Notes for Interviewer

Introduce yourself and the project: Emphasise it is a collaborative project.

Exchange business cards.

Explain why respondent has been selected: - emphasise their positional importance

Explain structure of interview - questions about background and career - questions about recent changes in the city and their work - questions about their attitudes

Make Observations while waiting for the interview, and while in his/her office: who else is seeing the respondent, what kind of office does he/she have, who telephones, how often is the interview interrupted, what is the attitude of the respondent to the interviewer and project. Local Governance in Pecs (Hungary)

Project Aims The project is a study of patterns of change in local decision-making in central and Eastern Europe. Pecs has been selected for study because of its importance as a regional city in Hungary

Sponsor and Participants This project is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, as part of its One Europe or Several? Programme (research project No. L213252030). The project leader is Dr James Hughes, London School of Economics and Political Science, with co-researchers Dr Peter John, University of Southampton, and Dr Gwendolyn Sasse, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Interview Schedule

Date of Interview: Interviewee: Respondent's Full Name: Current Position:

Part One: Socio-Biographical Data

Question 1: Tell me about your present career?

1. Current position?

2. Previous employment before current position ?

3. Previous employment (and duration) before fall of communism in 1989?

4. Are you appointed or elected?

5. If an Appointed local administrative official, are you appointed by central or regional authorities?

Question 2: Tell me about your social and career background?

Date of Birth Place of Birth Where grew up When settled in city/region Occupation of parents Citizenship of self and parents Nationality, if different from citizenship Religion, if any Place of residence Education : Age when completed full-time education: If over 18 years, which University or other higher educational institution: name, where located and specialisation

1 Question 3: In your opinion, which of the following words bests describes you? (in order of preference) and what is the next best, if any?

European East European Central European Hungarian Person from Baranya Region Person from Pecs

Part Two: NETWORKS

Question 4: During the last six months, who are the people that you have been in most frequent contact with on questions of importance for the city? How often are these contacts? How would you estimate the quality of these contacts (Interviewee to use 1 to 5 scale: 1=very good, 2=good, 3=neither good nor bad, 4=bad, 5=very bad)

Daily Weekly Monthly Quality

Name, Position, Organisation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. continue as necessary

2 Question 5: Have you travelled outside your country in the last six months? YES/ NO How many times and to which countries, and to which organisation (if work related)?

Name/Position Organisation Country Frequency

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Question 6: Could you tell us who have been your recent visitors from overseas in the last six months?

Name/Position Organisation Country Frequency

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part Three: INFLUENCE

Question 7: Who, in your opinion, are the SIX most influential people in the city in order of importance?

Names, Position, Organisation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

3 Question 8: Who, in your opinion, are the SIX most influential business people in the city in order of importance?

Names, Position, Business 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Question 9: In general, how much influence do you think you have over decisions that affect the city?

High good medium low none

Part Four: Attitudes Toward Europe

Question 10: Do you think the future of your country is most closely tied up with? a. The European Union b. The United States of America c. Russia d. Germany e. Other Central and Eastern European countries f. Other European countries like Norway and Switzerland which remain outside the European Union g. None of the above

4

Question 11: Generally, what is your opinion of the aims and activities of the European Union?

Positive neutral negative

Question 12: Which five of the following phrases best sums up the European Union for you?

[Interviewer: show card and tick five statements respondent chooses]

1) Economic Cohesion 7) Europe of The Regions 2) Partnership for Peace 8) Monetary Union 3) Subsidiarity 9) A Federal Europe 4) Europe of Nation States 10) Common Foreign and Security Policy 5) Free Trade 11) Common European Home 6) Common Agricultural Policy 12) Structural Funds

Question 13: Who do you think benefits most out of the relationship between your country and the European Union?

Hungary European Union

How much do you think Hungary benefits?

Significantly Moderately Minimally Not At All

How much do you think European Union benefits?

Significantly Moderately Minimally Not At All

5 Question 14: How much do you think EU enlargement has benefited Pecs?

Significantly Moderately Minimally Not At All

Briefly give the key reasons for your response?

Question 15: Do you personally feel that the creation of a market economy, that is one largely free from state control, is right or wrong for the future of your country?

Right Wrong

Briefly explain your response?

Question 16: Please state whether you have ever been involved in any EU funded project? YES / NO

Can you name Three (or more) current EU funded (wholly or partly) projects in Pecs?

