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Astronomy and Australian Indigenous Peoples (Draft), Adele Pring, DETE April 02, 2002 1 WHY TEACH ABOUT ASTRONOMY and AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE?

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Astronomy and Australian Indigenous Peoples (Draft), Adele Pring, DETE April 02, 2002 1 WHY TEACH ABOUT ASTRONOMY and AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE? ASTRONOMY AND AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ADELE PRING, PROJECT OFFICER - ABORIGINAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES AND RECONCILIATION, Aboriginal Education Unit, 5 Harewood Avenue, Enfield 5085, Courier R2/28, tel 08 8343 6528, fax 08 8343 6515, email [email protected] Astronomy and Australian Indigenous peoples (draft), Adele Pring, DETE April 02, 2002 1 WHY TEACH ABOUT ASTRONOMY AND AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE? Knowledge of the sky world from Australian Indigenous perspectives is useful for the following reasons: • finding directions: a survival strategy if lost • telling the time at night without a clock • a weather forecaster • hearing and reading fascinating creation stories • placing relevant Australian meanings on the southern hemisphere sky • a calendar for the changing seasons • learning about Aboriginal law • learning about the diversity of Indigenous peoples in Australia Astronomy and Australian Indigenous peoples (draft), Adele Pring, DETE April 02, 2002 2 Examples of each of the above are BACKGROUND INFORMATION included in the following pages. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, have many stories about the night Diversity within indigenous Australia sky, the moon and sun. Their ancestors It is estimated that around 1788 when the have observed the night sky for more than British colonised the east coast of 40,000 years and many of their traditional Australia, there were between 300-600 stories tell of events, eg eruption of different Aboriginal and Torres Strait volcanoes, dated to thousands of years Islander language or dialect speaking ago. groups, with a total population between 300,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Each group Different colours and intensities are had their own land, sites and stories, observed as well as seasonal and nightly though some stories were shared and some movement in the night skies. It was known land boundaries overlapped. that planets had separate orbits. The information in this document Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander represents information from several people applied knowledge of particular Indigenous Australian groups and this is stars and constellations for many purposes only a fraction of the whole. including: • a calendar for the changing seasons indicating changes in weather, Aboriginal people and Dreaming stories availability of particular foods and time for particular ceremonies Each Aboriginal group has their own spiritual beliefs, laws and explanations for • a survival strategy if lost by being able how their environment was created and to tell the time, predict weather and these were passed down through find directions at night, a sensible time storytelling and ceremony in what is for travelling if living in a hot, dry generally referred to in English as the desert area or in cold areas if there was Dreaming. no access to fire Torres Strait Islander peoples are related • hearing and reading fascinating stories culturally to those of Melanesia in New which explain the creation of the earth Guinea. Their islands are between Cape and sky worlds through the actions of York in north Queensland and New spirit ancestors which remain in the Guinea. Their stories, which they call environment legends, traditionally divide ownership of particular lands, seas and winds as well as • learning about Aboriginal law: sections of the sky amongst various clans. reinforcing the teaching of law including how to behave and People within each group are custodians of punishments for breaking laws by particular stories which are associated with referring to spirit ancestors in the sky particular sites. Some stories are men's world (not so different to Christianity only, some are women's only and some are and other religions) public, ie for everybody. • placing relevant Australian meanings Some stories cross Australia and are like on the southern hemisphere sky as maps for traditional trade routes crossing opposed to constellation stories from from Spencer Gulf in South Australia to the northern hemisphere which in the Gulf of Carpentaria and from Broome Australia appear upside down in Western Australia to Eucla on the coast of South Australia. Many stories are linked with the night sky. Astronomy and Australian Indigenous peoples (draft), Adele Pring, 2 April 2002 3 Questions for teachers What do you think? Could it be that Aboriginal people have better vision? Could people train their vision of the night sky to be better? Scientific understanding of the universe is constantly expanding but does the average citizen of the world now know more or less about the night sky than people in the past? Does it