirds ........................................................ 13 2.5 Snowbird Travel Characteristics ............................................................................... 13 2.5.1 Number of Florida-Bound Snowbirds .................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Geographical Patterns of Seasonal Migration ......................................................... 14 2.5.3 Temporal Patterns of Seasonal Migration ............................................................... 14 2.5.4 Reasons for Seasonal Travel to Florida .................................................................. 16 2.5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................... 16 2.6 Socializing Patterns of Canadian Snowbirds ............................................................. 16 2.6.1 Number of Close Friends in Florida ....................................................................... 17 2.6.2 Frequency of Contacting Friends in Florida ........................................................... 17 2.6.3 Participation in Community Activities in Florida ................................................... 17 2.6.4 Summary ............................................................................................................... 18 2.7 Dating in the Later Years of Life ............................................................................... 18 2.7.1 Dating Trends ........................................................................................................ 18 2.7.2 Predictors of Dating ............................................................................................... 19 2.7.3 Reasons for Dating ................................................................................................ 20 2.7.4 Desired Qualities in a Dating Partner ..................................................................... 20 2.7.5 Where Singles Find Dating Partners ....................................................................... 21 2.7.6 Summary ............................................................................................................... 21 2.8 Sexual Behaviour of the Canadian and American Senior Populations .................... 22 2.8.1 Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 22 2.8.2 Sexual Dysfunction and Viagra Use ....................................................................... 23 2.8.3 Senior-Physician Communication about Sex .......................................................... 24 2.9 Sexuality of Later-Life Singles ................................................................................... 26 2.9.1 Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 26 2.9.2 Satisfaction with Frequency of Sexual Intercourse ................................................. 27 2.9.3 Risky Sexual Behaviour ......................................................................................... 27 v 2.9.4 Summary ............................................................................................................... 28 2.10 Dating and Sexual Behaviour of Canadian Snowbirds in Florida ........................... 29 3. GAPS IN THE LITERATURE ........................................................................................ 30 3.1 Sexual Behaviour and Attitudes of Canadian Snowbirds ......................................... 30 3.2 Socializing Patterns of Canadian Snowbirds in Florida ........................................... 30 3.3 Dating and Sexual Behaviour of Canadian Snowbirds in Florida ............................ 31 4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................ 32
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