Charles Borromeo

For the Indian sprinter, see Charles Borromeo (athlete). not be applied to secular use. The young man attended the University of Pavia, where he applied himself to the study of civil and canon law. Due to a slight impediment Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo, Latin: of speech, he was regarded as slow; yet his thoroughness Carolus Borromeus, 1538–1584) was the cardinal and industry more than compensated for the handicap.[2] archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584. Among the great reformers of the troubled sixteenth century, Borromeo, In 1554 his father died, and although he had an elder with St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Philip Neri, and others, brother, Count Federico, he was requested by the family led the movement to combat the inroads of the Protes- to take the management of their domestic affairs. After tant Reformation. He was a leading figure during the a time, he resumed his studies, and on December 6, 1559 Counter-Reformation and was responsible for significant he earned a doctorate in utroque iure (Canon and Civil reforms in the Catholic Church, including the founding of Law). seminaries for the education of priests. He is honoured as a saint in the Catholic Church and his feast day is 4 November. 3 Rome period

1 Sources On December 25, 1559, his uncle, Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici, was raised to the pontificate as Pope Pius IV. The new elected pope required his nephew Charles Borromeo’s biography was originally written by three of Borromeo to come to Rome, and on January 13, 1560 ap- his contemporaries: Agostino Valerio (afterwards Cardi- pointed him protonotary apostolic.[3] Shortly thereafter, nal and Bishop of Verona) and Carlo Bascape (General on January 31, 1560, the Pope created him Cardinal, of the Barnabites, afterwards Bishop of Novara), who and thus Charles Borromeo as Cardinal-nephew was en- wrote their contributions in Latin, and Pietro Giussanno trusted with both the public and the privy seal of the ec- (a priest), who wrote his in Italian. Father Giussanno’s clesiastical state.[4] He was also entrusted in the govern- [1] account was the most detailed of the three. ment of the Papal States and appointed supervisor of the Franciscans, Carmelites and Knights of Malta. During his four years in Rome Charles Borromeo lived 2 Early life in austerity, compelled the personnel in the Roman Cu- ria to wear black and established an academy of learned Borromeo was a descendent of nobility: the family of persons, the Academy of the Vatican Nights, publishing Borromeo was one of the most ancient and wealthy in their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae.[5] Lombardy, made famous by several notable men, both in [1] Charles committed to organize the third and last section the church and state. The aristocratic Borromeo fam- of the Council of Trent, in 1562-63. He took a large ily's coat of arms included the Borromean rings, some- share in the creation of the Tridentine Catechism (Cat- times taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity. echismus Romanus). In 1561, Borromeo founded and en- Borromeo’s father Gilbert was Count of Arona; his dowed a college at Pavia, today known as Almo Collegio mother Margaret was a member of the Milan branch of Borromeo, which he dedicated to Saint Justina of Padua. the House of Medici. The third son in a family of six chil- On November 19, 1562, his older brother, Federico, sud- dren, he was born in the castle of Arona on Lake Mag- [2] denly died. His family urged Charles to quit the church to giore, thirty-six miles from Milan, on October 2, 1538. marry and have children, so that the family name would Borromeo received the tonsure when he was about twelve not become extinct, but he decided not to leave the ec- years old. At this time his paternal uncle, Julius Caesar clesiastic state.[6] His brother’s death, along with his con- Borromeo, turned over to him the income from the rich tacts with the Jesuits and the Theatines and the example Benedictine abbey of Sts. Gratinian and Felin, one of of bishops such as Bartholomew of Braga, were the causes the ancient perquisites of this noble family. In spite of of a conversion of Charles towards a more strict and oper- his youth, Carlo made plain to his father that all revenues ative Christian life, and his aim became to put into prac- from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him tice the dignity and duties of the bishop as drafted by the for a career in the Church belonged to the poor and could recent Council of Trent.[5]