1.

2.

3.

6 Question 17: Who do you think benefits most out of the relationship between your country and NATO?

Hungary NATO

How much do you think Hungary benefits?

Significantly Moderately Minimally Not At All

How much do you think NATO benefits?

Significantly Moderately Minimally Not At All

Part Five: Transition in the City

Question 18: On the whole, are you satisfied with the development of democracy and a market economy since 1989?

Democracy Country very satisfied fairly satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied

City very satisfied fairly satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied

Region very satisfied fairly satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied briefly explain your response?

Market economy Country very satisfied fairly satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied

City very satisfied fairly satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied

Region very satisfied fairly satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied

Briefly explain your response?

7

Question 19: What, in your opinion are the most important issues facing Pecs and Hungary at this time? (please rank in order, 1 = most important)

Pecs Hungary

Political Economic Social EU Accession Joining NATO Other (please name)

Question 20: Do you agree or disagree with the proposition that traditional local administrative boundaries in Hungary should be redrawn, if necessary, to comply with EU funding criteria? YES in some places NO Including your own region? YES NO

Part Six: Additional Biographical Information

Question 21: Are you a member of any clubs/associations? (please name and say how long) local regional national international

Question 22: Have you ever been a candidate in an election? Local YES/ NO Regional YES/ NO National YES/ NO

Question 23: Are you currently a member of a political party? YES/ NO If yes, please name

8

Question 24: Were you a member of the Communist Party?

Date joined/left Office held (if any)

Can you nominate other contacts for discussion of issues raised in this project?

Name, Position, Organisation 1.

2.

9 1

CODEBOOK FOR ELITES AND INSTITUTIONS IN REGIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

CAREER PATH

(0) Interviewer 1 = Local 2 = LSE interviewer 3 = Self completed

(1) Current Position 1 = city administration 2 = county/regional administration 3 = business /engineering/managerial 4 = banking/finance 5 = professional 6 = education/culture/media 7 = other 8 = central administration/politics (e.g. MP. Minister) 9 = political/business (inc. local admin.) 10 = political/professional-culture 11 = local administration/politics 12 = party politics 13 = not working/retired 14 = politics/other activity

(1 and 2 include members of local councils. In some cases respondents identified themselves simply as member of local council [[when they may have held other positions at the same time]], whereas in other respondents identified themselves as being in business and member of local council.)

1a/Current Position 1 = Administration/politics 2 = Administration and other activity 3 = Private sector 4 = Professional/education/media 5 = Other

Previous employment before current position

(2) Change in position 1 = no change in position 2 = different position

(3) Actual Position 1 = city administration 2 = county administration 3 = business/engineering/managerial 4 = banking/finance 2

5 = professional 6 = education/culture/media/research 7 = other 8 = not working/student/retired 9 = worker/craftsman 10 = administration/politics 11 = political/business-technical 12 = political/professional-culture 13 = business/education

Employment before 1989

(4) Change in position 1 = no change in position 2 = different position

(5) Actual position 1 = city administration 2 = county administration 3 = enterprises/engineering/ business/banking/finance 4 = professional 5 = education/culture/media/research 6 = not working/student/not in permanent employment 7 = other 8 = worker/craftsman/skilled worker 9 = central administration/politics 10 = administration/professional-cultural

(5a) Position before 1989 1 = Administration 2 = Business/banking 3 = professional/education/media 4 = worker/skilled worker 5 = not working/student 6 = other

(6) Appointed or elected 0 = not applicable 1 = appointed 2 = elected 3 = indirectly elected

(7) Locus of appointment of local officials 0 = not applicable 1= central authorities 2 = county/regional authorities or (local level appointment)

[[Though respondents were not given option of local level appointment, it is evident that some respondents answered ‘regional’ or ‘county’ level when they actually meant 3 local versus central. Initially I tried to separate this into two different variables. But it did not work.]]