matter? Trade routes followed Dreaming paths across Australia. Items highly valued for Pronouncing Aboriginal words trade throughout Australia included Aboriginal languages have been written micaceous red ochre from the Flinders using a range of orthographies. The best Ranges; pitjuri, bush tobacco, high in way to learn to say words from a different nicotine, from south west Queensland; language is to listen to and copy a speaker stone axes from volcanic rock in Victoria; of that language, however, the following pearl shells from Broome; and wooden rules can be generally applied to many artefacts. Aboriginal languages (though there will be many exceptions). Place the emphasis on Do Aboriginal people have better vision the first syllable of each word. of the night sky or are there other explanations? Most Aboriginal languages have more than one r sound. One is similar to the Dame Mary Gilmour, a non-indigenous English sound in weary (retroflex r). A Australian born in the mid 19th century second is the rolled r used in the Scottish wrote about how Aboriginal children she language. Another is a sound that is a knew in New South Wales counted stars as mixture of r and d. a pastime by using groups. Vowels She also said Aboriginal stockmen a as in but counted by threes, fours and fives and e as in pet were faster and more accurate in counting i as in pin (in the middle of a word) cattle than non-Aboriginal stockmen i as in happy (at the end of a word) because of the skill learnt from counting o as in pot stars. u as in push Further, Aboriginal people were very Consonants familiar with the changing night sky, tj is a sound similar to ch knowing that planets came and went th, dh are like English without the puff of differently to other constellations and their air ability to see faint stars was far greater p, b these sounds vary between the than non-Aboriginal people she knew. English p and b without a puff of air Fred Hollows said that Aboriginal t, d these sounds vary between the peoples’ vision is much sharper than other English t and d without a puff of Australians and that there are air physiological reasons for this. ng is the sound in sing ly is the sound in William ny is the sound in news Astronomy and Australian Indigenous peoples (draft), Adele Pring, 2 April 2002 4 not, which is a good way to show how BEFORE YOU START they are in reality, ie hardly ever lined up Access to the following resources will straight. assist: • star charts for each student or pair of Jointly plan with schools in the region to students have a visit from the Stardome, available • at least one globe from The Investigator Science and • a torch Technology Centre. The Stardome enables • red cellophane (to cover torch) participants to view a virtual night sky • cardboard, broomsticks, gaffer tape albeit minus planets, moon, Milky Way • overhead transparency projector and Magellanic Clouds. It allows an • overhead transparencies of Orion, the excellent opportunity to observe the saucepan, Southern Cross and Pointers, changes in the night sky daily and over the Magellanic Clouds, Milky Way in seasons and prepares students will for winter, Pleiades looking at the actual night sky. • arrange with the teacher librarian for access to any resources which the FIND OUT WHAT STUDENTS school might have which are listed in ALREADY KNOW AND THINK the reference list at the end of this ABOUT THE NIGHT SKY document • order a copy of the video Inside story: Find out from students which The Human race, ABC TV 27/5/97 constellations or other features of the night 57mins. Available from Tape Services sky they know. Once you have this • order a copy of the video Bobtales: an knowledge you can build on what most animated series of 13 5 minute students know and value the knowledge of Aboriginal Dreamtime stories for those who already know more. young children, Film Australia, 13 x 5 mins 1977. Most students will know the 'saucepan' and the 'Southern Cross' and some will Organise an astronomy night at the school know the Milky Way and will have (or on camp) when binoculars and watched satellites moving differently to telescopes are available. An evening when stars in the sky. Relatively few students the moon is very new (or no moon) is will know more unless they have studied preferable. Arrange , if possible, for an this topic before. Aboriginal guest speaker who is confident to share knowledge of the night sky. Nearly all students will know their star sign but hardly any will know how to find The orbits of planets and their moons can it in the night sky. They may however be be roleplayed by students on the school keen to find it once they start learning oval with the sun in the centre, planets is more. order and moons orbiting their respective planets and comets (represented by the See more notes about suggestions for most energetic students) orbiting across teaching activities at the end of this all. booklet. If all the planets start in a straight line from the sun it won't be long before they're Astronomy and Australian Indigenous peoples (draft), Adele Pring, 2 April 2002 5 Student survey Complete the following survey form.
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