1 2 4 ARCHBISHOP OF MILAN

4 Archbishop of Milan ornate tombs, rich ornaments, banners, and arms. He did not even spare the monuments of his own relatives. He Charles Borromeo was appointed Administrator of the divided the nave of the church into two compartments to Archdiocese of Milan on February 7, 1560. After his de- separate the sexes at worship. cision to put into practice the role of bishop, he decided to He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches, be ordained Priest (September 4, 1563) and on December monasteries and even to the Confraternities of Penitents, 7, 1563 he was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel particularly that of St. John the Baptist. This group was by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni.[7] Charles was formally to attend to prisoners and those condemned to death, to appointed archbishop of Milan on May 12, 1564 after the give them help and support. former archbishop Ippolito II d'Este waived his claims on Borromeo believed that abuses in the church arose from that archbishopric, but he was only allowed by the Pope to ignorant clergy. Among his most important actions, he leave Rome one year later: Charles Borromeo made his established seminaries, colleges and communities for the formal entry in Milan as archbishop on September 23, education of candidates for holy orders.[10] His emphasis 1565.[6] on Catholic learning greatly increased the preparation of men for priesthood and benefited their congregations. In 4.1 Reform Program (Acta Ecclesiae addition, Borromeo founded the fraternity of Oblates of Mediolanensis) St. Ambrose, a society of secular men who did not take orders, but devoted themselves to the church and followed a discipline of monastic prayers and study. They provided assistance to parishes where ordered by the church.[9] The new archbishop’s efforts for catechesis and the instruction of youth were especially fruitful, initiating the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine and the first “Sunday School” classes. His reforms of the diocese, in accordance with the de- crees of the council, were dramatic and effective. Bor- romeo faced staunch opposition of several religious or- ders, particularly that of the Humiliati (Brothers of Hu- mility), a decayed penitential order which, although re- duced to about 170 members, owned some ninety monas- Intercession of Charles Borromeo supported by the Virgin Mary teries. Some members of that society formed a con- by Rottmayr (Karlskirche, Vienna) spiracy against his life, and a shot was fired at him in the archiepiscopal chapel. His survival was considered After the death of his uncle, Pius IV (1566), Borromeo miraculous.[10] contributed materially to suppressing the cabals of the In 1576 there was famine at Milan due to crop failures, conclave. Before Borromeo went to Milan, while he was and later came an outbreak of the plague. The city’s trade overseeing reform in Rome, a nobleman remarked that fell off, and along with it the people’s source of income. the latter city was no longer a place to enjoy oneself or The governor and many members of the nobility fled the to make a fortune. “Carlo Borromeo has undertaken to city, but the bishop remained, to organize the care of remake the city from top to bottom,” he said, predicting those who were stricken and to minister to the dying. He dryly that the reformer’s enthusiasm “would lead him to called together the superiors of all the religious communi- correct the rest of the world once he has finished with ties in the diocese, and won their cooperation. Borromeo Rome.”[8] tried to feed 60,000 to 70,000 people daily. He used up Subsequently he devoted himself wholly to the reforma- his own funds and went into debt to provide food for the tion of his diocese. It had deteriorated in practice ow- hungry. Finally he wrote to the governor, and shamed ing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops.[9] him into coming back to his post.[2][4] When Borromeo arrived in Milan, he faced a daunting Borromeo had also been involved in English affairs when task. Milan was the largest archdiocese in Italy at the he assisted Pius IV. Many English Catholics had fled to time, with more than 3,000 clergy and 800,000 people. Italy at this time because of the persecutions under Queen Both its clergy and laity had drifted from church teach- Elizabeth. He gave important pastoral attention to En- ing. The selling of indulgences and ecclesiastical posi- glish Catholics who fled to Italy to escape the new laws tions was prevalent; monasteries were “full of disorder"; against the Catholic faith.[10] Saint Edmund Campion, a many religious were “lazy, ignorant, and debauched”.[8] Jesuit, along with Saint Ralph Sherwin visited Borromeo Borromeo made numerous pastoral visits, and restored at Milan in 1580 on their way to England. They stayed dignity to divine service. In conformity with the de- with Borromeo for eight days, talking at length with him crees of the Council of Trent, which suggested simplify- every night after dinner. A Welshman, Dr. Griffith ing church interiors, Borromeo cleared the cathedral of 3