SOCIAL AND CAREER BACKGROUND

(8) Age 1 = > 30 2 = 30-39 3 = 40-49 4 = 50-59 5= 60-69 6 = 70>

(8a) Age 1 = > 30 2 = 30-39 3 = 40-49 4 = 50-59 5= 60 >

8(a) Male/female (1) = Male (2) = Female

(9) BirthPlace 1 = Pecs 2 = Baranya region 3 = Outside Baranya region, in Hungary 4 = Outside Hungary 5 = Maribor 6 = Stajerska region 7 = Outside Stajerska region, in Slovenia 8 = Former Yugoslavia 9 = Outside Yugoslavia 10 = Tartu 11 = Tartumaa 12 = Outside Tartumaa, in Estonia 13 = In former USSR 14 = Outside former USSR 15 = Cluj 16 = Cluj county 17 = Translyvania 18 = Bucharest 19 = Elsewhere in Romania 20 = Outside Romania 21 = Hungary 22 = Katowice 23 = Silesia 25 = In Country 26 = abroad 4

(10) Time Lived in Pecs/Maribor/Tartu/Cluj/Katowice 1 = Always lived in (Pecs or Baranya) region 2 = less than 10 years 3 = 10 – 20 years 4 = 20 years or more

5 = Always lived in Maribor or Stajerska region 6 = Always lived in Tartu or Tartumaa 7 = Always lived in Cluj

(11) Occupation of Mother 1 = city administration 2 = county administration 3 = business/enterprise/managerial 4 = banking/finance 5 = professional 6 = education/culture 7 = administration 8 = worker 9 = services 10 = farming/peasant 11 = housewife 12 = craftswoman/artisan 13 = other 14 = pensioner/dead 15 = civil servant 16 = engineer

(12) Occupation of father 1 = city administration 2 = county administration 3 = business/enterprise/managerial 4 = banking/finance 5 = professional 6 = education/culture 7 = worker/technician 8 = services 9 = farming/forestry/peasant 10 = other 11 = craftsman 12 = pensioner/dead 13 = civil servant 14 = engineer 15 = administration

(13) Citizenship of respondent 1 = Hungarian 2 = other 3 = Slovene 5

4 = other 5 = Estonian 7 = Romanian 8 = Polish

(14) Nationality of respondent 1 = Hungarian 2 = German 3 = Italian 4 = Slovene 5 = Croatian 6 = Yugoslav 7 = other 8 = Estonian 9 = mixed 10 = Russian 11 = Roma 12 = Romanian 13 = Polish

(15) Citizenship of Mother 1 = Hungarian 2 = German 3 = Italian 4 = mixed 5 = other 6 = Slovene 7 = Croatian 8 = Yugoslav 9 = other 10 = Estonian 11 = Seto 12 = Russian 13 = Romanian 14 = Polish

(16) Citizenship of Father 1 = Hungarian 2 = German 3 = Italian 4 = Czechoslovak 5 = mixed 6 = other 7 = Slovene 8 = Croatian 9 = Yugoslav 10 = Estonian 11 = Finnish 12 = Seto 13 = Russian 6

14 = Romanian 15 = Polish (17) Religion 0 = none 1 = RC 2 = other 3 = Lutheran/Protestant/Reform 4 = Orthodox 5 = Uniate 6 = Jewish

Higher Education

(18) Type of institution 0 = No higher education 1 = University 2 = Party school/Trade Union High School 4 = Technical college/polytechnic 5 = More than one 6 = other

Location of institution (19) Location 1 (20) Location 2 0 = Not applicable 1 = Pecs 2 = Other region in Hungary 3 = Budapest 4 = Abroad 5 = Maribor 6 = Other region in Slovenia 7 = Llubljana 8 = Former Yugoslavia 10 = Tartu 11 = Tallinn 12 = Other region in Estonia 13 = Former USSR 15 = Cluj 16 = Bucharest 17 = Other region in Romania 18 = Outside Romania 19 = Hungary 20 = Katowice 21 = Other region in Poland

(21) Specialisation 1 (22) Specialisation 2 0 = Not applicable 1 = humanities 2 = social sciences 7

3 = professional 4 = vocational/technical 5 = other 6 = natural sciences

(23) Level of education 0 = No further education 1 = first degree 2 = postgraduate diploma 3 = candidate/doctorate 4 = other 5 = professional qualification (e.g. doctor, architect, lawyer) 6 = Still studying

(23a) Age on completing full-time education 0 = Still Studying 1 = 19 or less 2 = 20-24 3 = 25-28 4 = 29 or over

[[Not sure how accurate the answers are here. In Maribor case, I get the impression some respondents gave their age as it related to finishing part-time rather than full- time education.]]