Roberts, served as Borromeo’s canon theologian, and an centre of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts. This or- Englishman, Thomas Goldwell, as vicar-general. The ganization was determined to expel heretics and burned Archbishop carried on his person a small picture of St. some people at the stake. It created severe strains in the John Fisher, who, with St. Thomas More, had been mar- civil administration of the confederation, and caused the tyred for the faith during the reign of Henry VIII, and for break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines. whom he held a great veneration. 5 Controversy and last days 4.2 Suppression of witchcraft and heresy

Crypt of Charles Borromeo, in the Duomo di Milano.

“An austere, dedicated, humorless and uncompromis- ing personality” is the way that a biographer—an ad- miring biographer—describes Carlo Borromeo. Charged with implementing the reforms dictated by the Council of Trent, Borromeo had to be tough, and his toughness brought him into conflict with secular leaders, priests, and even the pope himself.[8] Borromeo met with much oppo- sition to his reforms. The governor of the province, and Painting by Francesco Caccianiga showing an angel tending to many of the senators, addressed complaints to the courts Charles Borromeo of Rome and Madrid. They were apprehensive that the cardinal’s ordinances would encroach upon the civil ju- Though the Diet of Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 had pro- risdiction. claimed freedom of worship in the Republic of the Three He successfully attacked his Jesuit confessor, Giovanni Leagues, Charles repressed Protestantism in the Swiss Battista Ribera, who, with other members of the col- valleys. The Catholic Encyclopedia relates: “In Novem- lege of Milan, was found to be guilty of unnatural of- ber [1583] he began a visitation as Apostolic visitor of all fenses. This action increased Borromeo’s enemies within the cantons of Switzerland and the Grisons, leaving the the church. affairs of his diocese in the hands of Monsignor Owen Lewis, his vicar-general. He began in the Mesoleina Val- Borromeo’s manifold labors and austerities appear to have ley; here not only was there heresy to be fought, but shortened his life. Travels in his diocese, especially in also witchcraft and sorcery, and at Roveredo it was dis- the difficult Alpine country, had weakened the bishop’s covered that the provost, or rector, was the foremost constitution. In 1584, during his annual retreat at Monte in sorceries.”[11] During his pastoral visit to the region, Varallo, he was stricken with an intermittent fever and one hundred and fifty people were arrested for practic- ague, and on returning to Milan grew rapidly worse. After ing witchcraft. Eleven women and the provost were con- receiving the Last Sacraments, the beloved bishop died demned to be burned alive.[12] quietly on November 4, at the age of forty-six.[2] Reacting to the pressure of the Protestant Reformation, Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his develop- ment of the Golden League, but did not live to see its for- 6 Veneration mation in 1586. Based in Lucerne, the organization (also called the Borromean League) linked activities of several Following his death, popular devotion to Borromeo arose Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland, which became the quickly and continued to grow: the Milanese celebrated 4 7 LEGACY

his anniversary as though he were already a saint, and sovereigns of Europe – Henry III of France, Philip II of supporters in a number of cities collected documenta- Spain, Mary, Queen of Scots – and others showed how tion to support his canonization. In 1602 Pope Paul V they valued his influence. His brother cardinals wrote beatified Borromeo; in 1604 his case was sent on to the in praise of his virtues. Cardinal Valerio of Verona said Congregation of Rites. On 1 November 1610, Paul V of him that Borromeo was “to the well-born a pattern of canonized Carlo Borromeo. Three years later, the church virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobil- added Borromeo’s feast to the General Roman Calendar ity.” Cardinal Baronius styled him “a second Ambrose, for celebration on 4 November. Along with Anselm of whose early death, lamented by all good men, inflicted Lucca, he is one of only two cardinal-nephews to have great loss on the Church.” been canonized. Late in the sixteenth or at the beginning of the seven- teenth century, Catholics in England circulated among [13] 6.1 Iconography themselves a “Life of St. Charles”.

Borromeo’s emblem is the Latin word humilitas (humil- • Besides the Noctes Vaticanae, to which he appeared ity), which is a portion of the Borromeo shield. He is to have contributed, Borromeo’s written legacy con- usually represented in art in his robes, barefoot, carry- sisted only of some homilies, discourses and ser- ing the cross as archbishop; a rope round his neck, one mons, with a collection of letters. Borromeo’s ser- hand raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during the mons have been translated into many languages. plague. • Contrary to Borromeo’s last wishes, the Duomo di Milano created a memorial crypt to honor him at the 7 Legacy church.

• His nephew, Federico Borromeo (1564–1631), was archbishop of Milan from 1595 and, furthering Carlo’s support for Catholic learning, in 1609 founded the Ambrosian Library in that city. He do- nated a tremendous collection of art and literature to the library.

• Borromeo was crucial in furthering the career of composer Orfeo Vecchi.[14]

• His relative Federico Borromeo and admirers com- missioned a statue 20 m high that was erected on the hill above Arona, as they regarded him an important leader of the Counter-Reformation.

• The famous church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome was dedicated in his honor.

• Borromeo is one of only four people mentioned at the beginning of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, citing them as responsible for the Council of Trent, which gave way to the modern day cate- chism. The others mentioned are St. Peter Cani- Il Sancarlone (English: The huge Saint Charles): colossal statue sius, St. Turibius of Mongrovejo and St. Roberto of Carlo Borromeo erected in Arona, Italy in 1697. The work of Bellarmine. Giovanni Battista Crespi, the statue is 23 m tall and stands on a plinth 12 m in height. • The city and county of St. Charles, Missouri, are The position which Carlo Borromeo held in Europe was named for Borromeo. Also, a Brazilian city was remarkable. He is venerated as a saint of learning and named after him, named in Portuguese São Carlos. the arts. The mass of correspondence both to and by him testifies to how often his opinion was sought. The popes • The Parish of St. Charles, Louisiana is named for under whom he served sought his advice. The Catholic Borromeo. 5

Roman Catholic schools and parishes named for St. Charles Borromeo include those in: Toronto, On- tario, Canada; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Tacoma, Washington; Kettering, Ohio; Fort Wayne, Indi- ana; Bloomington, Indiana; Du Bois, Illinois; Albu- querque, New Mexico; Bayport, Minnesota; Paisley, Scotland; Brooklyn, New York, Staten Island, New York; Rochester, New York; Syracuse, New York; London, England; New York; Woonsocket, Rhode Is- land; Cinnaminson, New Jersey; Montgomery, New Jersey; Peoria, Arizona; Orlando, Florida; Port Char- lotte, Florida; North Hollywood, California; San Fran- cisco, California; Livermore, California; Sacramento, California;San Diego, California;Bloomington, Califor- nia; Columbus, Ohio; Lima, Ohio; Cassville, Wiscon- sin; Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin; Hartland, Wisconsin; Pikesville, Maryland; Arlington, Virginia; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Cheboygan, Michigan; Ahoskie, North Carolina; Newport, Michigan; Frankston, Texas; Ryde, New South Wales, Australia; Waverley, New South Wales, Australia; Portland, Oregon; Cleveland, Ohio; Destrehan, Louisiana; Cebu City, Philippines; Lagos, Nigeria; and Nederland, Texas. Also, a castle (fortress) in Margarita Island, Venezuela is Depiction of Charles Borromeo in a stained glass window. named after him.

Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria; Carolus Borromeuskerk, Antwerp, Belgium; Mission San Carlos Borromeo de 8 See also Carmelo in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California; Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo in nearby Monterey, California; • Silent preaching and the cities of Saint Charles, Missouri and San Carlos City, Negros Occidental are all named in his honor. A number of seminaries bear his name and are honored 9 References by his patronage: [1] Butler, Alban, The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. III • St Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese of Košice, in Košice, Slovakia, [2] “St. Charles Borromeo Archbishop, Cardinal”, Lives of the Saints, John J. Crowley & Co., Inc.