(24) Identity 1 1 = European 2 = East European 3 = Central European 4 = Hungarian 5 = Person from Baranya region 6 = Person from Pecs 7 = Slovene 8 = Person from Stajerska region 9 = Person from Maribor 10 = Balt 11 = Estonian 12 = Person from region/Tartumaa 13 = Person from Tartu 14 = Scandinavian/Nordic 15 = Northern European 16 = other 17 = Balkan 18 = Romanian 19 = Transylvanian 20 = Clujan 21 = Polish 22 = German 23 = Czech 24 = Ukrainian 8

25 = Belorussian 26 = Silesian 27 = Person from Upper Silesian Region 28 = Person from Katowice

(25) Identity 2 1 = European 2 = East European 3 = Central European 4 = Hungarian 5 = Person from Baranya region 6 = Person from Pecs 7 = Slovene 8 = Person from Stajerska region 9 = Person from Maribor 10 = Balt 11 = Estonian 12 = Person from region/Tartumaa 13 = Person from Tartu 14 = Scandinavian/Nordic 15 = Northern European 16 = other 17 = Balkan 18 = Romanian 19 = Transylvanian 20 = Clujan 21 = Polish 22 = German 23 = Czech 24 = Ukrainian 25 = Belorussian 26 = Silesian 27 = Person from Upper Silesian Region 28 = Person from Katowice

(26) Identity 3 1 = European 2 = East European 3 = Central European 4 = Hungarian 5 = Person from Baranya region 6 = Person from Pecs 7 = Slovene 8 = Person from Stajerska region 9 = Person from Maribor 10 = Balt 11 = Estonian 12 = Person from region/Tartumaa 13 = Person from Tartu 14 = Scandinavian/Nordic 9

15 = Northern European 16 = other 17 = Balkan 18 = Romanian 19 = Transylvanian 20 = Clujan 21 = Polish 22 = German 23 = Czech 24 = Ukrainian 25 = Belorussian 26 = Silesian 27 = Person from Upper Silesian Region 28 = Person from Katowice

NETWORKS

(27) Travel Abroad 1 = Yes 2 = No

(28) Frequency 0 = none 1 = 1-3 2 = More than 3

(29) EU Country 0 = No travel abroad 1= EU country 2 = No EU country

(30) Neighbouring Country 0 = No travel abroad 1 = Neighbouring country 2 = No neighbouring country

(31) Organisation 0 = No travel abroad 1 = business 2 = administration/diplomatic visit (country to country, city to city, region to region) 3 = EU-related 4 = other international organisation 5 = university-related/conference/culture/educational/religious 6 = other 7 = media 8 = private

Visitors from abroad

10

(32) Frequency 0 = None 1 = 1-3 2 = More than three

(33) Organisation 0 = No visitors 1 = business 2 = administration/diplomatic (country to country, city to city, region to region) 3 = EU-related 4 = other international organisation 5 = university-related/conference/culture/educational/religious 6 = other 7 = media 8 = politics

INFLUENCE

(46) Personal influence over city decisions 1 = high 2 = good 3 = medium 4 = low 5 = none

ATTITUDES TOWARDS EUROPE

Future of Country 1 = The European Union 2 = The United States of America 3 = Russia 4 = Germany 5 = Other Central and Eastern European countries 6 = Other European countries like Norway and Switzerland which remain outside the European Union 7 = Others, please specify 8 = Scandinavia 9 = Finland

(47) Country/Region 1 (48) Country/Region 2 (49) Country/Region 3

(50) Opinion of the European Union 1 = Positive 2 = Negative 3 = Neutral

Evaluation of European Union 1 = Economic Cohesion 11

2 = Partnership for Peace 3 = Subsidiarity 4 = Europe of Nation States 5 = Free Trade 6 = Common Agricultural Policy 7 = Europe of the Regions 8 = Monetary Union 9 = A Federal Europe 10 = Common Foreign and Security Policy 11 = Common European Home 12 = Structural Funds 13 = other

(51) European Union 1 0 = None of them

(52) European Union 2 (53) European Union 3 (54) European Union 4 (55) European Union 5

(56) Key beneficiary from EU-Hungary/Slovenia/Estonia/Romania Relationship 1 = Both 2 = Hungary/Slovenia/Estonia/Romania/Poland 3 = European Union 4 = Neither