• St. Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese [3] Salvador Miranda. “Borromeo, Carlo”. Retrieved 20 Jan of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 2013.

[4] Foley, O.F.M., Leonard, Saint of the Day (rev. by Pat • St. Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Catholic McCloskey O.F.M.) Diocese of El Paso, Texas, USA [5] De Certau, Michel (1977). “Carlo Borromeo, santo”. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian) 20. Trec- • San Carlos Seminary of the Archdiocese of Manila cani. in Makati City, Philippines, [6] Cazzani, Eugenio (1996). Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano (in Italian). Milano: Massimo. pp. 226–230. ISBN 88- • San Carlos Major Seminary of the Archdiocese of 7030-891-X. Cebu, University of San Carlos in Cebu City, Philip- pines, [7] David Cheney. “St. Charles Cardinal Borromeo”. Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 20 Jan 2013. • Colegio San Carlos in Bogotá, Colombia, [8] Swetnam, Susan H., “My Best Teachers Were Saints”, Loyola Press, ISBN 978-0-8294-2329-7

• Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyak- [9] “Saint Charles Borromeo”, Catholic Online, accessed 14 ibanda in Rwanda Dec 2008 6 10 SOURCES, REFERENCES AND EXTERNAL LINKS

[10] “St. Charles Borromeo”, Catholic News Agency, Novem- ber 4, 2013

[11] Keogh, William. “St. Carlo Borromeo.” The Catholic En- cyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Com- pany, 1908. 11 Jan. 2013

[12] Louise M. Stacpoole-Kenny, Saint Charles Borromeo: a sketch of the reforming cardinal, 1911.

[13] G.P. Giussano, Vita di S. Carlo Borromeo (1610, England, HE Manning, ed., reprinted, London: 1884)

[14] Getz, Christine Suzanne (2005). Music in the Collective Experience in Sixteenth-century Milan. Ashgate Publish- ing, Ltd. p. 63. ISBN 9780754651215.

10 Sources, references and external links

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. • A Sala, Documenti circa la vita e la gesta di Bor- romeo (4 vols., Milan: 1857–1859) • Chanoine Silvain, Histoire de St Charles Borromeo (Milan: 1884) • A Cantono, “Un grande riformatore del secolo XVI” (Florence: 1904); “Borromus” in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (Leipzig: 1897).

• University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines Official Site

• Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary, Archdiocese of Philadelphia

• Pietro Canetta, “Biography of Carlo Borromeo” (in Italian), Magazzeno Storico Verbanese

• Fabiola Giancotti, Per ragioni di salute. San Carlo Borromeo nel quarto centenario della canonizzazione 1610-2010, ISBN 9788877708922 (Il Club di Mi- lano, Spirali 2010)