(57) How much Hungary/Slovenia/Estonia/Romania benefits 1 = Significantly 2 = Moderately 3 = Minimally 4 = Not At All

(58) How much EU benefits 1 = Significantly 2 = Moderately 3 = Minimally 4 = Not At All

(59) EU enlargement and benefits to Pecs/Maribor/Tartu/Cluj/Katowice 1 = Significantly 2 = Moderately 3 = Minimally 4 = Not At All

(60) Attitude to creation of market economy 1 = right 2 = wrong

(61) Involvement in EU funded projects 12

1 = Yes 2 = No

(62) Knowledge of programme 1 (63) Knowledge of programme 2 0 = No knowledge of programme/s 1 = Very limited knowledge of programme 2 = Phare 3 = Tacis 4 = Tempus 5 = Erasmus 6 = Ecos-Ouverture 7 = other 8 = Waste Water Programme 9 = Knowledge of programme, but no knowledge of funding source 10 = Sapard 11 = ISPA

63.b Knowledge of EU funded programme in Pecs, Maribor, Tartu, Cluj 1 = Good 2 = Poor 3 = Limited

[[The question posed here was in the end somewhat misleading. Respondents were asked whether they could name three (or more) current EU funded (wholly or partly) projects in their city? They were not necessarily to name source of funding as well as programme. So in the end variable 63.b is probably the best variable to use rather than 62 and 63.]]

(64) Key beneficiary from NATO-Hungary/Slovenia/Estonia/Romania/Poland Relationship 1 = Both 2 = Hungary/Slovenia/Estonia/Romania/Poland 3 = NATO 4 = Neither

(65) How much Hungary/Slovenia/Estonia/Romania/Poland benefits 1 = Significantly 2 = Moderately 3 = Minimally 4 = Not At All

(66) How much NATO benefits 1 = Significantly 2 = Moderately 3 = Minimally 4 = Not At All

13

TRANSITION IN THE CITY

Level of satisfaction with progress of transition (67) Country 1 = very satisfied 2 = fairly satisfied 3 = not very satisfied 4 = not at all satisfied

(68) City 1 = very satisfied 2 = fairly satisfied 3 = not very satisfied 4 = not at all satisfied

(69) Region 1 = very satisfied 2 = fairly satisfied 3 = not very satisfied 4 = not at all satisfied

Market economy (70) Country 1 = very satisfied 2 = fairly satisfied 3 = not very satisfied 4 = not at all satisfied

(71) City 1 = very satisfied 2 = fairly satisfied 3 = not very satisfied 4 = not at all satisfied

(72) Region 1 = very satisfied 2 = fairly satisfied 3 = not very satisfied 4 = not at all satisfied

Important issues facing Pecs/Maribor/Tartu/Cluj/Katowice (73 ) Issue 1 (73a) Issue 2 (74) Issue 1 (74b) Issue 2 1 = political 2 = economic 3 = social 14

4 = EU accession 5 = joining NATO 6 = other

(75) Agreement with redrawing of administrative boundaries In compliance with EU funding criteria 1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = In some places

(76) In your own region 1 = yes 2 = no

(77) Associations/Club Membership 1 = yes 2 = no

(78) Associations Membership at Local Level 1 = yes 2 = no

(79) Associations Membership at Regional Level 1 = yes 2 = no

(80) Associations Membership at National Level 1 = yes 2 = no

(81) Associations Membership at International Level 1 = yes 2 = no

(82) Type of association (82a) Type of association 0 = Not member of any (other) association 1 = Sports/Recreational 2 = Cultural/Intellectual/educational 3 = Environmental protection 4 = Twin cities/friendship 5 = Business 6 = Political 7 = Professional 8 = Social group 9 = Other 10 = Alumni organisation 11 = Rotary club/Lions/Philanthropic/charity 12 = Trade Union

15

(83) Candidature at Local elections 1 = yes 2 = no

(84) Candidature at Regional elections 1 = yes 2 = no

(85) Candidature at National elections 1 = yes 2 = no

(86) Current Party Membership 1 = yes 2 = no

(87) Party membership 0 = none 1 = Socialist Party (HSP) 2 = Fidesz 3 = Free Democrats (AFD) 4 = Smallholders 5 = Hungarian Democratic People’s Party (MDP) 6 = independent

Slovenia 7 = Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS) 8 = United List of Social Democrats (ZLSD) 9 = Liberal Party of Slovenia (SLP) 10 = Slovenian People’s Party 11 = Social Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDS) 12 = Voice of Women

Estonia 13 = Pro Patria Fatherland 14 = Centre Party 15 = Tartu 200 16 = Reform Party 17 = Moderate Party 18 = Coalition Party

Slovenia continued 19 = Democratic Party of Slovenia 20 = Green Party of Slovenia 21 = Independent List for Maribor 22 = Slovene Christian Democrats 23 = Democratic Party of Pensioners 24 = Slovene National Party

16

Romania 25 = Christian National Democratic Peasant Party 26 = The Party of Romanian Social Democracy 27 = Christian National Alliance 28 = Romanian National Party 29 = National Liberal Party 30 = Democratic Union of Hungarians from Romania 31 = The Union of Right-Wing Forces 32 = Alliance for Romania 33 = Democratic Party 43 = Greater Romania Party

Poland 34 = SLD 35 = AWS 36 = PSL 37 = Labour Union 38 = Freedom Union 39 = Citizen’s Platform 41 = Agreement of the Right 42 = SKL Conservative Popular Association 43 = Club Senate 2001 44 = Nation ‘Light Live’ == émigré party

(88) Communist Party Membership 0 = never 1 = member to 1989 2 = member but left prior to 1989

3 = member but left prior to 1991 4 = member until disbandment

(89) Communist Party Apparatchik 0 = never in party 1 = Member but never held position 2 = Held position at any level within CP

Countries visited (90-94) 0 = No country 1 = Germany 2 = Austria 3 = Italy 4 = France 5 = Belgium 6 = Sweden 7 = UK 8 = Bulgaria 9 = Croatia 10 = Bosnia 11 = Slovenia 17

12 = Slovakia 13 = North America 14 = other country in Europe 15 = Russia 16 = Hungary 17 = Poland 18 = Czech Republic 19 = Finland 20 = Latvia 21 = Lithuania 22 = Denmark 23 = Norway 24 = Ukraine 25 = Romania 26 = Estonia 27 = EU/International Organisation 28 = other country outside Europe

Visitors from abroad 95- 98 0 = No visitors 1 = Germany 2 = Austria 3 = Italy 4 = France 5 = UK 6 = Belgium 7 = Romania 9 = Poland 10 = Croatia 11 = Bosnia 12 = North America 13 = other country in Europe 14 = Russia 15 = Hungary 16 = visitors from EU / International organisation 17 = Czech Republic 18 = Yugoslavia 19 = Finland 20 = Latvia 21 = Lithuania 22 = Denmark 22 = Sweden 23 = Norway 24 = other country outside Europe 25 = conference attendees

Dummy variable 0-4

These are all simplified versions of earlier variables to analysis of merged data-set.

18

Identity 1, 2 and 3 1 = European 2 = East European 3 = Central Europe 4 = Country 5 = region 6 = city 7 = Hungarian (Romanian) 10 = Balt 14 = Scandinavian 16 = Other 17 = Balkan 26 = Silesian

Future of your country 1, 2, 3 Future of Country 1 = The European Union 2 = The United States of America 3 = Russia 4 = Germany 5 = Other Central and Eastern European countries 6 = Other European countries like Norway and Switzerland which remain outside the European Union 7 = Others, please specify 8 = Scandinavia

Place of birth 1 = town 2 = region 3 = in country 4 = abroad 5 = in former USSR (Est.) 6 = Hungary (Rom) 7 = Former Yugoslavia (Slov.)

Time spent in city/region 1 = Always lived in town/region 2 = less than 10 years 3 = 10 – 20 years 4 = 20 years or more

Education [[This is basically the same as variable 18 but thought it was useful to have all education variables together.]]

Type of institution 0 = No higher education 1 = University 2 = Party school/Trade Union High School 4 = Technical college/polytechnic 5 = More than one 19

6 = other

University attendance 0 = No university 1 = university

Specialisation 0 = Other 1 = social sciences/humanities

Level (Likewise the same as variable 23) 0 = No further education 1 = first degree 2 = postgraduate diploma 3 = candidate/doctorate 4 = other 5 = professional qualification (e.g. doctor, architect, lawyer) 6 = Still studying