• Saint Charles Borromeo, Aphorisms 1561-1584, ISBN 9788897618133,(Il Club di Milano, 2012) 7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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• Charles Borromeo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo?oldid=631415342 Contributors: Panairjdde, Michael Hardy, Docu, Andres, Vargenau, JASpencer, Charles Matthews, Adam Bishop, RickK, Tb, Topbanana, Wetman, Gentgeen, Robbot, Fredrik, Ro- manm, Auric, Baloo rch, JackofOz, Lupo, Kevin Saff, Tom harrison, Bkonrad, Andycjp, Antandrus, Williamb, Huntington, Necrothesp, Klemen Kocjancic, Corti, D6, Jayjg, Xezbeth, Bender235, Lima, Smalljim, Nk, Polylerus, Caeruleancentaur, Mpulier, Alansohn, Fritzpoll, FeanorStar7, MrDarcy, Hailey C. Shannon, Bokpasa, Karlof, Cuchullain, Porcher, Crzrussian, Muzenews, Angusmclellan, Crazycomputers, Kmorozov, Jaraalbe, MarkJaroski, Briaboru, Danbarnesdavies, Rapomon, Bullzeye, Royalbroil, Snek01, Isolani, Dbfirs, Evrik, Staffelde, Fastifex, DVD R W, Attilios, SmackBot, PiCo, Haymaker, Prodego, Eskimbot, Gcmarino, Carl.bunderson, DStoykov, MalafayaBot, K4zem, CARAVAGGISTI, Nakon, Savidan, Chymicus, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Ian Spackman, Dustin Pearson, IronGargoyle, A. Parrot, Noah Salzman, Kai-1906, Chezhiyan, Violncello, Chat2, Adam sk, Angeldeb82, Rwflammang, 5-HT8, Drinibot, Devatipan, Ford- madoxfraud, Jane023, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Jameboy, Shirulashem, Roberta F., Energyfreezer, Daven200520, Gimmetrow, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Dyslexik, Famous J, Lunamaria, Nick Number, Escarbot, Chill doubt, Frury, JAnDbot, XyBot, Timur lenk, Baba Tabita, Poeloq, DrKiernan, Uncle Dick, Extransit, NiZhiDao, Johnbod, Mangwanani, Lucifero4, Thismightbezach, Meiskam, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Hqb, Aymatth2, John Carter, Broadbot, Psyche825, Shadowlapis, VanishedUserABC, Braz Leme, HiDrNick, Bernstein2291, Tuckerian- duke, SieBot, Scarian, BotMultichill, VVVBot, Flyer22, Radon210, Monegasque, Summeree, Oxymoron83, Paliano, Afernand74, Dil- lard421, Anchor Link Bot, ClueBot, PipepBot, Jimsullins, The Thing That Should Not Be, Prodes111, Niccab, Boing! said Zebedee, Wikihistorian, CounterVandalismBot, Parkwells, Auntof6, Alexbot, Tfkjones, ProudPapa5, EstherLois, A ntv, Lastentwife, MichaelM- MMMM, Beria, RogDel, Slizabeth, MystBot, Addbot, Blanche of King’s Lynn, Charles school, Jeff Darby, Numbo3-bot, Sanctusdeiu, Lightbot, Idris.albadufi, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Ettormo, Amirobot, Kan8eDie, Matheusfeliz, Azylber, Roltz, AnomieBOT, Mate- rialscientist, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Oboshie11, J04n, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, 78.26, Shadowjams, Kramden88, Fres- coBot, ArchivesPinckaers, Full-date unlinking bot, TobeBot, Srschu273, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Heracles31, Jcd372, Os- carsm86, Akerans, Camilla648, SporkBot, Rabby10, Dandom1205, Mjbmrbot, ClueBot NG, Mannanan51, Widr, MerlIwBot, Sverceluz, Picklemn, Mark Arsten, Matthew David González, Spatms, Christgat, VIAFbot, NicolasChapa, Mandini017, Topfin, Internuncio, Occult- Zone, Whitenight21 and Anonymous: 163

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• File:Borromeo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Borromeo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork Original artist: Francesco Caccianiga • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:CryptCharlesBorromeo.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/CryptCharlesBorromeo.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leoboudv using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Fordmadoxfraud at en.wikipedia • File:DSC02997_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Scurolo_di_san_Carlo_-_Stemma_dei_Borromeo_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto_-_ 29-jan-2007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/DSC02997_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Scurolo_di_ san_Carlo_-_Stemma_dei_Borromeo_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-jan-2007.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.5-it Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Intercession_of_Charles_Borromeo_supported_by_the_Virgin_Mary_-_Detail_Rottmayr_Fresco_-_Karlskirche_-_ Vienna.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Intercession_of_Charles_Borromeo_supported_by_the_ Virgin_Mary_-_Detail_Rottmayr_Fresco_-_Karlskirche_-_Vienna.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: • Johann Michael Rottmayr • File:San_Carlo-Arona_01.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/San_Carlo-Arona_01.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:St_Charles_Borromée_161007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/St_Charles_Borrom%C3% A9e_161007.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vassil

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